xaqdd zeclezlrilwd zrepzl

*dwihqlekqd ztewz cr ehqix`n

wiipec ecx`ec`

lr rilwd zrepz zrtez z` xiaqdl zepeiqipa miiywd ,mixg`e miizc miripn cvl

dwifitd' ly dzltnl e`iady miifkxnd minxebdn eid ehqix` ly iq`lwd exaqd qiqa

Îrax`de dxyrÎyelyd ze`na dqtz dnewn z` .mipy ze`n dhlyy 'zilhehqix`d

ly hqwhd zxewia qiqa lr ygxzd df ixehqid jildz .'qehtni`d zxez' dxyr

hqwhl dycg zernyn zzl eqip e` epwiz ehqix` ixwane mipyxt :ehqix`

zeipeibd opi` eizeprha zenieqn zecewp ik gikedl dqip s` mdn wlge ,ilhehqix`d

dpid rcnd zeclez zpigan `yepd zeaiyg .zexg`a otilgdl yi okle zeiawr e`

dxyrÎrayd d`na dycgd dwifitd z` epifd xy` zepeirxd ik d`xn `edy jka

.odil` daebzk e`a `l` ehqix` ly eizetwyda ielz izla ote`a egztzd `l

,dziid dycg mibyen zkxrna dztlgd .mipy ze`n jyna dhlyzilhehqix`d dwifitd) oEw qnez rcepd rcnd oeixehqid ly migpenaKuhn.ynn ly zircn dktdn ,(1,hxta

egzny zexewiale ,rilwd zrepzl ehqix` ly exaqdl rcnd zecleza aeyg mewn yi.eixg` e`ay rahd ly miteqelite miilhehqix` mipyxt df xaqd lr`drepzd iweg

*rcnd zeclez' qxewd zxbqna xpflb zex xeqtextl hxtxk ybede zilbp`d dtya exewna azkp df xn`nxvity iipile oe`lb iavl ,xpflb xeqtextl zecedl ipevxa .g"pyz zpya zixard dhiqxaipe`a 'dwizrd zra

.ip` iznbxz ,zixarl enbxez `l xy` zexewnn mihehivd z` .zixard dqxbd zpkda mzxfr lr`) 'rahd seqelit' `ed ,rahd xwgl mixeywd mi`yepa ewqr xy` ,dl` mibedl mi`znd iepikdphilosopher

of naturee`natural philosophermegzk miiw did `l oiicr 'rcn' day dtewza wqer df xn`n ik xekfl yi .(

[59±41 'nr ,(d"qyz) 4 oeilib ,dixehqidl dxirv dna ,did did]Ÿ¨rilwd zrepzl xaqdd zeclezl41

wiipec ecx`ec` 42

;zilhehqix`d dwifita dtxez zcewpk mixken eid rilwd zrepzl exaqde ehqix` lyzgzn xezgl ick z`fd dylegd z` elvip (miizc miripnn mb elrt mwlgy) eixwan

.ezxezl2

eizetwyd oia xywd z` ze`xl zxyt`n rilwd zrepz lr dixe`izd zegztzd zwicah`le epifdy mipktdnd miilwifitd zepeirxd oiae (q"dptl ziriaxd d`ndn) ehqix` ly

.oeheipe e`lilb ly mdizenya dxeywd dycgd dwifitd z`xwl eliaed mb h`lzepeirxozip .odil` daebzk e`a `l` ehqix` ly eizetwyda ielz izla ote`a egztzd `l dl`e` mipwzn ehqix` ixwane mipyxt :zepeirxd zegztzd jildza ipiite` qetc zedflik gikedl miqpny in s` mdipia yi ;ilhehqix`d hqwhl dycg zernyn zzl miqpn.zexg`a otilgdl miywan md okle ,zeaiwr e` zeipeibd opi` eizeprha zenieqn zecewpehqix` ly zercd zxbqn jezn ,miptan `et` dzyrp ilhehqix`d 'oiipa'd ly ezltd

.envr3

zpiga zervn`a df jildz ixg` aewrp epiptly xn`nabiv`y xg`l .rilwd zrepzl xaqdd ly itivtqd dxwndmiilhehqix`d mipyxta oec` ehqix` ly exaqd z`mnewn z` oga`e eze` exwiay miixwird miteqelitae`iady jildz ,zilwifitd daiygd zegztzd jildza

.dirad ly zipxcend dpadl

(q"dptl 322±384) ehqix`

zqitz z` davire mipy ze`n jyna dhly zilhehqix`d dwifitd

.zixvepde zinlqend zeieaxzd ly zircnd mlerd

ehqix` ly dwifita rilwd zrepz lr dixe`izd .`

jixrdl ozip rilwd zrepz z` xiaqdl dqipyk ehqix` iptl dcnry dirad icnn z`dneiqw` `id ripn yi drepz lkl ik dgpdd .zillkd drepzd lr ezxez ly xywda wxenk) envr sebd jeza zeidl aiig ripnd ,ok lr xzi .zilhehqix`d dwifita ziqiqa

.wegxn dlert okziz `l .enr xiyi rbna e` (miigd mitebd z` dripnd ytpd4drepz.min e` xiee` oebk ,ixneg jeeza wxe j` zixyt`5

drepzl 'zirah' drepz oia ziqiqad dpgadd `id zilhehqix`d dqitzl zifkxn.irahd mnewn l` xefgl zeceqid ly mziihp llba zygxzn zirah drepz .'zvle`n'

mze`l izpeekyk ,oiteligl 'rahd seqelit' e` 'seqelit' miiepika ynzy` oldl .'diteqelit'n cxtpe ogaen.mdly zil`ehwlhpi`d zelirtdn wlgk rahd xwga ewqry mixweg

rilwd zrepzl xaqdd zeclezl43

,igxiÎzzd xef`a miievnd zeceqidn`,dhn itlk irah ote`a mirp (mine dnc`) micakdee`e y`) milwde ,fkxna irahd mnewn l`mzrepz .fkxnd on wgxd ,dlrn itlk mirp (xi

mewnd l` epi`y oeeik lka drepz .xyi ewa `id miigxiÎzzd zeceqid lk ly zirahd`ly repl sebd z` 'ul`n'd ipevig gek ly d`vez `ide ,'zvle`n drepz' z`xwp irahd

.zirahd eziihp itl6`id zexidnd zirah drepza ,ehqix` ly drepzd iweg it lr.drepzd zniiwzn eay jeezd zetitvl jetd qgiae rpd sebd caekl xyi qgia7drepza

.ecaekl jetd qgiae rpd sebd lr lrtend gekl xyi qgia `id zexidnd zvle`n8

oeeika jlyen (oa` dnbecl) cak seb :rilwd zrepz ly dxwna iyew dler o`k mle`wdaen dxwn edf .(dcvd e` dlrn itlk ,eply dnbeca) zirahd ezrepz ly dfn xg`ripn gek eze` oia xyi qgi yi m`e ,ripn yi drepz lkl m` mle` .zvle`n drepz lydcvd e` dlrn itlk repl siqeie jiyni sebdy okzii cvik ,jlyend sebd ly ezexidnl

ixg`?(oa`d) rpEnd sebd oiae (cid lynl) ripnd oia rbnd wqtedyaehqix` ik dncpexeaiga oky ,dirad lcebl rcen did envrdwifitoexg`d wxtl da oeicd z` dgec `ed

