ne~ul?w-Inrcu' flahainmflnauuuk~~2udlEfihanSwauiqin Y

buindKq~2u ufizlauinmruiZ ~ i u n a ~ J n n i m ~ i a n ~ n a ~ l n u n % h - .L ~ n ~ n n u i 9 i n l a u i n o ~ k i l ~ u u a z ~ i n u u a ~ m n a i l ~ n ~ m q ~ m i.rn.ra urn4

ii(lL(l(lai (Friedrich Max Mueller) uaz ?IL~QU d a i qlcd (Wllliam Dwight Whitney)

Y C luunuqzMndia8~~iuui~3uuazBnSwafi~ndia

I

ui~ inni~n#nuaza: : iu~ ' td~~a

lut~unn?omd s wtrrleu (~riscian) ~ a u h u i n o ~ ' f a L ~ u g u u i b u 6 a 4 4 4 4 daabanwui~in~~uino~ar3udaui~inno nenvvua aiunaarniuiaaan~flu

4 QG uiu h as duuonriluueaneu te~uuu'aopl"~ d m ICI ~4un)flXiurZlu aqns X'Cu& dauiad?wa~h~f laandu G airmih

4 u C ) noun iiad?unaah~~mra'~ai!ivumdad~a 7 f iuuu common uaz uuu proper

b) verb fiad~unaaii~~mdau' tense vo'amood udru'd case 18 !inwnimo::-iiiv7anioqnnozii

a) participle iiad~ud~~i!ivuml?"aciia%m~~u udnmza$'lu J ~ i~ndavf i iu~wnzu ' case hun'u noun ~~a::d voice nYZl tense h u h

A verb kdu past participle (n?ui~?iu -ed v?an?aidoanfiiu) f i ~ present

participle (nianiiu ins) lilunilnldjnqw daldlil o c ~ w v l l ~ pronoun ~ad?unaa~ ignda~~uv~danu ~da!qvbmii~flu~no

W O A a) preposition i;ad~uae~iii~nd~tdduuudaa ~ i d l i n i n i a u v i a r i a

~iniiidunbadst.naun"Uiiidu (rruianuia preposition ua:: preliw)

b) adverb iiad?unaa~iYmd~ri~dduu~~~aa ~fludauddun?iuvrnu

1flu.r-i ve&

,) inteqection ~ed?ud~~!ivum16~dia%mL~u uddiaqin adverb

I~uindnin~m14diavin~w ~ : : ~ ' P ) ~ ~ U I ~ ~ U ~ I ~ Z I U X ~ I ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ U ~ ' ~ ) B U ~ ~

hl;r~uuuqmwaqouor'wr W J A

G) conjunction iiadlun~aiil~ad~~LdiluuUil~~a n'ivuivnaud~u

du 7 da~n?iu~uiuviamiu~u~'uf l r t i~m~~u

' Y sr~~u~4iniss'~do=:~nKn-li(v~i~~Knhun'u ~ d u noun unt:

verb l d ~ ~ ~ K n ~ ~ i u v u i ~ u n = : ~ ~ n ~ u u ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ d n d i ~ i i ~ u i ~ a r i i ~ I ~ ua':

i in inddaudn~@&~fl A w'fluilufifl9sswl ah g ~ s l d LL~$u~! (Peter Helias) u%h

u ~ i l ' n o i ~ d i ~ n r ~ ~ J ~ d ~ ~ m ~ u i o ' n k f l u a n noun aan~flu

substantival noun fi adjectival noun 4 rl a v 4 4 u a n ~ i n u a ~ d ~ u n e a i i y ~ ~ u d ~ I ~ ~ i n d n t n n ~ d u ~ ? ~ gender, inflection.

voice, case, number, tense unr mood #nhs 19oinda':~ufi&Laii4Lvdi

~uiun=:&riaui1u~~~in~~'8'.rln~'1r)lua~tl~w~~~ ac kda i ibu in3dn9nr J3ar iingd~l#iiviuuflnnit14aim hii n ~ f l n a IU~MIIB uKlnI~lniungnes

