xtexb awri iqxtc"ryz zpyl2013/

yicii zeaxze dipnex zecdi zece` xwgne zextql

milyexi

2013 xranrvrc oh3 mrc ,c"ryz elqka 'l

3

mipiipr okez

xrR`xb awriϬ

. . . ...dlild il` aiywd el / ...oxrd jin hp`wrb hk`p ic hl`ee5 ¨©¨

(xvln .y :mbxz) xzeia miywd minia / brh rhqxreey oi`. . . .6

(qehiin .` :mbxz) dkepg zexp / jrlhkilÎdMepg. . . . . . . .10

qxtd ihtey zehlgd. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13

xtexb awri y"r oxwn miig lrtn lr qxta mikefd

2013/c"ryz zpyl

ecea awri. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15

iav oa zex. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .71

onqa dwax. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .81

oixaeb sqei. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .91

onheb mixt`. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .21

yilÎuiaeail dnly. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23

edil`l"f xbpiclqÎrlq. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .25 ©§¦§¤

zixwgn zelirta dkinze micenil zblna mikefd

2013/c"ryz zpyl xtexb awri y"r oxwn

oilci mixt`. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .27

oiwel l`kin. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .28

l"fn ipex. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .92

.eye`'v drep. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .30

ivexenew lgx dipeq. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .31

ile`y dilb. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .32

4

rinrxRÎxrR`xb ”wri xrc oe™ zepwY ic oe™¨

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xtexb awri y"r qxtd zepwzn33

rinrxRÎxrR`xb ”wri xrc oe™ oh`rxeõl©¨

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xtexb awri y"r qxt ipzg zniyx34

5

x r R ô x b ” w r i

,oxrd jin hp`wrb hk`p ic hl`ee¨©¨

oxrhy hin hpiieerb hk`p ic hl`ee¨©

,oxrxh hin oe`

,obrx hin oe`

.obree ic sie` miplfb hin

(oiihy õ oe™ oh`y oi`)¨

- dliNd il` aiWwd El¦§¦¥©©©§¨

dlrnln siHd eiakFM¨¨¦¦¦§©§¨

,mWB axŸ¤¤

rnC ax mr¦Ÿ¤©

.dOd JxCA xW` mihql lr©¦§¦£¤©¤¤¥¨

(davn ly dliva)

6

x r R ô x b ” w r i

7

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8

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9

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10

x r R ô x b ” w r i

11

x t e x b a w r i

13

qxtd ihtey zehlgdoxd` x"c ,x"ei ± xhky ewpi x"cn zakxend ,xtexb qxt ly mihteyd zcre .`

,xciwmiwdaen mixweg ly mzrc zeega mb dpiir xy` ,xenlt xfril` x"ce

lr 2013/c"ryz zpyl xtexb awri y"r qxta zekfl cg` dt dhilgd ,megza

xwgl dcakp dnexz enxz zipebaxd mzelirta xy` miyi`d z` miig lrtn

ok enke ,zilwiqend e` zizeaxzd mzxivie mdiig ceriz ,dipnex zecdi zeclez

,diehp cid cere ,l`xyiae dipnexa yiciia zilxh`izde zizextqd dxivil

:oldlck

ecea awri,uxrpe xyken owgyk zixewnde diixetd ezelirt xear ,dnad on` ±

,l"egae ux`a ,yiciiae zixara oexh`iz zena lrn ,icegii oepbq lra

.mipy zexyr jyna

iav oa zexaxwa dwiqend zeaxz zvtd ornl mipyd ax dlret lr ,zi`wiqen ±

micedid mi`wiqende dwiqend zxkdl dznexz lre l`xyia agxd ldwd

.dipnexn

onqa dwaxl`xyia yicii zextql dcakpd dznexz lr ,dxene zxxeyn ±

mipyd zax dzelirt lre d`eyd ixg`axwa yicii zeaxz zvtd ornl

.agxd ldwd

oixaeb sqeiezelirt lr ,miine`lpia miqgi megza lebc xwege hneltic ±

lr dtprd ezaizk lre zepey zevx`a uegd cxyna mipyd zkex`

dipnexa xwira ,miine`lpiad miihiletd miiga il`xyide icedid haidd

.dfkxne dtexi` gxfn zepicnae

onheb mixt`zizcde zizeaxzd zxeqnd zlgpda ezewac lr ,xeaiv lirte ax ±

dtprd zixeaivd ezelirt lr ,aia`Îlzae hyxweaa ,dipnex icedi axwa

.dipnex icedi z`ey ly dgvpdd lrtnl dcakpd eznexze l`xyia

yilÎuiaeail dnlyzizeaxzd ezelirt lr ,dipnexa micedid iig xweg ±

ixeaiv cqen ,.x.e`.n.w.` zxbqna dipnex i`vei ldw axwa zipebaxd

mikildzd zxkdl eznexz lre ,mipy zexyr cner `ed ey`xae miwdy

zngln ixg`y dtewza dipnex zecdi dxary miakxend miihiletd

.diipyd mlerd

14

l"f xbpiclqÎrlq edil`xwgl daeygd eznexz lr ,xteqe xweg ,jpgn ± ©§¦§¤lre ,oncixt awri xxeynd zece` lr miiztend eixeaiga yicii zextq