,oexg`d xtqd lyb:drepzl dxeywd diyewa oecl jxevl yxetn ote`a qgiizn `ed eay

oebk ,mixac yi cvik ,mnvr z` miripnd mixacn ueg ,xg` iciÎlr rpEn rpd xac lk m`

?mripna mrbn wqty xg`l mb miwqet mpi`e mirpy ,miwxfpd9

xacd `ed jeezd .(xiee`d ,eply dnbeca) jeezd ciwtz zxfra dirad z` xzet ehqix``ay cigidrbna:ezrepz z` xnyl lekiy cigid mxebd `ed okle ,rilwd mr

lkl oia minl oia xiee`l oia ,ripn gek ozep oey`xd ripndy ,mixne` ep` epgxek lr dpde

r `ed erahny ,xg` xaczeidln zg` zaa wqet epi` df xac la` ;rpEne ripn zeidl iey

`ed jkitle ,ripn `ed oiicr ,ripnd mr cgi repl wqet `edy itÎlrÎs` `l` ,rpEne ripn

.eixg` mi`ad iabl oicd `ede ,eil` cenvd xg` xac ripn10

`xef` oia mewia zwdaen dpgad yi ,(89±86 'nr ,(c"iyz) iwqxeanq :e`x) ehqix` ly ezqitz it lrzirahd drepzd beql wxe j` qgiiz` df xn`na .(miakekd miievn eay) oeilrl (gxil cr ux`d on) oezgz

oeeikn ,igxiÎzzd xef`a dievnd`idyzirahd drepzdn mlrz` .rilwd zrepz ziiral zihpeelxd drepzd± 'xz`' iexwd ,dpzyn izlae igvp ,iying ceqin miieyrd) miininyd milblbd lyaetherziaeaiq `idy ,( ¤¤

.dpzyn izlaealxiaqdl zpn lr `edy beq lkn gek ly eneiw gipdl jxev oi` zipxcend dwifitd zxbqna ,d`eeyd orn

jekige dkiynd gek oebk mipevig zegek ly dlertd `lnl` .('dcnzdd weg') rilwd ly ezrepz jynd z`.rixtn `ll (dwixfd zieefl m`zda) xyi ewa repl jiynn did rilwd ,xiee`d

bifit'd ly 8 wxt 'c xtqa ,ok iptl dxvwa ef dcewpa rbep ehqix`lr xeaicd z` aigxdl ila j` ,'dw) wixd meiw zexyt`a oc ehqix` ea ,df wxta ,z`fn dxzi .jkvacuumdpecip `l rilwd zrepz ziibeq ,(

miperihdn cg`k ,zvle`nd ezrepz jyndl mxebk jeezd ciwtzae rilwdznbecaynzyn ehqix` .dnvrykl.wixd meiw cbp ely

wiipec ecx`ec` 44

jeezd zaky z` mb ripn `ed onfa ea ,(oa`d) sebd z` fifn (cid) ripnd xy`ky xnelk

ripnl dcenvd (xiee`d)xg` seb ripdl gekd z` z`fd dakyl xiarnedpexg`d dcewpd .

z` wiqtd ixewnd ripnd xy`k okle ,drepzd iweg milg jeezd lr mb ik ,zihixw `id

dcenvd jeezd zaky z` ripiy dn oi` xak (dklyed oa`dy xg`l dxvr cid) ezlert

`id ,z`fd dakyl xiard ixewnd ripndy drpdd gek llba mle` .zxvrp `ide ,cil

dakyl drpdd gek z` dxiarn ef daky .'rpEn izla ripn' oirnl mieqn rbxl zkted

lbeqnd jeezdn wlg mr rbna cinz oezp rilwd ef jxca .d`ld oke dil` dcenvd d`ad

eay rbxd ribny cr dakyl dakyn exarna ylgp ripnd gekd mle` .eze` ripdl

zvle`nd drepzd ef dcewpa .ripdl gekd z` cer zlawn dpi` j` zrpEn znieqn daky

.dhn itlk xyi zltep oa`d rnyn ,zirahd ezrepza rp rilwde ,zwqtp11

zxez itl rilwd zrepz :1 xei`

ehqix` ly drepzd

zipnf ea ripn gzezd ,ixid onfa

xiee`d zaky z`e rilwd z`

dil` xiarn `edyk el dcenvd

ef daky .xg` seb ripdl gekd z`

dakyl drpdd gek z` dxiarn

.d`ld oke dil` dcenvd d`ad

rbna cinz oezp rilwd ef jxca

ripdl lbeqnd xiee`dn wlg mr

ylgp ripnd gekd mle` .eze`

ribny cr dakyl dakyn exarna

j` ,zrpEn znieqn daky ea rbxd

.ripdl gekd z` cer zlawn dpi`

zvle`nd drepzd ,ef dcewpa

ezrepza rp rilwde zwqtp

.dhn itlk xyi ltepe zirahd

ifkxn ciwtz qgein ea mb xy` ,rilwd zrepzl sqep ixyt` xaqd lwy ehqix`

'zetlgzd' ly oeirxd lr qqean df xaqd .jeezl(antiperistasis)12iee`d :rilwdy x

,rilwd ixeg`n xvepd wixd mewnd z` `lnl zpn lr xeg`l xfeg ezrepz lelqna sgec

.rilwd ly ezrepz z` xnynd ripn gek ynyn `ed jk ici lre13znbeck ,miaeyg mibed

) ocixEA o`'fJean Buridan,(dxyrÎrax`d d`ndn ,`lbec `ed eli`k ehqix` z` eyxit

:orh ocixea .df xaqda

`l xy` ,rahde ,did ea mewnd z` zexidna dptn rilwd ik oreh [znieqn dcewpa ehqix`]

jxca rpEnd xiee`d .wixd z` `lnne eixeg`n xiee` zexidna gley ,miiwzdl wixl xyt`n

[...] mieqn wgxn jxe`l zetivxa envr lr xfeg df [jildz] .eze` ripne rilwa rbet ef14

`.oldl e`x rilwd zrepzl rbepa eizerce ocixea lr

rilwd zrepzl xaqdd zeclezl45

ocixea ile`e ,mdy myexd lawzn j` ,ocixea ly eizexewn eid dn weica epl reci `l'qiq`hqixtihp`' ly byend lr qqeand df) elld mixaqdd ipy oia lalal ehp ,envraxwa zgeexd drcd ,meik epzeyxl zecnerd zei`xd xe`l .(envr ehqix` ly exaqde

.'qiq`hqixtihp`' lr qqeand xaqdd z` dgc dyrnl ehqix`y `id mignend15

zeitelg zerce ehqix` ly xaqdd lr zxewiad .a

ehqix` ipyxte miteqelitd elrdy zeifkxnd zeirad z` ibelepexk xcqa dpn` df sirqa.miitelg zepexztl mdizervd z` x`z`e mipeyd

dwizrd zrd

:rilwd zrepzl exaqd ly oey`xd xwand did envr ehqix` ,oEw qnez lr jnzqp m`

`edy iptn ,[ripnk xiee`d ly] df oexztn jkÎlk dvexn did `l [ehqix`] `ed ik dncp

zegtl ozpef z` ef zexzeqd ze`qxb izy.ef dcewpa iqenlet hrn did cinz `ede ,16

jkn znlrzn `id ,ok lr xzie ,icnl ziaihwiiaeq oEw ly ezepyxt ,izkxrdl ,mle`un`n `ed oi` ,('qiq`hqixtihp`' lr qqeand) ipyd xaqdd z` xikfn ehqix`y zexnly

.eze`irnynÎcg ote`a dler `ide ,xzei dxidf ,z`f znerl ,iwqxeanq l`eny ly ezepyxtxaqdayjk lrriavn iwqxeanq ,oEw dyry itkzklwigxdl ila .ilhehqix`dhqwhdnmiteqelit gztl eid micizr eze`y aeyg ipktdn oeirx ievn xak ixewnd ilhehqix`d.ixewnd xaqdd ziigcl `iad df oeirx (ilqwecxt ote`ae) xac ly eteqa .xzei mixge`n