I9uinmiarCu I ~ c l m ~ ~ s r v m k a ~ ~ u ~ o = : u 1 n presclrptive H% normative 4 A v ia Zqu7nmT7wfi tuba4 d ~ ~ f l u u a~nn34nihun'u ' t 3 u ~ n d q m u 7 raaan

nimfiiawfa~aIvsi 1 ~ r j ~ d n i m t u i a n i m i u d u I u ~ n i d n u l i n i i m m r

l#adi& idu ~undna4nit\# will fi shall d~nf i i9 f i j~ui l .1

1 ~ u i n ? d ~ i c n r n ~ i i d ~ b ~ ~ ~ u i n 1 t ~ i ~ d 4 n ~ ~ ~ ~ 1 ~ f l 1 n d n a LP. 9. runJlrA (J. C. Nesfield) d45u~!4umld n . f l .~cdc bainmZu1jsd9u naoiiiymaan~flu c a& fie noun, pronoun, adjective, verb, preposition, conjunction, adverb un': interjection

noun i i i d ~ \ # ~ f a n d e d q b ~

pronoun i ; id .~ I~unu~iuiu

adjective iiid41%nuiuiiuiu

verb iidq11uanuiadsdvlfiuui4i4 A

preposition i i ~ ~ l ~ u a n ~ f l n i ~ w i ~ a n i u n

conjunction ~ id~1~bdado= :1v~~ fad~una4d~0 f l h J ' J o

adverb iiid414uanuiadadfl~cu n a i amun uar a m m a d 4 ~ n i

nru iuan

intedection ~ i r r f e n ~ u i i i d d ~ ~ n u n i ~ n i u Y

uansin J ~ l u n k d s z n a u l i l u subject n'u predicate b u d subject Y

uuiu#dd~S(d%~un~undi,dd un:: predicate ~u~u#~i~i(delYesrju~+~~fi~

subject ~ 4 % 'John laughed." John flu subject d?u laughed flu Y 4

predicate nitudsd%lunaan~flci~umid 7 rduu u uniiparsing ~w' imaad~wci la t f ~ d a u ~ ~ d z l u n a s n l d ~ f l u subject unr verb u&?

subject n'3duddeiahlin~flu nominative n'y enlargement d?u predicate Audd :'# .

r ia ld~f lu finite verb, completion wz extension d l u d ~ i e n i i completionuun

a i w r ~ f l u object r r h complement r r ? a ~ d u ~ ~ ( 1 a ~ a d i ~ ~ f i ~ d r rdu d?rlun w Y r ,

"The new master soon put the class into good order.' szurial&mduna

1. Subject 2. Predicate

Wominative

or

Equivalent

master

Finite

verb

put

Enlargement

(1) The

(2) new

Completion

object

the

?lass

Complement

into

good

order

Extension

soon

clause %ilnalui16qJuua~un.i1 co-ordinated Ldu "I wore a blue shirt 1 4 - 4 4

and you wore a green dress.' rrtaanasvuq clause d d n a i u i ~ ~ ~ n d ~ r ? u n d ~

main clause dau clause d~&~i3uifl~?mn.i? subordinate du 'I wore, a blue Y

shirt while you wore a green dress."~d?%bnu main clause #a "I wore a

blue shirt." 61 subordinate clause Wd finite verb ~J'UWU& verb d! n i d 7 ~ o ' ~ ~ a a i iiqz$unii phrase ~ $ u 'I don't like you wearing that.'

, v u wearing that? ~3% phrase hid clause

wc ia tmi~ laa inm~~~du 7 lu laomdk~9~d~i i~n~ . jda ld~ i ;~ GENDER, masculine, feminine unz neuter h m m 0 J noun C j r l L h L W f i

aim L W ~ ~ H ~ J v$aUd~nfi

NUMBER, singular ua:: plural ~ n w ~ 3 a J noun n'y verb d l % i ~ u C

rd~v iau innCj i t

PERSON, first, second ua:: third " i ikmn pronoun u f i z ~ ~ u ~ n 1 ~ d z

qa4 verb h9s r J

TENSE, present, past uaz future 6nmaj verb \#B?aoil~nmafi

La17

.I J MOOD, indicative UI:: subjunctive fiwwlIa4 verb nLnrra#0

~ h Q a naw~fIu'Ldli n~muuiiuazdu 7 VOICE, active uar passive hwMa~ verb &%? subject L ~ ~ u $ " ? ~ I 4 (ru

w t a y runqmd?