eiig micrezn da ,dxiyae dfexta zwzxnde zixewnd zizextqd ezaizk

.ux`a dycg jxc lr elre enwzydy ,dipnexn d`ey ilevip ,exec iige

oxwd zldpdl ybedy xnega iceqi oeir xg`l ,xtexb qxt ly mihteyd zcre .a

zelirta dkinze micenil zbln wiprdl cg` dt dhilgd ,micnrend i"r

:oldlck 2013/c"ryz zpyl xtexb awri y"r oxwn yicii zeaxz megza zixwgn

± oilci mixt`dfz zaizk lr cweyd ,oli`Îxa zhiqxaipe`a ipy x`ezl hpcehq

zevrend zixaa micedi dngln ihilt ly zeaxzde dxivid iig" `yepa

."dixg`e d`eyd ztewza

oiwel l`kinzcear lr cweyd ,zixard dhiqxaipe`a iyily x`ezl hpcehq ±

."dwih`etde dwiqend :yiciia innrd xiyd" `yepa xehwec

l"fn ipexdpyd cenll dlgdy ,zixard dhiqxaipe`a zpiihvn zihpcehq ±

.yicii zextqa dycgd zi`hiqxaipe`Îoiad zipkezd zxbqna ipy x`ezl

eye`'v drepiil bega ipy x`ezl zihpcehq ±,oli`Îxa zhiqxaipe`a yic

lv` zextql zepn` oia zakxend dwifd zece` dfz zaizk lr zcweyd

diixet rwxw mxear dzeeid yiciid ztyy ,dtexi`Îgxfn icili mixvei

.zepycgl d`xyd xewne

ivexenew lgx dipeqdixbped ilaga dzextqe yiciid oeyl zeclez zxweg ±

miizeaxzd miigd ly mipey mihaid dtiwn dzceary ,zixehqidd

dipnexl egteqy mixef` ,yxenxne dipaliqpxha mb yiciia eldpzdy

.1918 zpy ixg`

ile`y dilbcily ocq ac lrtn zxbqna yicii zeaxz meciwl dznexz lr ±

l`igi 'text ly ezey`xa ,zixard dhiqxaipe`a yiciil dxczwd

mixren miizextq mihqwh ly qetcl dpwzda zipeigd dzceara ,jehpiiy

zexivi lr xwgn zveawa dzetzzyde ,meqxtl micreind xwgn zeceare

.dc`xb miig ,lfie il` mdipia ,d`ey ilevip mixteq ly yiciia

15

xtexb oxwn miig lrtn lr qxta mikefd3/c"ryz zpyl201

ecea awri

,ipyeheaa dlia ezecli aex z` j` ,1931Îa (dipnex) hyp`thqa clep ecea awri

dlre hyxwea ly oeixehaxqpewa wgyn miizpy cnl dnglnd ixg` .dipnex

zwdl" iniwnn cg`l dxdna did l"dvl eqeib mr .1950Îa ezgtyn mr ux`l

dizexey l` dhlwy ,"oetv cewit zwdl" iniwnn okn xg`le ,"mexcd cewit

.dixbleae dipnex ilern miax

eneqxt z` .zeipkez zexyra dzxbqna szzyd owgyke dwdld cwtnk

`ed dze` ,"xehlihpe dyien" ly ezenc dfkxnay zipkeza ecea dpw oey`xd

ly ezldpda ,"dxif" oexh`izl ecea ly ezetxhvd xg`l .1955Îa `ivnd

mya dbvdd dzkf ,fnl` l`kinxehlihpe dyienldwd axwa ziwpr dglvdl

oebk zebvda mb szzyd `ed .agxddlebxcpn,ilee`iwn lyo'`bpitdfgn

zbvdae ,i`xf dwix ly dcivl xtg miige uen` oa oc ly ixewnznglna wiieey

diipyd mlerddbvda ecea wgiy "dxif" wexit xg`l .lnl ipew ipyzxbqna

dfgnd dkf ecea ly ewgyn zekfa .l`ee 'bxe'b zldpda "inÎdxÎec oexh`iz"

.mrt 500În dlrnl dbved `ide dxiak dglvdl

lhp `ed ."dtig oexh`iz" ly mikxrend eipwgyn ecea did 1975±1961 mipya

a miiy`x miciwtza wgiye zeax zebvda wlgmitpxw,ewqpei ly,uiw lil melg

.iletexhqe`n d'lyxddl ly zebvda ef dtewza szzyd `ed ,zrl zrnzew

a ,xzid oia ,wgiy `ed ;zeixgqnxbigd dwyitzebvde "dxcyd oexh`iz"a

ely cigid zbvd ."jlil" oexh`iza zecg`ecea cra eriavdmnler lr dicext)

.mrt 400În dlrnl dzlrede dlecb dglvdl dzkf (mi`wihiletd ly

zbvda ecea szzyd 1970Îamixlcpqd"dniad" ly zibibgd dgizta dzlry

jyna wgiy eae ldip eze` ixgqn yicii oexh`iz miwd `ed 1975Îa .ycegnd

.l"egl ok enke ux`d iagx lkl eribdy zebvd zexyra mipy dxyr yng

ef zxbqna .oenvr l`eny ly ezldpda ,"lityicii" oexh`izl sxhvd 1992Îa

yicii oexh`iz ly iq`lwd x`ehxtxd on zeax zebvda dax dglvda ecea wgiy

16

.meik mb dwdld zebvda akkl jiynn `ed ;ipycg oepbqe okez ilra zefgnae

ahinn zepdil zpn lr ely cigid zebvde xeciad zeipkezl mb xdep ldwd

zxbqna zea` izaa zeax mipy xak riten ecea ,liawna .icedid xenedd

ribdl miywznd d`ey ilevipe miyiyw ipta ,"lityicii" ly "cqgd oexh`iz"

zeyxde i"n` oebk miixhpelee mipebx`a lirt `ed ok enk .oexh`izd zenle`l

.yiciil zine`ld

zexcqae ,mixf mihxq dyelya ,miil`xyi mihxq 14Îa szzyd ecea

zicegiid eznexze zipebaxd ezelirt lr .zil`xyid difieelhd ly zeix`letet

oxw qxt"a ,1999Îa "wlet l`xyie zic` qxt"a ecea dkf l`xyia yicii zeaxzl

meia .2008Îa miig lrtn lr "il`xyid oexh`izd qxt"ae 2000Îa "yiciil xpxl

."aia`Îlz xiwi" ze` ecea awril wpred ,2013 ,oexg`d ze`nvrd

17

iav oa zex

dlikyn dgtyna 1932 xanvca iq`ia dclep melapy zial (onheb) iav oa zex

.1941 ipeia 29Îa xira ygxzdy mexbetd ilevipn dziid `id .dcin`e

icedid xtqd ziaa dcnl `idNeustatzmdipia ,zqpkd izaa ok enke xira

z` dniiq my ,hyxweal dribd 1943Îa .melapy zgtyn ly zqpkd ziaa

,hyxwea zhiqxaipe`a dcnl 1959±1954 mipyd oia .1951Îa zexbad zepiga

.dibelewiqenl dhlewta

lew"a zeilwiqen zeipkez ly zkxerk cearl dlgde l`xyil dzlr 1960Îa

."l`xyizepyae ,aia`Îlz oe`ifena zilwiqen zldpn dziid mirayd zepya

.('ui'v) hdl dnly aia`Îlz ziixir y`xl zilwiqen zvrei dyny mipenyd

.mixyken mixirv mirvanl wprend `xity d`eqpxt qxt z` dcqii `id

.zeax zeizepne`Îaxe zeilwiqen zeiexgz ly mihteyd xaga dtzzyd ,sqepa

ux`l uegae ux`a miax zilwiqen zxewia ixn`ne zeazk dnqxte dazk `id

,"dtevd" ,"aixrn" oebk zr iazke mipeziraContemporanul,Viata Noastra, Ü æ

Mozarteum (Salzburg),L’Arche (Paris).

mrhn qxta dzkf iav oa zexRadio France,zeipkez zxcqa dzetzzyd lr

dxtq lr "'uiaelewpi dxye miig qxt"a mbeTempus fugit.