) 'qehtni`'d oeirx ly oey`x oirxb ievn ehqix` ly zixewnd ezqitzaimpetuseze`y ,(y oeirxd ixw ± xzei mixge`n mixwane mipyxt egqipxaren zeidl leki ripdl gekd

xg`l cg` hwiiae`nixewnd ripndn xaren ripdl gekd ehqix` ly exaqda ,xekfk ..d`ld jke ,d`ad dakyd l` efne ,dcenvd xiee`d zaky l` (cid ± eply dnbeca)17

mipyxte miteqelit dnky jka `evnl lkep iwqxeanq ly ezepyxtl oikeniz:mdizerc z` qqal ick df oerih elvip (jynda d`xpy itk ,`piqÎoA` enk) miilhehqix`¦dnl ,(xiee`d) jeezd l` ixewnd (jilynd) ripndn xaren ripdl gekdy migipn m`

?envr sebd l` zexiyi xaren df beqn geky gipdl xyt`Îi`did ehqix` xg`l rilwd ziiral xg` xaqd bivdy epl reciy oey`xd dbedd

) qekxRid lebcd ipeeid mepexhq`dHipparchusze`xl ozip .(q"dptl diipyd d`ndn , ©

wiipec ecx`ec` 46

.'qehtni`'d byen ly wizr micwn ea`l eyexitaminyd lroyxtd ,ehqix` ly) qeiwiltniq p"dql ziyiyd d`ndn ilhehqix`dSimpliciusezqitz ixwir z` x`iz (

:rilwd zrepz zece` qekxtid ly

extqa oreh qekxtidmcaek iciÎlr dhn mi`yipd miteb lrwxfpd [cak seb] ly dxwna ik

sebd gekn xzei wfg `ed cer lk ,dlrn itlk drepzl daiqd `ed dwixfd gek ,dlrn itlk

xy`k ,jynda .dlrn itlk xzei xdn rp sebd jk ,xzei wfg dwixfd geky lkk ;wxfpd

itlk repl ligzn sebdy cr ,zzgten zexidna zkynp dlrn itlk drepzd ,zget gekd

;znieqn dcina miiw cer dwixfd geky zexnl ,ely zirahd dkiynd zrtyd zgz dhn

eze`yk ziaxnd ezexidn z` biyne ,xzei xdn dhn itlk rp sebd ,jrec df [gek] xy`k

.oihelgl mlrp gek18

miwenipd eid dn mircei eppi` mbe qekxtid ly zxewiad lr zeiecr epicia oi`y it lr s`dgpdd z` dgc `edy ely xaqdd jnq lr xryl xyt` ,ehqix` ly xaqdd ziigcl elyzrnzyn ok enk .rpEnd sebl sebd z` ripnd ipevig mxeb oia jynzn rbna jxev yiygekd oia jeeznd ripn mxebk (xiee`d) jeezl edylk ciwtz yi eli`k oeirxd ly diigc

.rpEnd sebd oiae ixewnd) q`iqicext` yi` xcpqkl` azky hqwh ly ziaxrl mebxz jnq lrAlexander of

Aphrodisiasly eizerc ly sqep aeyg xwan ik epl reci ,p"dql 200 zpya jxra () qeplb rcepd ipeeid `texd did ehqix`Galen.(p"dql diipyd d`ndn ±19dgc qeplb ©¥

.xg` edyn ici lr rpEn zeidl aiig drepza `vnpd seb lk ik dfzd z` d`xpd lkkripnd xy` mixacd mze` md mnvrn mirpy mixacd ik drca wifgd `ed z`f znerl

`vnpmdaminnecd mitebd z` llk `l ehqix` .ipevig mxeb ici lr mirpEn mpi` mdeokzii la` ,(z`f zeyrl milbeqnd ,miigd mixevil cebipa) 'mnvrn mirpy mixac'a

.z`f dyr ok qeplby20

,ehqix` ipyxt lkn xzeia ilhehqix`d oyxtd ,q`iqicext` yi` xcpqkl`21cnvpxaqdldrepza drepzd z` xnynd mxebd `ed xiee`dy ehqix` mr mikqde ixewnd

ly eyexit oia wc lcad yi ,qeiwiltniq ly eineyix it lr mle` .rilwd ly zvle`ndz` ripdy sebdn lawn xiee`d .ixewnd xaqdd oiae ehqix` rivdy oepbpnl xcpqkl`

:xcpqkl` ly ezrc it lr la` ,(orh ehqix`y itk) ripdl gekd z` xewna rilwd

`envr gpend ik yibcdl aeyg la` ,ef dtwyd xekf`l jxc xeviw oirnk 'qehtni`' gpena ynzyn ip``ed liawnd ipeeid myd .dwihqlekqd ztewzn ,xzei xge`n ipihl gpen `edñïðç)ropémiteqelitd ;( ´

iaxrd gpena eynzyd miin`lq`dœÆÄ,liin)mayldtya mihqwha .'diihp' `ed liawnd ixard gpend ;( ©§�

Îk df gpen mbxzl bedp zilbp`dinclination.

rilwd zrepzl xaqdd zeclezl47

.ripn zeidl leki `ed ,envrn rpEn [xiee`d] ezeiday dfk `ed wxefdn lawn [xiee`d]y gekd

z` [. . .] betql erahy ,envr z` ripnd utgl xvw onf jynl jted [xiee`d] mieqn oaena

[ixewnd] ripnd ly gekd.22

ybcend htyndn ,zilhehqix`d dqxba ievn xak oeirxd ipey`x ote`ay it lr s`edylk gek e` zlekiy dcaerd z` xzei cg ote`a gqip xcpqkl`y dler ef d`aena

'oqke`n'd e` xenydenvr sebd jezaezrepza jiyndl el xyt`n (xiee`d df dxwna).(lirl ehqix`nhehivl eeyd) eilr lret epi` xak (jilynd) ixewnd gekdy ixg` elit`23

xexa ote`a xcpqkl` gqip ,'envr seba miiwd gek e` zleki' d`exd ,dfd oexwird z`,qeplb ly zxewiad z` eziigcn dlery itk .zirahd drepzd z` egezipa xzei cermle` .edyn ici lr rpEn rpy xac lky zilhehqix`d dneiqw`d lr obd xcpqkl`dyr `ed ,zilhehqix`d dwifitd ly zexexa zegtd zecewpd on zg` xidadl epeiqipamitebd z` ripnd gekd edn dl`yl ezeqgiizda .dlecb zixehqidd ezeaiygy crv

zirahd mzrepza minnecd`'diihp' yi dl` mitebly xcpqkl` orhmnvr jezaznxebd.drepz ly inipt oexwir mdl yi xnelk .dhn e` dlrn itlk irah ote`a repl mdl24

miiwd inipt oexwirk 'zirah diihp' ly ef dbUndy okzii ik d`xp jyndajeza ¨sebdsqepa zvle`nd drepzd z` mzpada xzei mixge`n miteqelite mipyxt lr drityd

.zirahd efl) qeihqinzThemistius,aeyg ilhehqix` oyxt `ed mb ,(p"dql ziriaxd d`ndn ,

(min e` xiee`) jeeza xenyd edylk gek yiy oeirxl xy`a xcpqkl` ly ewa jiyndnd drepzd ly dxwna:xiee`a wxfpd rilw ly dnbeca cwnzp .zvle`

ripne rpEn [`ed] ,mieqn onf jynl ,jkitle envrn rpEnl ,xnel ozip ,jted [...] xiee`d

