XP Chapter 6 Ethics and Intellectual Property RightsEthics and Intellectual Property Rights Chapter...
Transcript of XP Chapter 6 Ethics and Intellectual Property RightsEthics and Intellectual Property Rights Chapter...
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Chapter 6
Computers and Technology in a Changing Society, Second Edition 1
Ethics and Intellectual Property
Rights
Chapter 6
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Computers and Technology in a Changing Society, Second Edition 2
Objectives
1. Understand the concept of intellectual property rights and how these rights relate to computer use.
2. Define the term “ethics” and provide several examples of unethical
behavior in computer-related matters.
3. List several types of copyrighted materials and describe how they
can be used ethically.
4. State several ethical issues related to the use of school or business
resources and information.
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Objectives (cont’d)
5. Explain what computer hoaxes and digital manipulation are and
how they relate to computer ethics.
6. Identify several ethical issues surrounding business practices
and decisions.
7. Discuss the status of legislation related to intellectual property
rights and ethics.
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What Are Intellectual Property
Rights?
• Intellectual property rights – the legal rights to
which the creators of intellectual property–original
creative works–are entitled.
• Intellectual property rights indicate who has the right
to use, perform, or display the creative work; how
long the creator retains rights to the property; and
other related restrictions.
• The three main types of intellectual property rights
are copyrights, trademarks, and patents.
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Copyrights
• A copyright is a form of protection available to the
creator of an original artistic or literary work, such as a
book, movie, software program, musical composition,
or painting.
• Copyright protection in the U.S. gives the copyright
holder the exclusive right to publish, reproduce,
distribute, perform, or display the work.
• Copyrights can be registered, but don’t have to be.
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Copyrights
• Copyrights are often displayed on
published works and Web sites.
• Copyrights last until 70 years after
the creator’s death (95 years from
publication date or 120 years from
creation date for works registered
by an organization).
• Can be protected by digital watermarks and other
digital rights management (DRM) software.
Figure 6-1
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Trademarks
• A trademark is a word,
phrase, symbol, or design
that identifies and
distinguishes one good or
service from another.
▪ Can be claimed ™ or
registered ®.
• Cybersquatting – registering a domain name
confusingly similar to a trademark or for the purpose
of selling the domain name at an inflated price.
Figure 6-3
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Patents
• A patent protects inventions by
granting exclusive rights to its
inventor for 20 years.
• In addition to products,
business methods can be
patented.
• Patents are expensive to
register, but can be lucrative. Figure 6-4
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What are Ethics?
• Ethics – standards of moral conduct.
▪ Computer ethics.
▪ Business ethics.
▪ Personal ethics.
• Unethical acts aren’t always illegal, but illegal acts would be viewed as unethical by most people.
• Ethics play an integral role in our lives since they guide our behavior
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Ethical Use of Copyrighted Material
• Software:
▪ With copyrighted software, the developer holds
the ownership rights for that program.
▪ When software is purchased, the buyer is
acquiring a software license that permits him or
her to use the program.
▪ The terms of the software license dictate the
allowable use.
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Example of a Software License
Figure 6-5
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Ethical Use of Copyrighted Material
• Four main types of software:
▪ Commercial software – developed and sold for a
profit; typically can’t be shared with others.
▪ Shareware – distributed on the honor system; can
be shared with others.
▪ Freeware – given away by the author, but still are
copyright protected.
▪ Public domain software – not copyrighted.
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Ethical Use of Copyrighted Material
• Books and Web-based articles:
▪ Cannot be legally reproduced, presented as ones
own original material, or otherwise used in an
unauthorized manner.
▪ To present someone else’s work as your own is
plagiarism, which is both a violation of copyright
law and unethical.
▪ Internet and computers make it easier to
plagiarize.
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Examples of Plagiarism
Figure 6-8
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Examples of Plagiarism (cont’d)
Figure 6-8
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Example of an Online Originality
Test for an Essay
Figure 6-9
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Ethical Use of Copyrighted Material
• Music:
▪ Many legal and ethical issues surrounding music
downloads, especially via P2P sites.
▪ RIAA lawsuits are getting a great deal of attention.
▪ You can legally download music for roughly $1 per
song.
▪ Once a song is legally obtained, it is considered
fair use to transfer those songs to another medium
for personal use.