llednd ipnexÎicedid oxzpqtd lr dazky ditxbeiadMîndru Katz

.2008 zpya dnqxtzd

awri xxeynd z` aexwn xikdl iav oa zex dzkf hyxweaa dicenil ztewza

z` dzi` wlg xxeynd ,xelwlete dwiqen zxweg da d`x `edy oeeik .xtexb

ly efe mixnfilkd ly zinnrd dwiqend oia ziccdd drtydd iabl eizebyd

zewdllautarily zepiiprnd eizerc z` `iadl zepncfdd dl dpzip .daeclena æ

d'bxe'b laihqt zxbqna zevxdl dpnfed xy`k ,2003Îa ipnex ldw ipta xtexb

.hyxweaa miiwzdy ewqp`

18

onqa dwaxxtq ziaa dcnl .`hilay xinewliee xira ,1925Îa dclep miigÎoa onqa dwax

ehba dziid diipyd mlerd zngln onfa .zi`hil diqpniba jk xg`e icii innr

dnglnd ixg` .dbixay "cleexfiiw" miypl dceard dpgna jk xg`e dplie

xiivd ,dlra mr ux`l dzxbqna dzlr 1947Îae "dgixad" oebx`l dtxhvd

znglna wlg dlhp dwax my ,litrnd ueaiwa ayiizd befd .miigÎoa dlen

dcar micenild mezae miveaiwd xpinqa jepig dcnl miyingd zepya .xexgyd

.ueaiwa zkpgne dxenk

oezira dnqxt mipey`xd dixiy z` .zeclid zepya xak mixiy aezkl dlgd

aezkl dkiynd dceard dpgnae ehba dzedy ztewza mb .`hila yiciia micli

mipezira dixiyn dnk enqxtzd dnglnd meza .dixag ipfe`a dixiyn `exwle

.dipnxba mixewrd zepgna e`viy

drceezd eil`y ,xawveq mdxa` xxeynd oial dpia mixywd eycgzd ux`a

,oey`xd oeilibd onl ,enqxtzd dixiyn miax .dplie ehba ekxrpy dxiy iaxra

xtql aeygd zrd azkazehiiw rprcl`b icaia`Îlza cqiil gilvd xawveqy , ¨

zveaw icqiin oia onqa dwax dziid 1952Îa .ux`l e`eal jenqa ,1949Îa

,oey`xd dixiy xtq ."l`xUiÎbpei" mixxeynd,mrpexa möa oaiehxe` d`x

.aia`Îlza 1959Îa

xxebzdl ,miigÎoa dlen xiivd ,dlra mr dxar miyyd zepy ziy`xa

zeixlba eixeiv z` dlen bivd my wxeiÎeipl miipyd e`vi 1961Îa .dilvxda

mipya .dianelew zhiqxaipe`a zextq onqa dcnl wxeiÎeipa zedyd zra .zepey

ly zeaxz gtqpk dlra odik my ,dawqena l`xyi zexixbya dcar 1965±1963

.l`xyi

exiE`e eaver mleky ,yiciia dxiy ixtq dxyr onqa dwax dnqxt meid cr

dlirt zxxeynd .mikxk ipya f` cr dixiy lk eqpek 2006 zpya ;dlra icia

xirvd xecd z` axwl mzxhny e` yiciia miizeaxze miizextq mirexi`a

,zixarl minbxeznd dixiyn siwn xgan llekd uaew .dfd megzlxzin lr

mybdzetyl dixiy enbxez ok enk ."dxiyl ayw" z`veda 2010Îa xe` d`x ,

.ziplete zinlt ,zipnxb ,ziztxv ,zilbp` oda ,zexg`

,"xbp`n wivi` qxt" :yiciia dzxivi lr mipey miqxta mb dzkf zxxeynd

"wlet l`xyie zic` qxt" ,"ixny dix` qxt" ,"oiihyted cec qxt" ,"onkit qxt"

.wxeiÎeipa "iwqaelhi'f qxt" ok enke ,ux`a

19

oixaeb sqei

.(uiaxed) uiaxeb cece zipwcv eixedl ,uiaepx'va ,1930 xanvca clep oixaeb sqei

zepgnle ze`hbl micedid yexibl cr (dipnex f`) diax`qa ,uipici xira lcb

icia eia` gvxp yexibd jldna .1944±1941 mipya dixhqipqpxha zeend

.eni` mr cgi lvip `ed j` ,mixg` dgtyn ipa mb jke ,miipnexd miqblwd

militrnd zepgna zkyenn xvrn ztewz xg`l 1947Îa ux`l eribd miipyd

.oiqixtwa

zeipxhqw` zexba zepigaa ogap jk xg`e l"dva dxvw dtewz zxiy oixaeb

ykx ipye oey`x x`ezl zincw`d ezlkyd z` .aia`Îlza ,dilvxd diqpniba

miqgile l`xyi mr zeclezl mibega milyexia zixard dhiqxaipe`a

.cqen eze` mrhn xehwec x`ez laiw okn xg`l .miine`lpia

n 1995±1953 dtewza,uegd cxyn zxbqna l"egae ux`a miciwtz oeebn `li

obq ;(1964±1959) zeaxz ixywe dtexi`Îgxfn zewlgna iy`x xfer :x`yd oia

dwixn`Îexai`Îl`xyi zeaxzl oeknd ldpne zipihld dwixn`l dwlgnd ldpn

obq ;(1985±1976) dtexi`Îgxfnl dwlgnd ldpn ;(1976±1970) lbehxete cxtq

zei`nvrd zepicnd xagle dtexi` fkxnle gxfnl sb`d y`xe illk ldpn

dawqena ,(1959±1955) ipciqa l`xyi zeiexixbya zxiy `ed .(1993±1989)

xixby did 1989±1985 mipya .(1967±1970) qxii` qep`eaa ,(1964-1967)

.dipaelqe ,diwaelq ,dixhqe` ,dipnexa

xwgn zinr oixaeb sqei did ,1996 zpya ,ze`lnbl ezyixt xg`l

jldna .onexh oekna okn xg`le qieiic oekna ,milyexia zixard dhiqxaipe`a

zrÎiazk ,mipezira mixwgne zxewia ixn`n ,zexiwq 50Îk mqxt `ed mipyd

,epinia zeicedi zelidw ly oavn lr yiciie ziztxv ,zipnex ,zilbp` ,zixara

l`xyi ly uegd iqgi lr ,ihqipenewÎhqetd ocira dtexi`Îgxfna zeinyihp`d

ly 'b mi`elin jxka mikxr 26 xaig mb `ed .cerezixard dictelwivp`dlr

.dfkxne dtexi` gxfn zevx` mr l`xyi iqgi

jk xg`e zilbp`a dxecdna e`vi mirayd zepyn lgd azky mixtqd

:zixara zexzekd zniyx oldl .yiciie zipnex ,ziqexl enbxez micg` .zixara

,n"dixa±l`xyi iqgi ;zevrend zixa mr ziv`pd dipnxb iqgia icedid haidd

lr zepexkif ,oeca`d lva ;1967 zpya mwezip cr 1953 zpya myecign

l`xyiÎux`l dltrdd lre dixhqipqpxh;(2002 yicii mebxz)±l`xyi iqgi

20

mipya dipnexa l`xyi xixby ly eineyixn ,ewqye`'v ocir idlya dipnex

cr 1967 zpya mwezipn ,dtexi`Îgxfn zevx` mr l`xyi iqgi ;1989±1985

.1991±1989 mipya myecig:xtqd ikxer oia did mb `edmipyd 50 :uegd cxyn

zepey`xdoixaeb sqei z` dzkif daeygd zizextqdÎzixwgnd ezelirt .(2002)