.zipnf ea25

iehia lawn sebl sebn ripn gek zxard zexyt` ly oeirxd ,qeihqinz ly exaqdamxebd ici lr rpEn xiee`d oi` dwixfd xg`l .'menig'l 'drepz' oia dibelp`a wdaen

,xewna rilwd z` jilynd

`ozp `l `ed mle` ,zirahd drepzd z` zexiaqn zeaiq xtqn ik orhe ef dl`yl qgiizd envr ehqix`mipyxtd z` wiqrdl dkiynd dibeqde ,zepey mikxca z`f eyxit eipyxt .dl`yl zirnynÎcg daeyz

) qpit mb e`x ef dibeqa oeicl .4 wxt g xtq ,dwifit ,ehqix` :e`x ;mipy ze`n mipeyd miilhehqix`d[1960]drepzd `yep .302±301 'nr ,(1992) bxacpil ;177±176 ,26 'nr ,(1961) qiedxhqwic ;239±236 'nr ,(1986

.df xvw xn`na ea oecl izlekia oi`e ,envrlyk agxe aeyg `ed zirahd

wiipec ecx`ec` 48

ennegy miny itk weica ,jilyndn oniqk [...] laiw eze` [e]nvr [e]ly [e]gek iciÎlr `l`

z` jex` onf jynl mixney mb `l` ,y`dn exqedy xg`l ming mixzep wx `l y` iciÎlr

.[mixg` mixac] mnvra mngl zlekid26

zleki lr zeyxetn driavn mixg` miteb mngl mzlekile minnegnd minl dibelp`dzpqke`ndenvr seba.

drepzd z` jiyndl xzei lwy ezprh .ztqep dpigan zeaeyg qeihqinz ly eizerc'edyn' ly meiwd z` dgipn giip seb ripdl ligzdln drepza ievn xaky seb lyseba

drepza `vnpd.drepza jiyndl el xyt`nd27

miilhehqix` mipyxt ipy ici lr rilwdziira dzlred aey xzei xge`n dpymiiz`nkp"dql ziyiyd d`na .eizetwydl mzeqgiizdae ehqix` zpada dfn df elcapy miaeyg

l eyexita qeiwiltniq riavddwifit:ixewnd xaqda daeyg dira lr ehqix` ly

drepzy xn`p `l recn ,dtivx drepz xiee`l xiarn rilwd z` jilynd yi`dy xn`p m` j`

`l [xiee`d]y gipdl migxken didpy ilan okle xiee`d z` axrl ilan rilwl zxaren ef

?ripn mb `l` rpEn wx28

k `vn qeiwiltniq ,lynl qekxtidn licadl ,z`f mrjeeza jxevd lr xzeel xyt`Îi` iipeigd 'aviin xyek' yi (mipeeikd lka repl ezleki llba) xiee`l ik xaqda (xiee`d)

.rilwd zrepzl29

) qEpFRFlit qpdei ,eznerlJohaness Philoponus,qeiwiltniq ly epnf oa ixvep oyxt ,(zeayiizn opi`e zeiawr izla ody dprha ehqix` ly zeixe`zd itlk xzeia izxewia did

.zecaerdmr`.'qehtni`'d oeirxz`xzeia xexae xdven ote`amiybet ep` qepetelit lv`l eyexitadwifit:qepetelit orh ehqix` ly

,mipa` okl ...mnvr jeza dgepne drepz ly inipt oexwr yi miirah [miteb]l ik d`xp

xxgyy mc`d zlert llba dhn itlk zerp opi` ,[letil odl mipzepe] oze` mixxgyn xy`k

zirahd diihpd `l` ;(dyrycigid xacd df ixdy) oze`(ropé)dliaeny ef `id ,oda dievnd

.dhn itlk oze`30

.qekxtid ly eizercn qepetelit ly eizerc ertyed dnk cr xexa `l31qpit dnlyq`iqicext` yi` xcpqkl`n `weec d`xyd a`y `edy okzii ik mixryn mixg` mignenelr ribd qepetelity okzii ik xryn qpit .'zeirahd zeihp'd lr ezxezne ilhehqix`d

`ialmiilwifitd miperiha cwnz` o`k j` ,mnvrykl miaeyg miizc miripn eid qepetelit ly ezxew.miihpeelxd

rilwd zrepzl xaqdd zeclezl49

e`eaa z`f myiie ,zixyt` `id 'dietk' e` 'zvle`n diihp' mb ik dpwqnl df oeirx jnq.jilynd mxebdn cxtp dfy xg`l rilwd ly zkynznd drepzd z` xiaqdl32

ik eincew lkn xzei dlecb zexidaa gqip qepetelit ik drcd zgeex mignend axwa`ed rilwl xareny dnixneg izla ripn gekly zeaezk zei`x epicia ,z`fn dxzi .

.ehqix` ly exaqd cbpk rivd qepetelity miperihd33l eyexitadwifitz` xwan `edeay ,envr ehqix` ly xaqdd z` oke (dgc xak ehqix`y) 'qiq`hqixtihp`' ly byend

:oreh qepetelit ,ehqix` ly xaqdl ezeqgiizda .cwnz`

` [ecia oa` wxfy mc`] m`xiee`d ztigc iciÎlr dze` ripn `l` ,oa`l gek lk wleg epi

uixga xzind zribp e` oa`a cid zribp dn myl ,ugde zywd xzin dfl dnecae ,cala

uveg xac mey oi`e sivx rbna dfa df mirbep oa`e ci e` uge xzin m` ,cere [...] ?ugd apf

lv` epiipr dn ,miccva rrepzn `ed m`e ?rilwd ixeg`n rrepznd xiee`d dn ,mdipia

?ea rbet xiee`d oi`e li`ed ,wxfpd sebd34

lr oa`d z` ripdl dqppe hen lr oa` miypy gipp :izaygn ieqip x`zn mb qepetelititk fefz `l oa`dy zywaznd dpwqnl ribn `ed .dixeg`ny xiee`d z` sptppy jk ici

.ilhehqix`d xaqddn xryl did ozipy35:mkqn `ede

erepiy drepz mdilr miteky mixacl mdl xyt` i`y ,ze`xl mileki mixg` minrhne dfn

iciÎlr wxfpl [ozpii] wlgii ,ipteb epi`y ,ripn gek dfi`y ,gxkdd on `l` ;ef jxca

...wxefd36

,`axc` .xfer epi` jeezd ik mipt izyl rnzyn epi`y ote`a oreh qepetelit xg` htynajeezd aexly dcaerd mr ayiizn qepetelit ly exaqd .wixa zelw xzia rp did rilwd

.dze` xyt`nk e` dl mxebk `le ,drepz akrnk dtvp37

miin`lq`d miteqelitd

ztewza xy` ,rah qepetelity 'ixneg izlad ripnd gek'd e` 'rahend gek'd byenly zeixe`za ifkxn ciwtz `lnl did cizr ,'qehtni`' myd z` laiw dwihqlekqdorhy itk ,mle` .jli`e dxyrÎrax`d ,dxyrÎyelyd ze`ndn rahd ly miteqelitd

