Xgrid Creep Report - Terre rinforzate · Creep and Creep-Rupture Behavior of ... is pleased to...
Transcript of Xgrid Creep Report - Terre rinforzate · Creep and Creep-Rupture Behavior of ... is pleased to...
9063 Bee Caves Road Austin, TX 78733-6201 (512) 263-2101 FAX 263-2558 1-800-880-TEST
Creep and Creep-Rupture Behavior
of
Xgrid PET PVC 60/30 IT,
Xgrid PET PVC 120/30 IT, and
Xgrid PET PVC 200/30 IT
PRELIMINARY REPORT
March, 2007
Submitted to:
TEMA Technologies and Materials
Via dell'Industria, 21
31029 VITTORIO VENETO (TV)
ITALY
Attn: Dr. Graziano Peterle
Submitted by:
TRI/Environmental, Inc.
9063 Bee Caves Road
Austin, TX 78733
C. Joel Sprague
Project Manager
9063 Bee Caves Road Austin, TX 78733-6201 (512) 263-2101 FAX 263-2558 1-800-880-TEST
March 16, 2007
Dr. Graziano Peterle
TEMA Technologies and Materials
Via dell'Industria, 21
31029 VITTORIO VENETO (TV)
ITALY
Subject: Creep Test Results for Xgrid PET PVC 60/ 30 IT, 120/ 30 IT, and 200/ 30 IT
Dear Dr. Peterle:
TRI/Environmental, Inc. (TRI) is pleased to present this preliminary report for creep testing of
Xgrid soil reinforcement geogrid. The product was tested in the machine direction.
INTRODUCTION AND SUMMARY
Objective. The objective of this effort is to obtain an estimate of the creep-strain and creep
rupture performance Xgrid PET PVC geogrids. Featured herein is accelerated creep testing
using the stepped isothermal method (SIM) of time-temperature superposition (TTS) as well as
conventional isothermal creep-rupture testing. The results apply to the machine direction.
Scope. Rapid loading tensile (RLT) and accelerated (SIM) and conventional creep tests were
conducted. The purpose of RLT tests was to determine the ultimate tensile strength (UTS) of the
product in order to establish the baseline for the creep tests. The conventional and accelerated
creep testing results were used to derive a family rupture curve. The testing program is
summarized in Table 1. Note that the conventional creep tests have not yet been completed.
Table 2. Test Matrix for RFCR Project
(The number of single rib specimens to be tested under each condition is indicated)
Primary Product – PET PVC 120/30 IT Secondary Products**Approx.
% of UTL SIM Conventional PET PVC 60/
30 IT - SIM
PET PVC 200/
30 IT - SIM
85 1 1 1 1
80 1 1 1 1
75 1 1 single rib + 1 multi-rib* 1 1
70 1 1 single rib + 1 multi-rib* 1 1
65 1
60 1 * - Two multi-rib/wide-width specimens are included to validate the relevancy of single rib/strip data.
** - Secondary products made from the same yarn may be added to the program for product family characterization.
TEMA - Creep Testing
March 16, 2007
3
Summary. The creep rupture results are included in Table 2 and Figure 1.
Table 2. Summary of Creep-Rupture Results for the Xgrid Family
Retained Strength (%) Reduction FactorReference Temperature
of Rupture Regression
Line
Regression Equation 75 Years 114 Years
75
Years
114
Years
20°C %UTS = -2.734 hrs + 86.973 71.07 70.57 1.41 1.42
25°C %UTS = -2.734 hrs + 85.743 69.84 69.34 1.43 1.44
30°C %UTS = -2.734 hrs + 84.513 68.61 68.11 1.46 1.47
35°C %UTS = -2.734 hrs + 83.283 67.38 66.88 1.48 1.50
40°C %UTS = -2.734 hrs + 82.052 66.15 65.65 1.51 1.52
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Materials. The products described herein are a coated polyester (PET) geogrids.
Equipment
Testing platforms: Instron Model 4505 load frame under computer control (SIM);
TRI model DWCR dead weight & BTI multi-station lever action creep frames (conventional).
Environmental chamber: TRI Model SIW – stepped isothermal, wide chamber (SIM).