CASE, nominative, vocative, accusative, genitive, dative uat: ablative

6'nwwaad noun t ruanv~~dtudcbn Kad

nominative riluctnanrd subject

vocative ~ f l i l un 'nmz~n~d i~n tan ln~ ln C

accusative LfIutPYnwwil object

genitive ~3u6naw4L&1nad

dative ~ f l u i r n a ~ $ n i o ~ h d z ~ : u q d

ablative ~buirn-d9finiaa5anqiuL~u~ncii '

(Malmkjaer, 1995: 481)

Yaw uan~~nu~uP~nhnkli'a~fl~i~Buadi~u~n du verb ~z#asrrlduuflId

aiu subject (luudnaa person fi number

~ i n d i n ~ a d ~ u i n d k ~ ~ u ~ i . ~ ~ i u ~ztfluZkj1lfilh6ui1iun1w ,

l m i a r d ~ n q a a ~ verb s z d d u u y ) f i ~ ~ w i z l u n subject flu thid person singular dizu d a i l u n i ~ a i u ~ ~ a ~ ~ d d u u f l ~ n u lwiindjnqaiiadru'

~?iu a case &u#a genitive tlfa possessive (had% du n1t~8u IS 6u nit\% Aidi of ~dauarr~naiurBu~4in~~ uri f i ini t~ddu@) nominative uuz

J hccusative (rdu n d % l/rnbl hdhim, we/us Uuzau 1) \unmd~wimn~nua::uz

C

nz3uCu preposition nYy verb L~JUC~~IUUVI case 994 noun d a u l w i w h u

~ufi~in1nldduufiii~dau90fi~ case

iilrnd did 7 dlfiuIa~intd~~~8u~~d~ndiau7i djmmmajnqa 16 ~ d a s z ~ ~ d i u u ~ ~ u u ~ f l ~ f l u e i a ~ d ~ i ilnvh~idiirbnniuul~dw1w1nud7Bdid

I d h a uuz3naiuuu1uaciiLh

2i C unuu~udsandou&a~w'oqrlw1sjLs'un~il21'~nbw b adiaun3euCaknr C Y

aquz ?'n'w3 9 fiu7a dnuiuGauti ~n nu'ld I4~fluun~#ua ii'u Q BjjlZm I # 0 J

I l q T u u n h f l f i u n a iirianaid&Lwun c o?ad?~ Irqn i i i u i h d

nku aruz yp tn5lii nin uanlrnynrm w:: nm c nqm IIfiqQu rflu r 4-

rdaaii irwiaisurrienia qmmm ua~~fl~4un&ianq1iluei~n~flu

ndiakua@?iiia buintrG~iCu~aeen~flu c ni. &a (c) K n a a iirhiu6n'nat i n ~ f l u b go fiu'ryry7n'fi7u unmda#nd~flu

anunznGq.j~lut. nhu$a9iunml uar mP ioo'nlnClsj~di%u1G~doa~du6u rm'uan'ld

(b) 9Gfi7r, u~aiignaemllu 5 dauiia u7u KwoaJwnra~7n rTnL

a7ao7m uuz nqm

(a) nn~~k'$uBii&~u nwn unrn i tqni i4n~udal~ua~?'n in I4~~i

~ f l u d ~ f u ~ ~ u ~ # u a f i u J (4 ~unKnnad u a n a ? ~ u d ~ ~ u ~ ~ ~ i n i n ~ ~ u ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ n d u ~ z ~ i w n

n q d

L. 4 d - niuuuulauindm'a~3un'ul~aintdu~a aaw mldc~inni0~mianimlnauuu A 4 .r ~riinrjar aaninauduudiu~~iQu

u4fiifiuikd w .PI. bbo t (n.fl. ~b bb) 8hmn aqxu (Louis ~aneau) !,&udn

n i f hfi~aqih A Grammar of The Thai na4 h o ~ ~ n LWd hj (Capt. James LOW) dda~n'arfnni 3u~Zcl Ln~nnunlmr~#anna.~v~q#aLdudLduCu ,

u r i i ~ i q z ~ 3 ~ i a l n a l u ~ ~ a n i ~ ~ i l d k . j ~~u~~oa6u'l~uinmZn~'110.~ n9u *