."'uiaelewpi dxye miig qxt"e ,"onkit awri qxt" ,"dlynnd y`x qxt"a

21

onheb mixt`

ÎziaÎa`e dax onheb iav axd eia` ziaa (g"txz) 1928 zpya clep onheb mixt`

eig` ipy diipyd mlerd zngln zepya .(dipnex) hyxwea zlidw ly oicd

xnyn" iqblw ici lr bxedl e`ved onheb sqei x"ce onheb awri x"c milecbd

f`Îe` .migvxnd ixeckn `lt gxe`a lvipy cigid did eia` .miiv`pd "lfxad

a :icegiid dgvpdd lrtn ,eipa mc fzip eilzk lry ,eziaa miwdzia" zqpkd zi

.eze` cewtl bdp xtexb awri mb ;"sqei awri

."dxehlew" oekizd xtqd zia ly zil`ixd dnbnd z` zepiihvda miiq mixt`

z` milyd liawnae ,jepige diteqelit hyxwea zhiqxaipe`a xbea x`ezl cnl

.dipnexa mipaxd iaeyg ici lr zepaxl jnqede zepaxd icenil

y`xa cenrl xgape dipnexa zivx`d "`aiwr ipa" zldpd xag did onheb axd

xiykd ef ezelirt zxbqna .1947Îa zxzgnl dzcixi axr l"kfnk drepzd

oeera xq`p 1954 aia`a .zine`lÎzizc divhpiixe` ilra mivelg itl` diilrl

cgi ;zqpkd ziaa zizxzgn zxbqna zecdie j"pz ibeg ,zixar ixeriy zkixr

ivn`n zekfa htynl cnredy ilan xxgey `ed .dveawl eixag exq`p enr

exxgey jynda ;dipnex zlynn lr f`c a"dx` lynn cvn ugl qiiby ,eia`

.dvx` eglype mi`elkd oeiv ixiq` aex

zia ax dide hyxwea zlidw ly mipaxd cre xikfnk odik 1961±1955 mipya

) "ycew zecg`" x`etnde lecbd zqpkd(Unirea Sfântaeay ,zipnexd dxiaa æ

zizkldd zaezkl did 1961Îa ux`l eziilr mr .dyi`e yi` 1000Îk elltzd

.dipnex i`vei ly oiyexibe oi`eyip ,zecdi ixexial ux`a oi`eyipd inyex lkl

lrte zezcd cxyna zqpk izal dwlgna izkld dpenn did l`xyi zpicna

axd did 1965 zpya .ux`d iagx lka zqpkd izan miax ly mpiipale mzgeexl

,reayd zyxt ,zecdi lr zeipkez zeriawa xiardl lgdy uelgde oey`xd

.zipnexd dtya "dlebl l`xyi lew" ixeciya miiciqg mixetiqe

i`vei ly izlidwd fkxnde zqpkd zia axk odkn 1973 zpya eia` xhtp f`n

f`n .hyxwean dxez ixtq mixeny ea ,"onheb iav axd ± sqei awri zia" dipnex

zecdi z`eyl mirbepd mirexi`l oexkife dgvpd xz` fkxnd ynyn 1976

zecdil oexkif ci" dgvpdd lrtn z` ezxbqna onheb axd cqii 1978Îae ,dipnex

."dipnex

22

`ede ,"zixa ipa" ly xaexnip x"c zkyl ze`iypa xag did onheb mixt` axd

.dipnex zecdi z` mibviind mipey miixeaiv mipebx`a miaeyg miciwtz `lnn

.2002 zpya "aia`Îlz xiwi" x`ezd el wpred elretl dkxrd ze`k

xe`l `ivede ,zipnexd dtya zepezira miax mixn`n onheb axd mqxt ,ok enk

xe`l `ivede jxr mb `ed .zipnexe yicii ,zixard dtya "zepeivd" oe`hiad z`

xtqa ,hyxwea c"a`x ,oe`bd eia` iazk z` [1992] a"pyz zpyaiavd ux`.

23

yilÎuiaeail dnly

zecqena cnl `ed .1927 zpya (dipnex) ip`yeheaa clep yilÎuiaeail dnly

cnl okn xg`le oekizd xtqd zia meiql cr ezclen xira miicedid cenild

"`aiwr ipa" ly ziy`xd dbdpdd xag did `ed .hyxweaa iciid ibebctd oekna

.ux`l dlr 1950Îae dipnexa

xywd zkyl y`x ,"`aiwr ipa" ly zivx`d drepzd fkxnk yniy ux`a

dwlgn y`x ,"igxfnd lretd ly zinlerd zixa"a dtexi`Îgxfn zevx`l

.aia`Îlza xywd zkyl ± il`xyid uegd cxyna

ok enke ,dibeletexzp`e dibeleiveql dhlewta oey`x x`ezl cnl `ed

x`ez milyd `ed ,1994 zpya .oli`Îxa zhiqxaipe` ly dixehqidl dwlgna

oli`Îxa zhiqxaipe`a zicedi dixehqid megza iyilymya xehwec zceara

xagnd mqxt 2013Îa ."dipnexa miine`ld miicedid miigd ly mleqige mziigz"

dipnex icedi ly mxar xwgl fkxnd zxbqna df xeaig ly okcerne agxen gqep

:myd zgz ,ey`xa cner `edy ,aia`ÎlzaEvreii din România fata de unÜæ

regim în schimbari 1944–1950. æ

inlerd cebi`d ± .x.e`.n.w.`" z` aia`Îlza 1980Îa cqii yilÎuiaeail dnly

) "dipnex i`vei micedi ly zeaxzlACMEORcqend .meid cr ey`xa cnere (

.dipnex zecdi zeaxz xwge dvtd ,getih aiaq zipebax zelirt ldpn ixeaivd

zeyxl zcnerd ,zipnexa xwira ,zety yya dxiyr diixtq dpyi cebi`d oerna

mlerd one ux`d on mixweg zeyxl cnerd ,xiyr oeikx` ok enke ,mi`xewd

zexyt`de ,dipnexa xhynd iepiy f`n .dipnex icedi ly mxara mipiiprznd

zxbqna lret yilÎuiaeail dnly ,ixehqidd xwgnd dcya mixyw wecidl

zecerze mixneg ly xeniye seqi` megza z`y xzia dfd ixeaivd cqend

.dipnexa micedid iig lr miixewn

diceey ,dipnex) l"egae ux`a mipey minexeta zeaexw mizrl dvxn `ed

miixehqid mi`yep dlrn `ed zihqivilaetd ezaizkae eize`vxda .(cere

b cner icedid `yepd .zecdil dwif ilra miil`ehw`emixtqd dxyr mb fkxna m

oewiqwl ,ixarÎipnex ,ipnexÎixar oelin mdipia ,zipnexd dtya jxr e` azky

.cere zeciqgd mler lr ,zayd lr xtq ,miicedi mibge mibdpn ,mibyenl

24

qxt"a yilÎuiaeail dnly dkf dtprd zizeaxzd ezelirt ly mipyd jldna

xtexb awri y"r oxwn qxta oke 'uiaelewpi dxye miig iqxt ipyae ,"xaexnip x"c

x`ez .dipnex icedi zeclez xwg ornl ezelirtae eixtq z`veda dkinzl

,'felwn "i`ieaÎya`a" zhiqxaipe` mrhn el wpred "dfe`w qixeped xeqtext"