Grips: TRI Model PM-100, Pacman x 100mm (SIM);
TRI Model 3R-40, 3 roll x 36mm grips. (conventional)
Extensometer: Epsilon Model SW3542-0200-050-ST (SIM);
Trans Tek LVDT-dc, Model 0245-0000 (conventional)
Temperature controller: Watlow Series 982 programmable temperature controller (SIM).
Heating/cooling- Electrical/liquid C02 (SIM)
Data acquisition: HP-3852A data acquisition and control unit & Labview V5.1 software.
Procedures
SIM: Testing was conducted using single ribs of all geogrids. Each specimen was allowed to
reach equilibrium at 20C prior to test initiation. Specimens were then ramped to the specified
percentage of UTS and then held at that load until failure or 60k seconds. Temperature was
stepped 14C every 10k seconds starting at 20C and ending at 90C. Strain was measured with an
Epsilon extensometer with a 4.0-inch gauge length.
Conventional: Testing was conducted using single ribs of all geogrids. Each specimen was
allowed to reach equilibrium at the prescribed temperatures prior to test initiation. Specimens
were then ramped to the specified percentage of UTS and then held at that load until failure.
Strain was measured with a TransTec LVDT with approximately a 6-inch gauge length.
TEMA - Creep Testing
March 16, 2007
4
RESULTS
RLT Results. RLT tests were run at a strain rate of 10%/minute to establish the baseline tensile
strength of the specific product being tested.
Creep Rupture. A creep rupture curve for the Xgrid family of uniaxial geogrids derived from
conventional and SIM testing is presented in Figure 1.
Xgrid Family - Creep Rupture Curve
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
-1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
LOG TIME (hr)
RU
PT
UR
E S
TR
EN
GT
H (
%U
TS
)
120/30 sim rupture
120/30 sim runout
60/30 sim rupture
200/30 sim rupture
regression line
Regression Line
20C Reference Temperature
(time is dependent variable)
114 yr Intercept = 70.57% UTS
Figure 1. Creep Rupture Curve for the Xgrid Family
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Creep reduction factors have been determined for the family of products tested using
conventional and accelerated (SIM) creep testing. These reduction factors are reasonably
consistent with previously reported rupture-based reduction factors for this type of polyester
(PET) geosynthetic. Additional longer-term testing is underway and will be added to this
available data to further characterize the family of products.
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g
Xgrid -
CR
EE
P R
UP
TU
RE
CU
RV
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20C
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
10
0
-2-1
01
23
45
67
8LO
G T
IME
(hr)
RUPTURE STRENGTH (%UTS)
60/3
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ssio
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20C
Refe
rence T
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11
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63
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80
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ST
Xgrid -
CR
EE
P R
UP
TU
RE
CU
RV
E -
25C
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
10
0
-2-1
01
23
45
67
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G T
IME
(hr)
RUPTURE STRENGTH (%UTS) 6
0/3
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/30
200/3
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ssio
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0 R
unout
25C
Refe
rence T
em
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11
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CR
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UP
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CU
RV
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0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
10
0
-2-1
01
23
45
67
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G T
IME
(hr)
RUPTURE STRENGTH (%UTS)60/3
0120/3
0200
/30
Regre
ssio
n120/3
0 R
unout
30C
Refe
rence T
em
pera
ture
75
-yr
= 6
8.6
% U
TS
11
4-y
r =
68
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UT
S
TR
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nvir
on
men
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c.
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RE
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RU
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0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
10
0
-2-1
01
23
45
67
8LO
G T
IME
(hr)
RUPTURE STRENGTH (%UTS)60
/30
120
/30
200/3
0R
egre
ssio
n120
/30 R
unout
35C
Refe
rence T
em
pera
ture
75
-yr
= 6
7.4
% U
TS
11
4-y
r =
66
.9 %
UT
S
TR
I/E
nvir
on
men
tal, In
c.