' uknjiudni~~ialltrmfi~tu~an~m'ln~m~~uu~~mmr?'u~1n~ilunf'~um

~lnnga$u Dictionarium linguae thai sive siamensis interpretatione latina,

gallica et anglica illustratum v i a muiyndnu-aziiu-dh~fia-8'~nq~~uda

r i n India Office Library

NOUN or Substantive ~ ~ l h g r a m m a r f l f l LLfl18aWIW

h.i~ud.tsanrfl2lrc nouns, adjectives, verbs yay fl~~sh.irflumn?u~d$r

Z~i ibf i rnmlia~d Y L

Simple nouns: Cn~z~fluAiknraua idu ui I*( au iia aau

I Compound nouns: dznauhu flasiji#fendi rdu udui # i s

~n~L ie

1 m grammatically avfi nouns WG genus W; number lu V I r r lu

noun f shs'l441wurnnunu ua~sliiuaurnnu4a us~a\junnmilis 4 9 ~ ~ d u uywr~flu~4ifiasK m z i i f l rllu~lu'ry~uiinu htliuhh-,

&aasriLrhr Jan k & qn k h rdu hhu riau utiu Ju dm yar ADJECTIVES I~~I~#IuII~~ nouns Ldu 8ums comparative

degree tbm.thaa6q r i i ndi rdu hrbin?'i expression 'l# cn 4

PRONOUNS Personal: of the first person Aa bu n'h h Q wu 4hrt~Y.r mbin~evriau iinzqnar47 ainlmirr m of q e second

person #a ~6s r h fls g Ur#i .lay of the third person 8a L ~ I $u r m \ vdau

Demonstrative pronouns: d tfu I&, Interrogative pronouns: lrpls a::b 1, VERBS IGf conjugation, mood, tense, person

ria~drfiunidhii iiu riii~unim4nqa

Present tense:

iiuiiu iuiiuai iiu61Ctjjn4~ - I eat

~&~?iu - - thou eat

u'u?iu - - he eats

- we eat

- you eat

~niiiu - - - they eat 4 '

Past tense: nai$ uiaurariu iiuiiu I ate

Pluperfect tense: Liie$iiu~fiuLh I had eaten

Future tense: s'uq::iiu I will eat

Future perfect:

PRINCIPLE ADVERBS, ' L

~ H U ~ d u (IIM~~HU where are you?

~IHU L ~ Y *i.kd3~4~3ik4fli~Ddd1~~ where do his father and

mother live?

udhu: d a i ~ l d ~ u from where do you know it? I qinlrru: ~ a i e i h ~ r r u i n n l u u from where do you bring this i I

cow? J rr: ~ u e d d I am here.

PRlNCl PLE PREPOSITIONS 1 04: until, towards, about idu ~u~4j t iu i i i4~~~i f le0f l~r ieu~

W Y W Y umrieu: before, formerly d u auu oul&qmurieumii4 ui iau

CuC~'la.iiau~Gurn~ J

H&, dev61: in front, in the presence of rdu riaunafjatii~a

L

PRINCIPLE CONJLINCTIONS I

UA, 6%: and ~ d u flu8unZnu~a

fi: and, also rdu ~ ~ z ~ f l u ~ ( i j r = : ~ m h ~ f ~ 3 n ~ u w F ~ m?n%

ria': even, as rdu ~?unacfiiiud~ilu~e4ilq~Y'u~qq~ia kki: not that L ~ U 'M~~~=:JWLQUU~~L?~