.dipnex

25

l"f xbpiclqÎrlq edil`©§¦§¤

xbpiclqÎrlq edil`cenlz'ae 'xcg'a cnl .dipnex ,hxiq xira 1930Îa clep¦¤

eaq lv` gx`zdy zra ,1941 eizqa .ipnexd innrd xtqd ziaa ok enke 'dxez

zeen zcirva myne (diaxqaa) hWlEwxnl dxiird icedi mr yxeb ,dxFbcqa©¨¨©§¤§

on ,mitqep miyxebn mr cgi ,gexal dgilvd edil` ly ezgtyn .dxihqipqpxhl

1943Îa ;ipnxb diitk dpgnl glype qtzp eia` .c`yxa ehbl apbzdle dxiiyd

xexgyd ixg`e ehbd i`pza ecxy dphwd ezeg`e edil` .ze`ix zwlcn xhtp

,hyxweaa militrn zveawl jk xg` sxhvd edil` .iq`il minezik exared

ziip` lr ux`l `vi ,dilhi`a "epialq zia"a ddy jynda .hqtceal ribd dzi`

hcpnd zepehly ici lr elbed militrnd j` ,"aexefelx` miig" militrnd

ly eteqae "mikixcnl xpinq"a my cnl ,zixara ahid hlyy ,edil` .oiqixtwl

.1947 eizqa ux`l ribd xac

."deewzÎgzt zelretdÎwyn" i`lwgd xtqd zia ziinipta care cnl dligz

.ux`a mipey zenewna df megza lig dyre zikepig dceare d`xedl dpt jynda

edil` dpnzd 1975Îa ;dpt xy` lka ecivl ecnr eiclie ,dipd ,dpn`pd eziirx

lgd ,1964Îa milyexil e`ea mr .milyexia miiceqi xtq iza ipy ly ldpnl

ipeylÎecd xteqd lr dfz mr ipy x`ez milyde ,zixard dhiqxaipe`a cenll

weqird .oncixt awri xxeynd lr xehwec zceara iyily x`eze 'uiaewxa c"i

:mixtq ipy meqxtl liaed df aeyg yicii xveia edil` ly ixwgndrexw xzin

,dhlra hhex,e"pyzl`xyil dixhqipqpxhnze` dkif s`y ,b"qyz ,cec" qxta e

.2009 zpyl "oiihyted

,eixwgn meqxt xg`l ;eixerp f`n dxiye zxetiq zaizka eci gly edil`

`ed oda zexivi ly dxcq eci zgzn `ivede ,mifepb ciÎiazk znlydl dptzd

ipa lye eiig ly zeizernynd zeieegd z` ,xidae hedx ,icegii oepbqa avrn

miwgnp mpi` zepexkifd ;miclik d`eyd inii`a eqpzdy dipnex icili maex ,exec

.dpiipaa zealzyd jez enwzyd ,ux`l elry dl` j` ,mlerliyigq

dixhqipqpxhmixiyd uaewe ,2007Îa rited zexgae mixerp ixiy hwl ,zepeibd

d`ey mezionexd zrted ixg` .2009Îaixg` mipy raymixetiq uaewe ,2008Îa

mixvwztxehn zeitycgeina ixewn xtq ly qetcl dpwzd lr cwy ,2010Îa

mya,minelr onei ± ztezd xg`,miihpze` mipnei mialeyn ea ;2012Îa ritedy

26

zepenz ,mixag ly miazkn mr ,1952 zligz cr 1946 seqn azk xagndy

z` xagnd dlrn milydl witqdy drixid agx oexg`d xtqa .zepeEbn zexrde

zixehqid dcerz deedn `ed ;dixg` cine d`eyd zepya dipnexa micedid lxeb

.mly xec lr dxicp

dilr xab s`e zipexk al zlgn mr zeax mipy wa`py ,xbpiclqÎrlq edil`

eizelebq m`elna minlebn ea ,oexg`d extq zglvda ze`xl dkf ,mrt `l

mipy jyna on`p szey didy ,`ed ,xrvd daxnl .izextqd epexyike zeiyep`d

lr qxtd z` eicil lawl dkf `l ,xtexb awri y"r oxwd ly creed zelertl

!jexa exkf idi .2013 qxna 14Îa xhtp edil` .el wprend miig lrtn

27

dkinze micenil zblna mikefdxtexb awri y"r oxwn zixwgn zelirta

c"ryz zpyl/3201

oilci mixt`

xare ,rax` oa ezeida 1949Îa eixed mr ux`l dlr `ed .1945 zpya oileta clep

.dpicnd ly zepey`xd dizepya dhilwd iiyw z` mzi` cgi

x`ezl dtig zhiqxaipe`a cnl i`avd ezexiye oekiza eicenil meiq xg`l

.zillk dixehqide ,l`xyi mr ly dixehqidl ,dibeleiveql mibega oey`x

z`xeda mipy 37 wqr eicenil meiq xg`le d`xedl dxykd laiw liawna

.micinlz ly zexecl on`p jpgn dide dixehqide zilbp`

d`eyl ipy xeck .micenild lqtql aeyl mixt` hilgd diqptl ez`ivi mr

lgd `ed ,ok lr .cg`k zine`le zixqen daeg yiciid icenila d`ex `ed

c"ryz zincw`d l"dpya cenllzextql dwlgnd zxbqna dfz mr ipy x`ezl

.yiciid icenill fkxna zegnzd mr oli`Îxa zhiqxaipe`a ,l`xyi mr

x"c ly ezkxcda ,mixt` jexrl ywan eze`y ipycgde siwnd xwgnd `yep

oiletn micedi dngln ihilt ly zeaxzde dxivid iig" `ed ,onxlhew xaÎac

z` ecxy eixed ;ixwn epi` df `yepa dxigad ."dixg`e d`eyd ztewza n"dixaa

.zevrend zixaa mihiltk ,jyndae ,oileta ipnxbd yeaikd zgz d`eyd