A T
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h I
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63
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80
0-8
80
-TE
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Xgrid
- C
RE
EP
RU
PT
UR
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UR
VE
- 4
0C
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
10
0
-2-1
01
23
45
67
8LO
G T
IME
(hr)
RUPTURE STRENGTH (%UTS)60
/30
120
/30
200/3
0R
egre
ssio
n120
/30 R
unout
40C
Refe
rence T
em
pera
ture
75
-yr
= 6
6.1
% U
TS
11
4-y
r =
65
.6 %
UT
S
686t6u1206008d6.xls SUMMARY CREEP PARAMETERS: TEMA
Specimen: 688t6u120sim60 Test Date: 08-Dec-06 Method: SIM (104s, 14C),single rib, machine dir.
Average Creep Stress: 89.8 kN/m %UTS: 60.02
Ultimate Tensile Strength: 149.6 kN/m Rupture: NO
Dwell Seq t' t (t-t')i Vshift(%) logAT Temp logAT/T
1 0 0.5 0.5 - - 19.66 -
2 9500 10020 520 0.09 1.2834 33.62 0.0919
3 19500 20010 510 0.1 1.3127 47.46 0.0948
4 29500 30000 500 0.06 1.3209 61.38 0.0949
5 39500 39990 490 0.08 1.3292 75.31 0.0954
6 49500 49980 480 0.15 1.3378 88.92 0.0983
Summary Initial Final Units @20C refT AVG 0.0951
lab time 78.72 59940 sec -
logAT(t-t') 1.8961 7.0463 log hr 7.0147
AT(t-t') - 1269.25 years 1179.97
Strain 13.970 18.261 % -
Modulus 642.9 491.8 kN/m -
120/30
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
LOG TIME (hr)
ST
RA
IN (
%)
688t6u1206529j7.xls SUMMARY CREEP PARAMETERS: TEMA
Specimen: 688t6u120sim65 Test Date: 29-Jan-07 Method: SIM (104s, 14C),single rib, machine dir.
Average Creep Stress: 97.3 kN/m %UTS: 65.00
Ultimate Tensile Strength: 149.7 kN/m Rupture: NO
Dwell Seq t' t (t-t')i Vshift(%) logAT Temp logAT/T
1 0 0.5 0.5 - - 19.68 -
2 9500 10021 521 0.1 1.2826 33.13 0.0953
3 19300 20011 711 0.1 1.1684 46.81 0.0854
4 29100 30001 901 0.1 1.0734 60.60 0.0778
5 39300 39991 691 0.11 1.1963 74.23 0.0878
6 49300 49981 681 0.16 1.1941 87.91 0.0872
Summary Initial Final Units @20C refT AVG 0.0867
lab time 79 59941 sec -
logAT(t-t') 1.8976 9.9419 log hours 6.3553
AT(t-t') - 277.22 years 258.52
Strain 13.801 19.469 % -
Modulus 670.1 499.7 kN/m -
120/30
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
LOG TIME (hr)
ST
RA
IN (
%)
688t6u1207030j7.xls SUMMARY CREEP PARAMETERS: TEMA
Specimen: 688t6u120sim70 Test Date: 30-Jan-07 Method: SIM (104s, 14C),single rib, machine dir.
Average Creep Stress: 104.8 kN/m %UTS: 70.00
Ultimate Tensile Strength: 149.7 kN/m Rupture: YES
Dwell Seq t' t (t-t')i Vshift(%) logAT Temp logAT/T
1 0 0.5 0.5 - - 19.79 -
2 9500 10022 522 0.1 1.2823 33.06 0.0966
3 19300 20012 712 0.1 1.1682 46.57 0.0864
4 29100 30002 902 0.1 1.0732 60.10 0.0793
5 39300 39992 692 0.11 1.1960 73.76 0.0876
6 49300 49982 682 0.16 1.1939 87.18 0.0889
Summary Initial Final Units @20C refT AVG 0.0877
lab time 79 62642 sec -
logAT(t-t') 1.8976 10.0388 log hours 6.4618
AT(t-t') - 346.52 years 330.36
Strain 12.366 21.101 % -
Modulus 717.5 496.6 kN/m -
120/30
0
5
10
15
20
25
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
LOG TIME (hr)
ST
RA
IN (
%)
688t6u1207001f7.xls SUMMARY CREEP PARAMETERS: TEMA
Specimen: 688t6u120sim70b Test Date: 01-Feb-07 Method: SIM (104s, 14C),single rib, machine dir.