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Examples of Online Music Stores
Figure 6-10
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Ethical Use of Copyrighted Material
• Movies:
▪ Copy protection is built into many VHS, DVD, and
pay-per-view movies to prevent individuals from
making unauthorized copies.
▪ Pirated movies easily available via the Internet.
▪ New issues surrounding sharing recorded or
downloaded movies via the Internet.
▪ FCC broadcast flag may affect the ability to share
content via the Internet.
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Ethical Use of Resources
and Information
• School or company resources:
▪ Code of conduct – states what is considered proper
and ethical use of school or company resources.
▪ Codes of ethics – summarizes the moral guidelines
adopted by a particular organization and typically
address such issues as honesty, integrity, fairness,
responsibility to others, proper use of intellectual
property, confidentiality, and accountability.
• Employees should carefully consider the use of the
confidential information they have access to.
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A Sample Code of Ethics
Figure 6-12
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Ethical Use of Resources
and Information
• Employee and customer information:
▪ While a business may be legally bound by such
restrictions as employee confidentiality laws, union
contracts, and its customer privacy policy, there are
gray areas inside which ethical decisions need to be
made.
▪ Ethically questionable acts may ultimately hurt
business in the long run.
▪ Most business schools incorporate business ethics
into their curriculum.
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• Cheating and falsifying
information:
▪ Cheating in school is very
common, but unethical and
can have serious
consequences.
▪ Schools with academic honor
codes have a lower rate of
cheating.
▪ Résumé padding is unethical.
Ethical Use of Resources
and Information
Figure 6-13
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• Computer hoax – an
inaccurate statement or
story spread through the
use of computers.
▪ Are sometimes
published on Web
pages, but are more
commonly spread via
e-mail.
Computer Hoaxes and
Digital Manipulation
Figure 6-14
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• It is a good idea to
double-check any
possible hoax before
passing it on to another
person.
• The federal government’s
Hoaxbusters site is a
good resource for
computer hoax
information.
Computer Hoaxes and
Digital Manipulation
Figure 6-15
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• Digital manipulation – the use of computers to modify text, images, photographs, music, and other digital content.
▪ Can be used to misquote individuals, repeat comments out of context, retouch photographs–even create false or misleading photographs.
▪ The matter of altering photos to be published is the subject of much debate.
Computer Hoaxes and
Digital Manipulation
Figure 6-16
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• Ethically questionable products and services:
▪ Businesses must decide whether or not to sell
products or services that some people find
objectionable.
▪ Policies within a particular industry may vary from
company to company.
▪ Difficult to prove age for online sales, though can
require an adult signature for deliveries.
Ethical Business Practices
and Decision Making
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• Vaporware – software and hardware products that have
been announced and advertised, but are not yet–and
may never be–available.
• Recent corporate scandals involving fraudulent reporting
and other illegal and unethical activities has resulted in
the perception of low business ethics by the public.
▪ Corporate Responsibility Act includes numerous
provisions to improve the quality of financial reporting
by businesses.
Ethical Business Practices
and Decision Making
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• Workplace monitoring - businesses have the right and
responsibility to ensure that employees are productive
and the company resources are not being abused, but
need to decide how to carry this out and should inform
employees.
• Cultural considerations – there are
cultural, legal, and ethical
differences between businesses
located in different countries.
Ethical Business Practices
and Decision Making
Figure 6-18
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Related Legislation
• Some federal laws related to intellectual property
rights and ethics include:
▪ Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (Corporate
Responsibility Act)
▪ Child Internet Protection Act (CIPA)
▪ U.S Anticybersquatting Consumer Protection Act
▪ Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA)
▪ Trademark Amendments Act of 1999
▪ Digital Theft Deterrence and Copyright Damages
Improvement Act
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Related Legislation (cont’d)
▪ Children’s Online Privacy Protection Act
▪ Copyright Term Extension Act
▪ No Electronic Theft (NET) Act
▪ Copyright Act of 1976
▪ Lanham Act (Trademark Act of 1946)
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Summary
• What Are Intellectual Property Rights?
• What Are Ethics?
• Ethical Use of Copyrighted Material
• Ethical Use of Resources and Information
• Computer Hoaxes and Digital Manipulation
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Summary (cont’d)
• Ethical Business Practices and Decision Making
• Related Legislation