) qiedxhqwic cx`ec`Dijksterhuiseze` ecnl elld mixge`nd miteqelitd m` xexa `l ,(d`xpy itk ,'qehtni`'d byenl ce`ndnecd ,'liin'd byena eynzydy)miiaxrzexewnn©§

ta ziphpetq daebz dziid dycgd dbynddy e` (jyndaexaqdl ziaxrnd diteqeli.rilwd zrepzl ehqix` ly iziirad38

miipiad ini ly miixvepd mipwihxe`zd ik mixeaq ,lynl ,dliqe jecxen mixwegd

wiipec ecx`ec` 50

zegeka (zepeyd odizeqxba) mdly 'qehtni`'d zeixe`iz z` egqipe mdizeqitzl eribdly minebxzd ik oreh qpit mznerl .miaxrd miteqelitd ly drtyd lk `ll ,mnvrrilwd zrepzl ehqix` ly exaqd cbpk eiperihe eizerce ,llka qepetelit ly eizecearmiteqelitd lr xzei xge`n erityd dl`e ,miaxrd miteqelitd lr zeax erityd ,hxtadpwqnl fnex `ed j` ,zeyxetn z`f oreh epi` mpn` ie`pqg .dwihqlekqd ztewz lymihleamibivp ipylydrepzdzeixe`iz oiamiyxnd oeincdlr eriavdaqpitlyefldnec

) `piqÎoA` rcepd in`lq`d `texde seqelitd :zeieaxzd izyn zg` lkabŸÆ� ¡ia± ¦.eixg` dpy 300Îk ,ocixea ixvepd rahd seqelite (p"dql dxyrÎzg`d d`na lrt39

ztewza miteqelitd lr dax drtyd dziid zipihll miiaxr mihqwh ly mnebxzl.axrna rcnde rahd xwg ,cenild z`iigd lre dwihqlekqd40`piqÎoA` ly mdiazk¦

) cyExÎoA`exƒz ¡iaeipyxtn miin`lq` miteqelit ipy ,(p"dql dxyrÎmizyd d`nd oa ± ¦å

.mipwihqlekqd ici lr ecnlpe zipihll enbxez ,ehqix` ly xzeia miaeygd41dptp.rilwd zrepzl `piqÎoA` ly exaqdl `et`¦

:zipihla) `piqÎoA`Avicennaseb lk dit lry zilhehqix`d dneiqw`d z` laiw ( ¦ly zakxen dixe`iz rivd `ed j` ,edylk ripn mxeb ly meiw gipn drepza `vnpd

) 'liin'd byen lr zqqeand drepzœÆÄin`lq` seqelitn d`xpd lkk rtyed `piqÎoA` .( ©§¦) ia`x`tÎl` ,zixiyrd d`ndnÇiazb”›a,al-Fârâbiz` izhiy ote`a gzite caire ,(

.encew ly eizeceara `vn xy` zepeirxd42

mipte`a df gpena ynzyn `ede zirnynÎcg dpi` `piqÎoA` lv` 'liin' ly dxcbdd©§¦drepzl i`xg`d (sebl rahd oia) 'jeezn' oirnk xnelk ,zirah drepzl diihpk (1) :mipeyzecbpzdk (2) ;q`iqicext` yi` xcpqkl` ly zixewnd dprhl dneca ,sebd ly zirahd

.ea 'riahn'e sebd l` xiarn ripndy edynk (3) ;zvle`n drepzl sebd ly43

xareny e` (zirah diihp) seba irah ote`a miiwy ,'liin'd ,`piqÎoA` ly eztwyda¦©§gek oi` xy`k drepzl i`xg`d `ed ,(zvle`n diihp) ipevig ripn mxeb ici lr sebd l`dtiwn zibyen zkxrnl ribdl `piqÎoA` ly epeiqip .sebd mr rbna oirl d`xpd xg`¦drepzl i`xg`d ,'ziytp diihp' e` ,'liin' ly iyily beq yiy ezrvda dlbzn zizhiye©§

.ipevig ripn ly dxfr lk `ll mnvr z` ripdl milbeqnd miig mixevi ly44

zecaer izyn (irahd ode ule`nd od) 'liin'd meiw z` wiqdl ozip ik orh `piqÎoA ¦̀©§miiygend mihwt`dne (drepzl mexbl egek e` ezleki) ely miihpiwd mihwt`dn :zegtl,drepza `vnpd seb ly drepzd z` xevrl dqpn cid xy`k miyg ep`y dn ,lynl) ely

`vnpd iygen gek ly dyegz epiidcenvr sebadlecb zeaiyg dl yiy ztqep dcewp .(lr zxabzn (zkynp `id cer lk) zvle`nd diihpdy `id `piqÎoA` ly drepzd zxeza¦

.sebd ly zirahd diihpd45

rilwd zrepzl xaqdd zeclezl51

z` mbe 'qiq`hqixtihp`'d oeirx z` `piqÎoA` dgc rilwd zrepz z` gzpl e`eaa¦ddz (zexg` zepwqn mr la`) eiptl qeiwiltniq enk .ripn gekk (xiee`d) jeezd oeirxleki epi` ,xiee`d l` xaren dxe`kly ,ripnd gekd ik oerhl xyt`Îi` recn `piqÎoA ¦̀eperih z` dax dcina xikfnd oerih zervn`ae .envr rilwd l` zexiyi xaren zeidlzelbeqnd ,(zegex ixw) xzeia zewfgd xiee`d zerepz ik `piqÎoA` xidvd qepetelit ly¦

.drepza ug oebk lw ziqgi utg wifgdl zelbeqn opi` ,mivrd itpr xeayl46enekiqa:orh `piqÎoA` xac ly¦

rpdy miayegd dl` ztwyd `id xzeia dpekpy ep` mi`ven ,exey`l df oiipr miwcea xy`k

dgepn sekl miqpny drya yega ea miygy dn `id diihpd .['liin'] diihp ripnd on lawn©§

s` ,seba eze`ivna wtq oi`y dticd gek f` ybxen :dietk drepz lr e` zirah drepz lr

.dpekp izla ± sced xiee`dy miprehd ly mztwyd ...diitk jezn rp sebd m`47

:xewndn hrna dpey dxeva ehqix` ly exaqd z` bivn `piqÎoA` ik ze`xl oiiprn¦

ezeid llba ,xiee`d mle` .repl sebl ode xiee`l od mxeb [sebd z`] ripny mc`d e` xacd

.eilr gpend sebd z` enir ageqe ,xzei dax zexidna rpEn ,dtigcd z` lawl xzei mi`zn48

hehiva z`aend dprhd zpbdl elredy mipey miwenipa oc `piqÎoA`y dcaerde df hehiv¦mbe miipiad iniae dwizrd zra rcid zxard jildzay zeakxend z` aey miyignn.mipydzvexna ehqix`ly eizerc ly (zeeird s`e) ceairdeyexitd ikxcamilcaddz``

dpwqnl ribd `piqÎoA` ,ripn mxebk xiee`d zqitz cbp mitqep miperih bivdy xg`l¦.drepz akrn gek `ed xiee`dy49dpadl ce`n aexw did `piqÎoA` qpit itl ,ok lr xzi¦

:'dcnzdd oexwr' `xwidl cizry dn ly

oiipra ehqix` zrc z` laiw `ed) wix miiw did `ely ,zxne`d dprhd z` gqip [`piqÎoA`]¦

.'diihp'd zlertn d`vezk ekeza rpd [rilw] lih mlerl xvrp did `l (eneiw zexyt`Îi`

.dwqtd`lljynidldleki ,miipevig minxeb iciÎlrzakerndpi`m` ,drepz :zexg`milna

iiceqid mibyena lcadd s` lr.dcnzdd weg z` epl dxikfn ef dqitz ,migpenae m50

efl `piqÎoA` ly ezqitz oia izedn lcad dxidan `idy oeeik xzeia daeyg ef dcewp¦oiicr `ed ,wixa zelw xzia rp did rilwd ik orh qepetelity it lr s` .qepetelit lydid jlyend seba rahend gekd .idylk dcewpa xvrp did rilwd wixa elit`y ayg