iyp` ly zipebaxd zelirta weqri xwgnd xwir ,ixehqidd rwxd zbvd xg`l

mipyd jldna ± mipn`e oexh`iz iyp` ,mi`pezir ,mixteq ± mihiltd axwa gex

eyxcp md ,dngln ihiltk .miyw xeqgn i`pza dxf daiaqa miig ly zeywd

evl`p md gex iyp`k ;cexyl zpn lr dycg zegxf`e xg` cnrnl lbzqdl

eldpzd mdy itk zevrend zixaa yicii oeyla zinyxd zeaxzd iiga alzydl

.zraewd `id dbltnd ly inyxd ewl zepn`pdyk ,ihiiaeqd xhynd zgz

zexivia miiehia z` e`vn micgeind miigd i`pz cvik ogaz xwgnd zcear

ewd iaizkzn mixvei ly dbixgd dkexk dziid mda mipekiql mb qgiizze ,zepey

"div`ixhtx"d aly zetwzyda fkxzi xwgnd ly meiqd wxt .inyxd ihiletd

.dnglnd z` cexyl egilvdy mihiltd mze` ly mzxivia

28

oiwel l`kin

zilwiqen dlkyd ykx da ,n"dixa ,(bxeaxhtÎhpq meik) cxbpipla ,1972Îa clep

,eia` jxry zeit`xbepz` zeglyna szzyd ,1989±1988 mipya .yicii zricie

zpya l`xyil dlr .divilbe dilecet ,oildee zexiirl ,oiwel oinipa oeixehqidd

iy`x revwna milyexia oiaex y"r dwiqenl dincw`a oey`x x`ez miiq ,1990

1995±1991 mipya .zixard dhiqxaipe`a yiciil bega cnl liawnae ,cv lilg

lig zxenfza zxiy .zxy awri y"r l`xyiÎdwixn` zeaxz oxw zeblna dkf

sqe`" belhiwa zine`ld diixtqa car 2006±1998 mipya .iy`x olilgk xiee`d

e` qetca enqxety yiciia mixiy ly mlera xzeia lecbd sqe`d ,"iep xi`n

.azka ecrez

dibelewiqenle yiciil mibega ipy x`ez zepiihvda l`kin miiq 2006 zpya

meiqd wxt ;iqexq oiec` 'texte onztv dxy x"c zkxcda ,zixard dhiqxaipe`a

"izxeqnd gqepd ly llnde ogld ipiit`n :yiciia ixild mrdÎxiy" ± dfzd ly

,"og ly heg" ,iwqp`ipxeh deg 'textl laeid xtqa mqxtzdy xn`nl ceqi yniy

micenild ztewza .('izxeqn ixil mrÎxiy ly wiyhrRixRd lr') 2013 ,milyexi

henld oxw" ,"xxet lgxe xdef wgvi oxw" ,"xfpev oxw" zeblna dkf ipy x`ezl

mely zia zbln" ,"oiihyted cec y"r dbln" ,"yicii icenill xlcpiw dpipe

,sqep ipy x`ez cenll zine`ld diixtqd i"r glyp 2012±2008 mipya ."mkilr

.zepiihvda miiq eze` s`y ,oli`Îxa zhiqxaipe`a ,rcin ledip megza

zipkeza zixard dhiqxaipe`a iyily x`ezl hpcehq epid l`kin zrk

innrd xiyd" `yep lr xehwec zcear lr cwey `ed ;mipiihvn mihpxehwecl

zilb 'texte iqexq oiec` 'text ly mziigpda "dwih`etde dwiqend :yiciia

zxbqna ,mipebipd xwgl ixwgn hwiexta szey `ed ,micenill sqepa .mwexÎofg

,oli`Îxa zhiqxaipe`a ayhicxan wgvi iel 'x y"r zeciqgd xwgl dxczwd

dwiqend ly xwgnd zveawa szey `ed ,ok enk .wxn iav 'text ly ezey`xa

dxecdn meqxtl oikne ,milyexia zicedid dwiqend xwgl fkxn ly zifpky`d

yiciia mrÎixiy ze`n yelyk eae ,iwqaebxa dyn ly cid azk ly zx`en

xen` xtqd .mixyrd d`nd ly dpey`xd zivgna dpi`xwe`a ecrezy

."laei" zxcqa ,zixard dhiqxaipe`d z`veda mqxtzdl

29

l"fn ipexdicenil zepya yiciia oiiprzdl dligzd `id .milyexia 1989 zpya dclep

zepigaa df revwna dpgap s`e oeyla zeiqiqa zerici dykxy xg`l .oekiza

zixar zextql begd zxbqna yiciia xbea x`ezl ipex dcnl ,yiciia zexbad

mr dzexkd z` aigxdle winrdl oevx jezn ,milyexia zixard dhiqxaipe`a

.dtprd dzextqe yicii zeaxz

c"ryz zpya cenll ipex dlgd ,dxzi zepiihvda oey`xd x`ezd meiq xg`l

ly mivxnd oia .yicii zextqa zi`hiqxaipe`Îoiad zipkezd zxbqna ipy x`ezl

,mipnp ,yicii zeaxz megza ycg mixweg xec xiykdl zywand ,zipkezd

qiwqex cece oxhyxaep mdxa` ,iwqp`ipxeh deg mixeqtextd ,x`yd oia

.aia`Îlz zhiqxaipe`a miniiwzn mitqep miqxew ;zixard dhiqxaipe`a

amicenill 'lcpn' xtqd zia ly mipiihvnd zipkezl ipex dlawzd sqep

mihpcehql mirven dzxbqnay ,zixard dhiqxaipe`a gexd ircna mincwzn

.mi`yep oeebna micgein miqxew

;zieeykrd zizeaxzde zizextqd dxivid megza dlirt ipex ,dicenil cvl

zixar zextql begd mrhn `veid 'oiaexir' zrdÎazk zkxrn zxag `id

zextqa weqirl drixid z` aigxdl miywan diyp`y ,zixard dhiqxaipe`a