Average Creep Stress: 104.8 kN/m %UTS: 70.00
Ultimate Tensile Strength: 149.7 kN/m Rupture: YES
Dwell Seq t' t (t-t')i Vshift(%) logAT Temp logAT/T
1 0 0.5 0.5 - - 19.57 -
2 9500 10020 520 0.1 1.2835 33.35 0.0931
3 19300 20010 710 0.08 1.1691 47.26 0.0841
4 29300 30000 700 0.06 1.1830 61.27 0.0844
5 39300 39990 690 0.09 1.1889 75.33 0.0846
6 49300 49980 680 0.08 1.1948 89.37 0.0851
Summary Initial Final Units @20C refT AVG 0.0862
lab time 79 64560 sec -
logAT(t-t') 1.8976 10.2028 log hours 6.6062
AT(t-t') - 505.42 years 460.66
Strain 12.766 19.102 % -
Modulus 735.0 548.5 kN/m -
120/30
0
5
10
15
20
25
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
LOG TIME (hr)
ST
RA
IN (
%)
688t6u1207502f7.xls SUMMARY CREEP PARAMETERS: TEMA
Specimen: 688t6u120sim75b Test Date: 02-Feb-07 Method: SIM (104s, 14C),single rib, machine dir.
Average Creep Stress: 112.3 kN/m %UTS: 75.00
Ultimate Tensile Strength: 149.7 kN/m Rupture: YES
Dwell Seq t' t (t-t')i Vshift(%) logAT Temp logAT/T
1 0 0.5 0.5 - - 19.85 -
2 9300 10020 720 0.1 1.1424 32.36 0.0913
3 19300 20010 710 0.12 1.1774 45.42 0.0902
4 29100 30000 900 0.13 1.0740 58.75 0.0806
5 39100 39990 890 0.15 1.0865 72.20 0.0807
6
Summary Initial Final Units @20C refT AVG 0.0856
lab time 79 48330 sec -
logAT(t-t') 1.8976 8.4455 log hours 4.8758
AT(t-t') - 8.84 years 8.57
Strain 11.982 17.846 % -
Modulus 883.3 629.2 kN/m -
120/30
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
LOG TIME (hr)
ST
RA
IN (
%)
688t6u1208005f7.xls SUMMARY CREEP PARAMETERS: TEMA
Specimen: 688t6u120sim80 Test Date: 05-Feb-07 Method: SIM (104s, 14C),single rib, machine dir.
Average Creep Stress: 119.7 kN/m %UTS: 80.00
Ultimate Tensile Strength: 149.7 kN/m Rupture: YES
Dwell Seq t' t (t-t')i Vshift(%) logAT Temp logAT/T
1 0 0.5 0.5 - - 19.80 -
2 9300 10021 721 0.15 1.1418 32.85 0.0875
3 19300 20011 711 0.15 1.1769 46.24 0.0879
4
5
6
Summary Initial Final Units @20C refT AVG 0.0877
lab time 79 27091 sec -
logAT(t-t') 1.8976 6.2102 log hours 2.6362
AT(t-t') - 0.05 years 0.05
Strain 13.288 20.736 % -
Modulus 740.8 577.5 kN/m -
120/30
0
5
10
15
20
25
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
LOG TIME (hr)
ST
RA
IN (
%)
688t6u1208507f7.xls SUMMARY CREEP PARAMETERS: TEMA
Specimen: 688t6u120sim85 Test Date: 07-Feb-07 Method: SIM (104s, 14C),single rib, machine dir.
Average Creep Stress: 127.2 kN/m %UTS: 85.00
Ultimate Tensile Strength: 149.7 kN/m Rupture: YES
Dwell Seq t' t (t-t')i Vshift(%) logAT Temp logAT/T
1 0 0.5 0.5 - - 19.41 -
2 9400 10020 620 0.08 1.2069 33.78 0.0840
3
4
5
6
Summary Initial Final Units @20C refT AVG 0.0840
lab time 79 15090 sec -
logAT(t-t') 1.8976 4.9621 log hours 1.3566
AT(t-t') - 0.00 years 0.00
Strain 14.291 19.792 % -
Modulus 865.9 642.8 kN/m -
120/30
0
5
10
15
20
25
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
LOG TIME (hr)
ST
RA
IN (
%)
688t6u2007006f7.xls SUMMARY CREEP PARAMETERS: TEMA
Specimen: 688t6u200sim70 Test Date: 06-Feb-07 Method: SIM (104s, 14C),single rib, machine dir.