`mnvra xy` mincew mibede mipyxt cbpk 'zewfgd zegexd' lr eperih z` dptn `piqÎoA` :dnbecl¦micak mixac wifgdl e` xnyl lbeqn epi` xiee`dy eprhy mixwan iptn (mdlyn miperih zervn`a) eppebzd

yxt it lry ,lirl ocixea ly `nbecd z` mb e`x .((1984) ie`pqg :e`x) drepzaxaqda lbc ok` ehqix` ezep.('qiq`hqixtihp`') 'zetlgzd'd oeirx lr qqeand

wiipec ecx`ec` 52

xary wgxnde onfdn d`vezk dlkzngekd ,zexg` milina .dwixfd zcewpn.eznvrn ca`ne ylgpe jled rahend,z`f znerle ,`piqÎoA` ly eztwyda¦'diihpd' zibelehpe` han zcewpn.dpzyn izlae dreaw sebd l` zxarendlr milretd mitqep mipevig zegeky oaenritydlmileki (jeezdzecbpzd oebk) sebdla` ,rpd sebd ly elelqne ezrepz lr

dpekzk sebd l` xaredy 'liin'dzinipt ©§,oaenk) dpzyn epi` sebd ly'liin'dleki ©§

xiarn xg` ipevig ripn gek m` zepzydlm` la` ;dycg 'zvle`n diihp' sebd l`geky cr dpzyz `l ef dycg diihp ,jkdiihp el xiarie sebd lr lrti xg` ycg

.(d`ld oke ,dycg zvle`n51

`piqÎoA`)c.1037�c.980( ¦

`piqÎoA` .miin`lq`d miteqelitd ilecbne lebc `tex¦

,dibelekiqt ,dwifithn ,d`etxa miax mixeaig azk

.dwibele dwihnzn ,dinepexhq` ,rahd ziiteqelit

zipihll enbxez ehqix` iazkl ezepyxte eiazk

.miihqlekqd miteqelitd iciÎlr ecnlpe

dwihqlekqd ztewz

ztewz'a dax dnvra ycgn exxerzd 'qehtni`'d oeirxe rilwd zrepz ziiraeipyxte ehqix` day dtewz ,dxyrÎrax`de dxyrÎyelyd ze`na ,'dwihqlekqd

w qnezy itk .rahd ipiipra oeirl `vend zcewpk eyniyly extq zxzek ,oiivn oE:ocixeaehqix`l dwifitd ly mixtqd zpeny lr zel`y)Questiones super octo

physicorum libros Aristotelis.ihqlekqd rcnl zipiite` zxzek `id ,(52it lr s`ly zkynznd drepzl mxebk xiee`d ciwtz lr drcd z` elaiw oiicr miteqelit dnky

,rilwd53,hxta rilwd zrepzl ehqix` ly exaqd lr zawep zxewia rnyidl f` dlgddtewz dze`a zycegnd dkxrddn wlg dziid ef zxewia .llka ely drepzd zxez lre

.rahd lr ehqix` ly eizerc ly54gekd zedn zpade rilwd ziira gezip ,jk lr sqepxaebe jledd yeniyd :icnl zeihnbxt zeaiqn zcgein zeaiyg elaiw eze` ripnd

.axwa dixlihx`a55

,(xzid oia) rilwd zrepz lr ehqix` ly eizerc ly zycegnd dkxrdd jildzadaeyg zenc .dcnzdd oexwr zpadl dwihqlekqd iyp` eaxwzd ,`piqÎoA`l dnecae¦

) mdwe` yi` m`ilie did df jildzaWilliam of Ockham.(p"dql dxyrÎrax`d d`ndn ,(miperih dnkn cg`) mkgeznd oeriha ynzyd `ed ehqix` ly exaqd z` jixtdl ick

rilwd zrepzl xaqdd zeclezl53

lbecy in .micbepn mipeeika j` dfl df xzeia aexw mterna mixaerd mivg ipy lrdpwqnl ribdl aiig ,mdwe` orh ,mivgd z` ripnd mxebd z` xiee`a d`exd xaqda

.miketd mipeeika ripne rp (xef` eze`a) xiee`dy zicxeqa`d56`l mdwe` ,ok lr xzigipdl jxev oi`y orh mb `l` ,rilwd zrepzl jeezd z` xyewd xaqd lk dgc wx

:rilwd ly ezrepz jynd z` xiaqdl zpn lr `edy beq lkn gek ly eneiw

`le envra rpEnd xacd `ed `ed ,ixewnd ripndn rpd sebd zecxtid xg`l ...rpd xacd

.dpgadl mipzip mpi` drepzde rpd xacd ik ,cxtp gek lk iciÎlr57

hly oiicr .mdwe` ly ezqitz zeawra ekld `l eztewz ipa miteqelitd aex mle`neg izla edynk qtzp `ed m` elit`) 'gek' eit lry oexwird(envr seba rahend ix

.dcxtdl mipzip izla 'drepz'e58

rilwd ly zkynznd drepzd xaqdl dxyrÎrax`d d`na xzeia zlaewnd dixe`izdote`a ef dixe`iz un`l oey`xd .'qehtni`d zxez' dziid ixewnd jilyndn cxtpy xg`l

) diwxn yi` qewqivpxt iwlhi`d bele`zd did ef dtewza `lnFranciscus of Marchia.(`

ÎoA` ly ezqitzl xy`n qepetelit ly zixewnd ezqitzl xzei daexw dziid eztwyd¦rilwa rahend gekd jrci ,miakrn miipevig zegek xcrda elit`y ayg `ed :`piq

) dpea qlewip iztxvd el dneca .xvw onf jezNicolas Bonet,qewqivpxt ly eztewz oa ,(.'qehtni`'d zkirc llba drepzd xvriz wixa mb ik irnynÎcg ote`a xidvd59

on zg` ,dwihqlekqd ztewza egzety 'qehtni`d zxez' ly zepeyd ze`qxbdnxwegd ly ef dziid ,xzeia dritynd ± xac ly eteqae ,xzeia zenkgezne zegzetnd

.(dxyrÎrax`d d`na) ocixea o'f i`fixtd60sebd z` zeell aiig ripnd ,ocixea itlixw ,envr rilwa rahen ripnd gekd ,rilwd ly dxwna ,qepetelit zeawrae ;rpEnd.(ezexidnle sebd ly 'xnegd zenk'l ilpeivxetext jxrk eze` xicbd ocixea) 'qehtni`'da

sebd l` xarend 'qehtni`'d ocixea zrcl ,`piqÎoA`l dnecae qepetelitn dpeya ,mle`¦wifgdle xnyl lbeqn df rahen gek xnelk .jynzn `ed ixewnd ripnd mxebd ici lrzegek sebd lr elrti `l cer lk onf zlabd `ll daevw zexidna drepza rilwd z`

.(lynl ,dkiynd geke xiee`d jekig) mitqep miipevig61miperihd lk z` `iadl leki ipi`orh `ed .zbviin dnbeca wtzq` okl ,ehqix` ly ezqitz cbp ocixea dlrdy mipeebnd

micg dizevw ipy xy`k mb dira mey `ll repz xiee`l zwxfpy zipg ikweicae ,xzeia

`yi` qewqivpxt z` e`iad (dnvrlyk zilwifitd diraa oiiprdn xzei) miibele`z miripn d`xpd lkk.168±167 'nr ,(1986) oiihypwpet e`x ef dibeqa oeicl .'qehtni`'d byene rilwd zrepz ziiraa weqrl diwxn

a) 'rpz' ly ipxcend byenl (ddf `l j`) dnec df byenmomentumzexidna dqnd ly dltknk xcbend ,(.sebd

wiipec ecx`ec` 54

did ,ocixea oreh ,ilhehqix`d xaqdd itl .ddw ixeg` dvw mr zipg drp dziidy itkik) llk repz `l cgd ixeg`d dvwd zlra zipgdy zexyt`l s`e lcadl zetvl ozip