.hxta yiciiae ,llka zixehqid zicedi

dixvei oia zeniiw eidy zewifl rbep yicii zextqa ipex ly oiiprd icwenn cg`

oiipr .zipxcend zixard zeaxzde zextqd zxivi megza elrty dl` oial dly

zixard oia miipeyld mixywd lr zipeixpinq zcear zaizkl dze` `iad df

mihaida oiiprzdl dlgd `id jynda .oexeyi zea` ly ezxiya yiciide

oebk ,yiciia zextqae zepezira mixeywd miagxd miihiletde miizeaxzd

zextqd ly dizeaebz ,mi`xewd ldw ly eite` ,zextqd ly divfipepw ikildz

`id df megzl .dnecke mixyrd d`nd jxe`l miixehqid miiepiyl zeaxzde

) "yicii zepezir gztn" lrtna dzcear zeawra dribdIYPdxe ly zeeva ,(

ly "ixrn" onexd zelawzd zwica dfkxna xy` zipeixpinq dceara .oeneleq

lr cenrl dywia `id ,1913 zpya ezrted mr zxewiad iciÎlr y` mely

zexivi zlawa zextqd zxewia z` egpdy miihiletde miihzq`d mikxrd

jiyndl deewn `id .oziigca ,oitelgl e` ,yabznd oep`wd l` zeizextq

yiciia zextqd zxewia ly miipyxtd dizeleab zece` ,df `yepa daizka

.ogea dxwnk y` mely mr mikeaqd dixyw zpigae

30

eye`'v drep

,xav a`e 1958Îa dixed mr dplieen dvx` ribdy m`l dtiga 1980 zpya dclep

cvn dzaq .ux`l mkxca oiqixtwa xbqd dpgna eybtp ,dipnex i`vei ,eixedy

.1929 zpya o`yeheaa dia` cvn diaqe ,1933 zpya (dipnex) iq`ia dclep dia`

,dzia z` aefrl dzaq zgtyn dvl`p ,diipyd mlerd zngln uext mr

xftzdle;mixabd x`y mr cgia diitk zecearl ofgd dia` glyp dligz

ilvd okn xg`le dgtyna.cexyle xezqn zenewn `evnl dig`n wlge dixed eg

iccv ipy .mewnl mewnn ccep `edy jez dnglnd ztewz z` cxy diaq mb

,zi`hil ,ziqex ,zipnex) izeaxzÎaxe ipeylÎax xyer mr ux`l eribd dgtynd

.xbeand xecd zxiht mr mipyd jldna lclczd xy` (zipihl s`e yicii ,zipnxb

zepiihvda dniiq oey`xd x`ezd z` .zelrn hxe` siwn oekiza dcnl drep

my ,milyexia aevirle zepn`l dincw`d ,l`lvaa zepn`l dwlgna 2006Îa

x`ezd icenil zxbqna ,2005 zpya .leqite xeiv ly zewipkha dzgnzd

ly mihpcehq iteliga dtzzyd oey`xdChicago School of the Art Institute.

Îax daiaqa dlrty ,d`nd zligzn zipxcen zicedi zepn` mr dzexkd

icenil zpy xg`l .yicii zeaxza dpiipr z` xxer ,yicii mb dllky zipeyl

dwlgna ipy x`ezl xwgn zcinlzk 2012Îa cenll dlgd drep ,dnlyd

dhqew dpix y"r dzeaxze yiciid zty xwgl fkxnd ,zecdid icenill

zxbqna yicii zeaxze oeyla zewinrn zerici dykx `id .oli`Îxa zhiqxaipe`a

.wxeiÎeipae aia`Îlza mda dnlzydy uiw iqxewe fkxnd rivny miqxewd

.zebln xtqnl dzkf yiciid icenil jldna

oia zakxend dwifd z` oegal zywand ,dfz zaizk lr drep zcwey dpyd

iyp` ,mixxeyn ,mixteq ± dtexi`Îgxfn icili mixvei lv` zextql zepn`

d`xyd xewne diixet rwxw mxear dzeeid yiciid ztyy ± mi`witxbe oexh`iz

mixeyra zicedide zillkd dxaga miwenr mixayn rwx lr .zepycgl

eyaiby micedi mipn`n zeakxen zexeag erited ,20Îd d`nd ly mipey`xd

zeaxz ifkxn oia zcnzn drepz jez ,zeipxzg ,zeicegii dxivi ikxc mnvrl

.dtexi`a iagxa

c"ryz micenild zpya .okez zkxerk dzqpxtl zcaer drep 2011 zpyn lgd

.oli`Îxa zhiqxaipe`a l`pzp jlil x"cl xwgn zxfer zynyn `id

31

ivexenew lgx dipeq

,zixad zevx`ae hytceaa xtq izaa dcnl .1975Îa ,dixbped ,hytceaa dclep

.dzceare dicenil jynda dl riiqy xac ,zilbp`a znlyen dhily dykx my

) hytcea zhiqxaipe`a ipye oey`x x`ezl dcnl 1993Îa lgdELTEzilbp` (

zecdid icenill fkxna dnlzyd 1998±1997 micenild zpya .zecdi ircne

zepiihvda ipy x`ez dlaiwe ,yicii zeaxze oeyl megza xwira ,cxetqwe`a

dhiqxaipe`a zgxe` dcinlz dziid 2001±2000 zpya .cxetqwe` zhiqxaipe`n

iyily x`ezl dcnl 2001 zpyn .yiciil bega mipey miqxew dcnle zixard

,dly xehwecd zcear z` .yicii zeaxza zegnzd mr ,cxetqwe` zhiqxaipe`a

d`eyd cre 15Îd d`nd on yiciia dixbped icedi ly zeaxzd iig z` zx`znd

.2008Îa dipeq dniiq (miipey`x zexewn jnq lr)