4 aqczi: on account of this ~ d u Lrrrqczi:Ln~iaa

. . .

nal4dj~nni i na9ay o r u u i u w w i ~ a ~ &~ar~n$nim&nqd$uqn'u

bu indba i l k rwnmimlnu luror&j ~o';I~iil~uinsdadiadk4w

ilmaanid 1~un~4hui~ia4~ukueifi~'uwsY"yinauc~qw9=:i4Ln6i

L~ID~ITQ ~ d a ~ u d bd q u n i i r d W.H. bad. norzdsiqlii ha rdaaldin

aaur3uqqj vliol'mGiurnus ArBiiitaniao~wni~amimau~~u tiiuriwszuin la

au~~sn9=:~aumh~4iaaHII ~ a n w C u d z h o ~ ~ f i n m a i ~ ~ i f i uaznttvin

arn69ws:qaurnh~ ~noaaamimui8 n im lnu uarmqiu$u IJirflunis

uanrdduu ilnraarilda~lu~iaalnu~du~~aiuiu5i~ MC i! uXqiaM~.'uniann'y ld%ndauS)dkrfla lug W.H. badd l u ~ i s z ~ ~ u ' n i o i ~ u w ' w a ~ ~ u b riaa $a 8 w r wrsrua w-ts-tb~ d l h d 1 ~ ~ 4 l r j ~ ~ i a " q ~ w " ~ 51, v.d'J8aflu~nnisr5un14ui

J ~iaalnsqa Description de Royaurne Thai ou Siam ~ m s s ~ u i ~ a ~ ~ a a ~ n ~ ~ u u ~

yudip 1 & d s : ~ ~ i a ~ ~ f ~~511ia.f r j l l uam l imn~iu~duaI/na~dszaiau Y - c J vszuninwms u maafi~urs a ~ n i m h u

.I w... ~ilunimnl(?u'Ivsl$~~wa"ikmvs'anui4fi~~u uaziiriiauyn la la

~i"nu~nwui~~ i i6u~~r~~ui~ innimei i ;1~ i~~n ' ;13u n i m h u rfluvda i d o 4 " J r l w v u 3 4 luiiuquniunim nua i r l u~nws nan~ilunpnnuluGnwu na nim

la

i u m m g ~ u u a z n i a ~ l n u cnqqzndi~Wii nimlneQuulii.raan

rfluaiull?zrnn n~mmainv l~an~wai?Y" iu (langue vulgaire) la

nimguq~as (langue relevge) uazmmr~n6anb (langue sac&) iiii uaiuiii~mn~r~au~iu~La"iuidnimlilaimvdBnim'~~i~Giu d m

+r

n ~ m ~ u g i . r ~ m m ~ ~ ~ n d t u & ~ u ~ ~ n a ~ ~ ~ u n ~ ~ ~ u ~ n q ~ ~ u n ~ m

'~118~8~1~1kdiiu ~ a ~ & ~ u n i t k u ~ ~ a a u a z ~ r n ~ d . ~ ' ~ r ; r " r v u ~ z a u n ' ~ ~ q ~ ~ f l

ila~aofiiq n iml laz i i bo daudasen~~u a n n w (diphthongues) cu A nafio: (derni-voyelles) &ail

a:: a: iuu in

daumlTrysur iimonrCiomk~ w 3. nmrri~nQsuz cc ril kqmund (classitication) nau.

A .d s'7wf~nnmr.r rfhd~gz (guttural)

n . n a F I P I ~ Q

ko kt16 kt16 kho kho kho ngo

s'nnnh8.r rlc)a,- (palatal)

Q t l a a c u ~

cho xOA xo SO xo jo .I s'qvwnnrnu ymaz (lingual)

3 n w m do to tho th6 tho no

s'7wmndd fiflaz (dental)

m m n n s u

do to tho th6 tho no

h ~ n n " t ~ " 7 ~DJ%,V (labial)

(demi-voyelles, sifflantes, aspiree:)

fiGua' ndi?tsd%lu~n'ud?ud%nauna.~dzftl~ dud