.(dzecg llba xeg`n zipgd z` 'segcl' lbeqn did `l xiee`d62

) dipeqwq yi` qehxal`Albertus of Saxoniaeixwgna ocixea ly ezxeza ynzyd (oia of`nd it lr rilwd zrepz znewr z` x`iz `ed .mirilw ly ihqilad lelqnd lr.(zirah drepz) letil zirahd eziihp oiae (zvle`n drepz) ea rahend 'qehtni`'d

:mialy dyelyl rilwd lelqn z` wlig `ed jkitlalyI:dkiynd gekn xzei daxd lecb 'qehtni`'d ik ,zvle`n drepzd dlgzda :

;dwixfd zieef itl ,dlrn itlke dnicw rp rilwdalyIIrepl jiynn rilwd :zipnf ea zirahe zvle`n drepzd miipiad alya :

;dhn itlk letil ligzn `edy onfa dnicwalyIIIrilwd :(qt` deey 'qehtni`'d) cala zirah `id drepzd iteqd alya :

.dhn itlk xyi ltep63

milrtend zegekd of`n lr qqaznd ,qehxal` ly exaqde rilwd lelqn ly df xe`izitk ,ok iptl mipy ze`n qekxtid ly xe`izd z` mixikfn ,mipeyd mialya sebd lr

.(lirl e`x) qeiwiltniq eze` crizy64

zrepz :2 xei`

zxez itl rilwd

qehtni`d

lelqn zwelg

of`n it lr rilwd

milrtend zegekd

mialya sebd lr

:mipeyd

,oey`xd alya

daxd 'qehtni`'d

gekn lecb xzei

jkitle dkiynd

drepza rp rilwd

dnicw zvle`n

alya .dlrn itlke

drepzd ,ipyd

` miiw cer 'qehtni`'d :zipnf ea zirahe zvle`n.dhn itlk letil ligzn rilwd jkitle ,jrece jled `ed j

.dhn itlk xyi zirah drepza rp rilwd jkitle lhazn 'qehtni`'d ,iyilyd alya

miwiecn eidy dtvpd ihqilad lelqnd ly mixe`izl `et` d`iad ocixea ly ezxezxg`l ,zilhehqix`d dixe`izd iefig it lr .ehqix` ly ezxez daipdy mixe`izdn xzeizilniqwn dcewpl cr dlrn itlke dnicw rilwd ly drepz ze`xl mitvn epiid dwixfde`x) zirahd drepzd dligzn dcewp dze`a ;ripdl gek lawn `l xak jeezd day

rilwd zrepzl xaqdd zeclezl55

.(1 xei``aeh xiaqdl egilvd qehxal` ly eigezite ocixea ly dixe`izd ,z`f znerl.(2 xei` e`x) ihqilad lelqna dtvpd izywd lelqnd z` xzei

) mxe` lewipNicole Oresmezpadl ztqep zpiiprn dnexz mxz ,ocixea ly ecinlz ,(ly dzxabdl 'qehtni`'d oia xywl dqip `ed .llka drepzde hxta rilwd ziira

:lite oqxct z`f minkqny itk .envr sebd zexidnl `le ,(dve`zd) zexidnd

ezqxb mle` ,oeheip ly dfl minieqn mipaena dnecd gek ly byenl liaedl did leki xacd

dgqep da dxeva mi`ad zexecl dxared dxezde ,dxdna dgkyp qehtni`d zxezl mxe` ly

.ocixea iciÎlr65

xarend 'qehtni`'d zednl xy`a ocixea ly ezqitzl dxeyw oeivl die`xd dpexg` dcewpjiynn rilwd did zipevig drxtd lk `ll ik xaq ocixea ,lirl epi`xy itk .rilwd l`

,eiptl `piqÎoA` enk ,ocixea ik dyignn ef dcewp .uw `ll replaezewac zexnl ¦dxwna 'qehtni`') rpd sebd z` ripdl jiynn gek cer lk zkynp drepzy dneiqw`a

.dcnzdd oexwr zpadl rwxwd z` oikd ,(rilwd ly66

oiae ezxez oia lcadd z` zeyibcn ocixea ly ezqitza zeizedn zecewp izy ,mle`ly eneiwy dqitza wac oiicr ocixea ,ziy`x .dcnzdd oexwr ly zipxcend dpaddxnelk .ixneg izlak qtzp df gek m` elit` ,ezrepza jiyni seby zpn lr ipeig gek

`l` dil`n zkynp dpi` drepzdznxbp.('qehtni`') rahend gekd ici lr67,zipydrepz ly mixwna mb ely 'qehtni`d zxez' z` myii ocixea ,xzei s` aeyg ile`e

z` xnynd gekk qtzp sebd ly 'qehtni`'d .ziaeaiqzizlgzdd drepzdod ,sebd lydziid diipyd zexyt`l ocixea ly zitihehextd dnbecd .ziaeaiq drepza ode xyi ewa,zeininyd zextql izlgzd iaeaiq 'qehtni`' ozp mlerd `xea :mlerd z`ixal dxeyw¥,mi`ex epgp`y itk .akrn gek lk xcrd llba daevwd ziaeaiqd ozrepza zekiynn ode

.dbyed mxh xyi ewa drepzk zil`ivxpi` drepz ly dpadd68

,'qehtni`d zwinpic' ivelg x`ye ocixea ly drepzd zqitzy wtq lk oi` ,cbpndziid ,'zilhehqix`d dwinpic'd z` iteq ote`a dtilgd dxyrÎrax`d d`nd seqa xy`drepz zerteze rilwd zrepz zpada eikiynn lre e`lilb lr zrxkn drtyd lra mxeb

.zetqep69

`zrepzl ehqix` ly exaqdn ik miprehd yi ,cbpn .ehqix` ly exaqdl zgeexd zepyxtd it lr zegtlrilwdgxkda `l.zirahd drepzd ligzz f` ,miizqz efyk wxye zvle`n drepza repi rilwd ik rnzyn

.150 'nr ,(1995) oeqpiwp`d e`xa,rilwd zrepz zpad lr sqep .lirl exkfed `piqÎoA`e ocixea ly drepzd zeqitz oia zeax oeinc zecewp¦

ie`pqg e`x .ziyteg dlitpa miltepd miteb ly drepzd zpadl 'qehtni`'d e` 'liin'd byen z` enyi mdipy©§.(1984)

wiipec ecx`ec` 56

mekiq .b

iq`lwd exaqdl .rilwd zrepz zpadl `iady ixehqidd jildzd z` izx`iz df xn`namr ccenzdl eywiay mipyxtde miteqelitd oky ,df jildza ifkxn ciwtz ehqix` ly.zhlyd zilhehqix`d dtwydl daebzk mdizeqitz z` egzit efd zihxe`izd diyewddwifitd ly dzlitpl d`iady 'dktdnd' ik dcaerd zpiiprn ,zixehqid han zcewpnzxez'y itk ,`axc` .geeh xvw rexi` `l s`e zine`zt dziid `l zilhehqix`d,lynl) miilhehqix` zetwyde mibyen ,d`xn xzeia zgzetnd dzqxba 'qehtni`dzetwyde mibyen mr cgia eig (ripn gekl drepz oia igxkd ote`a zxyewy dneiqw`dzcewpn miipiad ini ztewz z` mkqn qpit dnly .miilhehqix`Îihp` s`e Îhqet ,Îe`ip