hytcea zhiqxaipe`a zecdid ircnl dwlgna cnll dligzd 2004 zpya

)ELTE,zicedi zce zeaxz ,zipxcen zixar ,yicii zeaxze oeyl :mipey miqxew (

ircnl fkxnd zxbqna rvaznd xwgna dalzyd `id zipnf ea .cere ,dlitz

zxbqna .dixbped icedi zecleza cwnznde mircnl zixbpedd dincw`a zecdid

,zixbpeda mixaqde mebxz mr ,yiciiae zixara zecerz zkixra dtzzyd ef

.miqpka dzvxde miax mixn`n dnqxt

yiciia zizeaxzd zelirtd lr milyn ceriz seq`l dipeq dlgd ,liawna

mdilr xzeel dvl`p dixbpedy mighya ,qexÎehtxwae yxenxna ,dipaliqpxha

`id .dl`d mixef`l mb dxwgn zrixi z` aigxdl dxhna ,iiqxe mkqd xg`l

,miyxn xtql zenlyd mr dly hxehwecd on wlg dcairyicii ztya qetcd

zxren ditxbeilaia :xbd ux`axarn ;zilbp`a 2012Îa dixbpeda xe`l `viy ,

ixef`a yiciia eqtcpy mineqxt 700În xzei lr hxetn itxbeilaia rcinl

,bxeapfielw ,x`eeynh ,hbiq enk mifkxna mdipia ± zixehqidd dixbped

miax zeaxz ilirte ,mipax ,mixagn lr rcin xtqd llek ± x`eebpe` ,yhwpene

.megza mixwegl jxr ax xiykn deegn jkae

Îhqet zcinlzk 'aicpd ci' oxwn dbln zekfa ,2013±2012 micenild zpya

oeirl ,jehpiiy l`igi 'text ly eziigpda ,dpnf aex z` dipeq dyicwd ,hxehwec

milyexia zine`ld dixtqa mixenyd yiciia mipetewz zexyr ly mpkeza

mibeg cvn yiciid ztya dxigal zeaiq xexia dfkxnay xtq zaizk z`xwl

.mieqn mewna ,znieqn onf zcewpa ,minieqn zeveawe

32

ile`y dilb

lry mixedl za ,diagxn ueaiw zcili ,dn` .1977Îa deewz gzta dclepe

.1973Îa dpi`xwe` ,aiiwn ux`l dlr dia` ;1924Îa divilbn

liga dzxy `ava .ziaxr dcnl oekizae `aq xtka dcnle dlcb dilb

.dpy my dzdye ziztxv cenll ztxvl drqp ,i`avd dzexy xg`l .oiricend

zextqe dtyl bega zixard dhiqxaipe`a cenll dlgd 1999Îa ux`l daey mr

jldna .dzeaxze yicii oeyle zixar oeyl ,gexd ircna miillk micenile ziaxr

ewinrde ekld dizericie dl dxf dpi` yiciiy dzlib `id oeyld icenil

.ef dtya dxeywd zpeebn zelirt dtqeezd micenill xy`k zexidna

,zixard dhiqxaipe`ay xeeirl dcinld fkxna dilb dcar 2009±2002 mipya

2009 zpya lgd .zhlwend diixtqd xear mixtq z`xwda od zixarl dxenk od

.yiciia mixtq mb `ixwdl dlgd

dxczwd cily ocq ac lrtn ly dxikfnk cearl dilb dlgd 2009 zpya

.jehpiiy l`igi 'text ly xwgn zxferke onxa dci`e sqei my lr yiciil

,mipey mibeqn mihqwh qetcl dpiwzne zkxer ,dcilwn `id diciwtz zxbqna

.lrtnd mrhn minqxtznd ,zixarae yiciia

ly ezey`xa ,xwgn zveawn wlg dilb dziid zepexg`d mipyd yely jyna

d`ey ilevip mixteq ly yiciia mzaizk z` dxwgy ,jehpiiy l`igi 'text

xrpöt l`igi ,lrfiee il` lr mineqxte mixwgn xe`l `ivedl dxhnaœ

,hxrwiv mdxa` ,rc`xb miig ,o`nq`a dwax ,xrlbixhy ikcxn ,(wiphrv`w)©œ©©©©œ

ipeig ciwtz d`lin dilb df xwgn hwiext zxbqna .mixg`e ax`tprf`x deeg¨œ©

ceriz zecqenae miihxt mipeikx`a exze`y ,yiciia mireci `l ci iazk geprita

.l"egae ux`a

oxwd oenina dycg xwgn zveawa dilb ztzzyn 2013 xaehwe`n lgd

ly zil`ehwlhpi`de zizextqd ditxbeiad z` zxwegy ,rcnl zine`ld

lr dpenn `id z`fd xwgnd zcear zxbqna .rc`xb miig oewi`fextde xxeynd©

lrtn ly zaezkzd ledipe ci iazk geprit ,yicii zepezirn ipey`x xneg seqi`

.dl`d xwgnd ikxevl rbepd lka ocq ac

33

rinrxRÎxrR`xb ”wri xrc oe™ zepwY ic oe™¨

oet ehtie` oe` dxivi ic oköxhyevxrhpe` fi` rinrxR xrc oet liv xrcœœœ

oi` oe`) xraöxy ryirxard oe` ryicii owihenxrc ev .mehpcii oyiprnex¦¦¦

o` oi` xrc` ,yiprnex oi` ot`yrb oa`d rklree ,xraöxy jie` ol`tÎm`pqie`©œ©¨©œ¨©

cp`dxivi qprnree ,(ux`lÎueg oi` xrc` l`xUi oi` j`xRy xrcnrxt xrxr ©œ©¨

ev .mehpcii oyiprnex mrpet xröhyev owihqöb mrc xrhpe` hköxhyœ¦

oyx`t ohin bl`txrc hin oarbrbR` jif oa`d rklree ,qxryx`t owihenxrcœ¨¨¨œ¨œ¨

rklree ,xraöxy xrc` ,mehpcii oyiprnex mrpet rhkiyrb ic xrc` oarl q`c¨¨œ¦¨

oyiprnex mrc oet ohxreeÎxehlew ic f` ,bpet`y xriif hin hxröhyrböa oa`d¨œ©œ

.wl`t xrfcpe` oet xehlew xrwiclleM xrc oi` oxree oq`lyrbii` ol`f mehpcii¦¨¨œœ¨

rinrxRÎxrR`xb ”wri xrc oe™ zepwY ic oe™¨

mixteq ccerl ,dipnex zecdi ly dzxivi z` qp lr zelrdl :qxtd zexhn

zifrel dtya exviy mixteq mb llkd on mi`vei mixwnae) zixarae yiciia

e` dipnex zecdi ly zipgexd dnexzd z` dhilan mzxiviy (l"egae ux`a

dxeywd xwgn zceara dglvda ewqry mixweg ccerl ,dipnex zecdi ini ixacl

enxz mzcearay mixagn e` dipnex zecdi ini ixacl e` dipnex zecdi iigl

oia dixteq zxivi z`e dipnex zecdi ly zeaxzd ikxr z` lilkdle hiladl

.epnr zeaxz ly mikxrd

34

rinrxRÎxrR`xb ”wri xrc oe™ oh`rxe`l©©¨

xtexb awri y"r qxt ipzg zniyx2013 - 1971

dirny ipa`

wgvi iqtl`

awri oixtl`

wgvi ivx`

awri ecea

lexw qpia

dnly lwia

zex iav oa

dwax onqa

dh'b sedbxa

oe`il yihxa

ei'bxq `icpxa

mixt` onheb

sqei oixeb

awri xlb

dnly cec

ikcxn uipec

`bxy xad

hqpx` ep`yeg

a`f o`i'vel uiaewyxd

dnly oncle

miig onciif

cecÎdyn hiig

eleq xg

slee xeanh

ohlef xpxh

jexa oihwxh

le`y lnxk

ewpi qeilei

l`kin iwqeeiwpi

xece`iz `ialÎoiihypal

diph ewqpiael

wgvi ocel

yilÎdnly uiaeail

yilÎdix` yiaiil

ilehp` oiil

dyn xhqnl

ocexinxcpqkl`

qeixn ewxin

iwin wixn` iqexn

ozp wxn

dpyey oniep

dxe oeneleq

ewxn uiaepeiniq

edil` xbpiclqÎrlq©§¦§¤

qixea xlcpq

irlwl` dpi'b o`ihqaq

xcpqkl` ht`fltr

dix` bxaphqxit

xfril` xenlt

mdxa` xlt

(wgvi) w`qi` ult

lexw onclt

awri oncixt

35

mgpn enxt

xfril` lwpxt

xy` dlew

miig oefpiax

xehwie eqex

dwp` xiny

xcpqkl` h`lalbity

zeaxzl inlerd cebi`d ± .x.e`.n.w.`

dipnex i`vei micedi ly

ryicii ± yicii zeaxzl dxagd

ht`ylrfrbÎxehlew©œ

ocq ac lrtn

± yicii xtql fkxnd

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