Average Creep Stress: 170.4 kN/m %UTS: 70.00
Ultimate Tensile Strength: 243.4 kN/m Rupture: YES
Dwell Seq t' t (t-t')i Vshift(%) logAT Temp logAT/T
1 0 0.5 0.5 - - 19.85 -
2 9400 10022 622 0.1 1.2058 32.92 0.0922
3 19300 20012 712 0.1 1.1720 46.48 0.0864
4 29300 30002 702 0.16 1.1819 60.05 0.0871
5 39100 39992 892 0.4 1.0774 73.53 0.0799
6 49100 49982 882 0.2 1.0900 86.72 0.0827
Summary Initial Final Units @20C refT AVG 0.0856
lab time 79 55322 sec -
logAT(t-t') 1.8976 9.5211 log hours 5.9508
AT(t-t') - 105.18 years 101.86
Strain 11.247 19.625 % -
Modulus 1014.2 868.1 kN/
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688t6u2007508f7.xls SUMMARY CREEP PARAMETERS: TEMA
Specimen: 688t6u200sim75 Test Date: 08-Feb-07 Method: SIM (104s, 14C),single rib, machine dir.
Average Creep Stress: 182.5 kN/m %UTS: 75.00
Ultimate Tensile Strength: 243.4 kN/m Rupture: YES
Dwell Seq t' t (t-t')i Vshift(%) logAT Temp logAT/T
1 0 0.5 0.5 - - 19.54 -
2 9400 10020 620 0.1 1.2075 33.06 0.0894
3 19300 20010 710 0.1 1.1735 46.53 0.0871
4 29300 30000 700 0.1 1.1833 60.18 0.0867
5 39300 39990 690 0.4 1.1892 71.73 0.1029
6
Summary Initial Final Units @20C refT AVG 0.0911
lab time 78.05 40080 sec -
logAT(t-t') 1.8924 7.6453 log hours 4.0482
AT(t-t') - 1.40 years 1.27
Strain 13.828 20.552 % -
Modulus 1320.7 888.2 kN/m -
200/30
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688t6u2008009f7.xls SUMMARY CREEP PARAMETERS: TEMA
Specimen: 688t6u200sim80 Test Date: 09-Feb-07 Method: SIM (104s, 14C),single rib, machine dir.
Average Creep Stress: 194.7 kN/m %UTS: 80.00
Ultimate Tensile Strength: 243.4 kN/m Rupture: YES
Dwell Seq t' t (t-t')i Vshift(%) logAT Temp logAT/T
1 0 0.5 0.5 - - 19.27 -
2 9400 10021 621 0.1 1.2062 33.63 0.0840
3 19300 20011 711 0.1 1.1724 47.85 0.0824
4
5
6
Summary Initial Final Units @20C refT AVG 0.0832
lab time 79 25951 sec -
logAT(t-t') 1.8976 6.2015 log hours 2.5838
AT(t-t') - 0.05 years 0.04
Strain 13.672 21.036 % -
Modulus 1200.3 925.6 kN/m -
200/30
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688t6u2008516f7.xls SUMMARY CREEP PARAMETERS: TEMA
Specimen: 688t6u200sim85 Test Date: 16-Feb-07 Method: SIM (104s, 14C),single rib, machine dir.
Average Creep Stress: 206.9 kN/m %UTS: 85.00
Ultimate Tensile Strength: 243.4 kN/m Rupture: YES
Dwell Seq t' t (t-t')i Vshift(%) logAT Temp logAT/T
1 0 0.5 0.5 - - 19.48 -
2 9400 10022 622 0.1 1.2057 34.19 0.0820
3
4
5
6
Summary Initial Final Units @20C refT AVG 0.0820
lab time 79 11612 sec -
logAT(t-t') 1.8976 4.5505 log hours 0.9516
AT(t-t') - 0.00 years 0.00
Strain 12.028 17.738 % -
Modulus 1269.9 1166.3 kN/m -
200/30
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688t6u607013f7.xls SUMMARY CREEP PARAMETERS: TEMA
Specimen: 688t6u60sim70 Test Date: 13-Feb-07 Method: SIM (104s, 14C),single rib, machine dir.