:dl`d milina df xn`n cwenay `yepd ly hand

iyp` ly zeliawnd zexezl zrxkn dnexz dnxz diihpd ly zinlqend dqitzd zeipebax

`dÎihp` zepyne elld zexezd z` ecnil dxyrÎrax`d d`na .dtexi`a dwihq`lekq

dtwydd .mixg` miaxe dipeqk`qn hxal` ,mxe` lewip ,o`cixea zexg` zeilhehqix`

on miax oiicr eaygp okÎitÎlrÎs` ...zexxetzd jildza dzid lazd lr zilhehqix`d

xacd .zekxrndÎceciy rxi` zg`Îzaa `l ;miniiwe mixixyk miilhehqix`d mibyend

diteqelitde rcnd ly miglvend miyegipd ly mpnf xary xg`l ± e`ililb `ea mr ygxzd

z`xwl jxcd z` dllq dxyrÎrax`d d`nd ly dwiqitdy xexa df mr .qp`qpxd ztewza

.dycgd zegztzdd70

mewn i`xn

1.(1970) oEw ;81 'nr ,(c"iyz) iwqxeanq2.229±226 ,167 'nr ,(1978) xf`p3[1960]) qpit,(1952) ianexw ;231 'nr ,(1986

.212 'nr4g xtq ;2±1 miwxt f xtq ,dwifit ,ehqix`

.4 wxt5.8 wxt c xtq ,dwifit ,ehqix`6.3±2 miwxt ` xtq ,miinyd lr ,ehqix`7.8 wxt c xtq ,dwifit ,ehqix`8.5 wxt f xtq ,dwifit ,ehqix`9,10 wxt g xtq ,dwifit ,ehqix`266b27�31.

.88 'nr ,(f"nyz) iwqxeanq jezn hhevn10,10 wxt g xtq ,dwifit ,ehqix`267a2�8.

.88 'nr ,(f"nyz) iwqxeanqa hhevn11,10 wxt g xtq ,dwifit ,ehqix`267a 8�12.

12.10 wxt g xtq ,dwifit ,ehqix`13.221 'nr ,(1958) oiwaxce odk14.119±118 'nr ,(1957) oEwa hhevn15,(1973) ciel ;75 'nr ,(1962) iwqxeanq lynl

;210 'nr ,(1978) dliqe jecxen ;158 'nrdgec ehqix` .28 'nr ,(1961) qiedxhqwic

wxt g xtq ,dwifita yxetn ote`a df xaqd,10267a15�20.

16.ily dybcdd ;118 'nr ,(1957) oEw17.71±70 'nr ,(1962) iwqxeanq18Simplicius, De Caelo Comment. 264, 25;

.73 'nr ,(1962) iwqxeanqa hhevn19�An Epistle of Alexander of Aphrodisias in

refutation of Galen with regard to hiscriticism of Aristotle�s [thesis] that

rilwd zrepzl xaqdd zeclezl57

everything that is in motion is moved by amover�mixaqda deeln ,`aen df hqwh .

) qpita ,miyexite[1960].(198620) qpit[1960].230 'nr ,(198621.71 'nr ,(1962) iwqxeanq22Simplicius, Phys. Comment. 1347, 3hhevn ;

.ily dybcdd ;71 'nr ,(1962) iwqxeanqa23,(1995) oeqpiwp`d ;71 'nr ,(1962) iwqxeanq

.150±14924) qpit[1960].251±236 'nr ,(198625Themistius, Phys. Paraphras. 234, 27�235,

8.72±71 'nr ,(1962) iwqxeanqa hhevn ;26Themistius, Phys. Paraphras. 234, 27�235,

8.72±71 'nr ,(1962) iwqxeanqa hhevn ;27zeclez' qxewa xpflb zex ici lr xqnpy rcin

.(g"pyz) 'dwizrd zra rcnd28Simplicius, Phys. Comment. 1349, 26;

.72 'nr ,(1962) iwqxeanqa hhevn29.73±72 'nr ,(1962) iwqxeanq30) qpita hhevn[1960].245 'nr ,(198631.160 'nr ,(1973) ciel32) qpit[1960].246 'nr ,(198633) qpit[1960]iwqxeanq ;245 'nr ,(1986

.160 'nr ,(1973) ciel ;75±74 'nr ,(1962)34Philoponus, Commentary on Aristotle�s

Physics, 639.3�642.9oiwaxce odka hhevn ;iwqxeanq mebxz .223±221 'nr ,(1958)

.132±131 'nr ,(f"nyz)35Philoponus,(1958) oiwaxce odka hhevn ,

.223±221 'nr36Philoponus,(1958) oiwaxce odka hhevn ,

,(f"nyz) iwqxeanq mebxz .223±221 'nr.132±131 'nr

37Philoponus,(1958) oiwaxce odka hhevn ,(1962) iwqxeanq mb e`x ;223±221 'nr.210 'nr ,(1978) dliqe jecxen ;76 'nr

38.179 'nr ,(1961) qiedxhqwic39) qpit ;212 'nr ,(1978) dliqe jecxen[1960]

) qpit ;251 'nr ,(1986[1974]'nr ,(1986.(1984) ie`pqg ;357

40inebxzd lrtnl zexeywd zeibeqa oeiclmzircnd daiygde rcid zxard lr ezrtyde

.(1989) ciy`x lynl e`x41.148 'nr ,(1970) ixg`t42.148±147 'nr ,(1970) ixg`t43.(1984) ie`pqg

44.(1984) ie`pqg45.(1984) ie`pqg46.(1984) ie`pqg47Ibn Sina, Kitab al-Shifa, Phys.hhevn ;

.152 'nr ,(f"nyz) iwqxeanqa48Ibn Sina, Kitab al-Shifa, Phys.hhevn ;

.109 'nr ,(1984) ie`pqga49.229 'nr ,(1978) xf`p50) qpit[1974]mebxz .357 'nr ,(1986

.139 'nr ,(f"nyz) iwqxeanq51.113 'nr ,(1984) ie`pqg52.118 'nr ,(1957) oEw53mixwege ianexw .246 'nr ,(1952) ianexw

rahd ziiteqelit gezipa miwqerd mitqeply iq`lwd dxwgn lr miknzqn zihqlekqd

:xii`n '`Maier, A., Studien zur Natur-philosophie der Spätscholastik, II: Zwei

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Sententiarium, Book 2, question 26M;.249 'nr ,(1952) ianexwa hhevn

58,(1974) lite oqxct ;250 'nr ,(1952) ianexw.237 'nr

59.181±180 'nr ,(1961) qiedxhqwic60ecxen ;258±250 'nr ,(1952) ianexwdliqe j

.303 'nr ,(1992) bxacpil ;212 'nr ,(1978)61,(1974) lite oqxct ;253 'nr ,(1952) ianexw

.238 'nr62mitqep miperih .119±118 'nr ,(1957) oEw

.253±250 'nr ,(1952) ianexwa lynl mi`aen63.255±254 'nr ,(1952) ianexw it lr64.254 'nr ,(1952) ianexw65.240 'nr ,(1974) lite oqxct66.121 'nr ,(1957) oEw67bxacpil ;183 'nr ,(1961) qiedxhqwic

.304 'nr ,(1992)68,(1974) lite oqxct ;251 'nr ,(1952) ianexw

.240 'nr69,(1961) qiedxhqwic ;121 'nr ,(1957) oEw

.183 'nr70[1974]) qpitmebxz .358±357 'nr ,(1986

.140 'nr ,(f"nyz) iwqxeanq

wiipec ecx`ec` 58

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