Average Creep Stress: 58.4 kN/m %UTS: 70.01
Ultimate Tensile Strength: 83.4 kN/m Rupture: YES
Dwell Seq t' t (t-t')i Vshift(%) logAT Temp logAT/T
1 0 0.5 0.5 - - 19.57 -
2 9500 10020 520 0.12 1.2838 32.69 0.0979
3 19300 20010 710 0.1 1.1693 46.07 0.0874
4 29400 30000 600 0.14 1.2502 59.51 0.0930
5 39400 39990 590 0.14 1.2530 73.02 0.0928
6 49400 49980 580 0.18 1.2601 86.36 0.0944
Summary Initial Final Units @20C refT AVG 0.0931
lab time 78.14 53160 sec -
logAT(t-t') 1.8929 9.7916 log hours 6.1936
AT(t-t') - 196.12 years 178.16
Strain 12.288 20.416 % -
Modulus 475.1 286.0 kN/m -
60/30
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688t6u607510f7.xls SUMMARY CREEP PARAMETERS: TEMA
Specimen: 688t6u60sim75 Test Date: 10-Feb-07 Method: SIM (104s, 14C),single rib, machine dir.
Average Creep Stress: 62.5 kN/m %UTS: 75.01
Ultimate Tensile Strength: 83.4 kN/m Rupture: YES
Dwell Seq t' t (t-t')i Vshift(%) logAT Temp logAT/T
1 0 0.5 0.5 - - 19.91 -
2 9400 10020 620 0.11 1.2071 32.46 0.0961
3 19300 20010 710 0.12 1.1732 45.81 0.0879
4 29300 30000 700 0.18 1.1830 59.01 0.0896
5
6
Summary Initial Final Units @20C refT AVG 0.0911
lab time 78.28 35460 sec -
logAT(t-t') 1.8937 7.3530 log hours 3.7878
AT(t-t') - 0.71 years 0.70
Strain 12.888 19.211 % -
Modulus 485.5 325.6 kN/m -
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688t6u608014f7.xls SUMMARY CREEP PARAMETERS: TEMA
Specimen: 688t6u60sim80 Test Date: 14-Feb-07 Method: SIM (104s, 14C),single rib, machine dir.
Average Creep Stress: 66.7 kN/m %UTS: 80.00
Ultimate Tensile Strength: 83.4 kN/m Rupture: YES
Dwell Seq t' t (t-t')i Vshift(%) logAT Temp logAT/T
1 0 0.5 0.5 - - 19.33 -
2 9400 10020 620 0.05 1.2069 33.57 0.0847
3 19300 20010 710 0.05 1.1730 48.22 0.0801
4
5
6
Summary Initial Final Units @20C refT AVG 0.0824
lab time 78.47 21630 sec -
logAT(t-t') 1.8947 5.7474 log hours 2.1344
AT(t-t') - 0.02 years 0.02
Strain 13.631 18.284 % -
Modulus 489.8 364.9 kN/m -
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688t6u608513f7.xls SUMMARY CREEP PARAMETERS: TEMA
Specimen: 688t6u60sim85 Test Date: 13-Feb-07 Method: SIM (104s, 14C),single rib, machine dir.
Average Creep Stress: 70.9 kN/m %UTS: 85.00
Ultimate Tensile Strength: 83.4 kN/m Rupture: YES
Dwell Seq t' t (t-t')i Vshift(%) logAT Temp logAT/T
1 0 0.5 0.5 - - 19.12 -
2
3
4
5
6
Summary Initial Final Units @20C refT AVG 0.0000
lab time 78.1 5670 sec -
logAT(t-t') 1.8927 3.7536 log hours 0.1973
AT(t-t') - 0.00 years 0.00
Strain 13.618 17.411 % -
Modulus 522.0 407.1 kN/m -
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