Prepared by: Group 4

Compare Instructions Jump instructions

The compare (cmp) instruction is identical to the sub instruction with one crucial semantic difference –does not retain the difference it computers (does not stores the results); it just sets the condition code bits in the flag register.

The syntax for the cmp instruction similar to that sub instruction

---------------------------------------------------------------- cmp ( LeftOperand, RightOperand );

----------------------------------------------------------------

Compare (cmp) Instruction

The instruction computes LeftOperand – RightOperand. Specific forms are:

---------------------------------------------------------------- cmp( reg, reg ); //must be the same size cmp( reg, mem ); cmp( mem, reg );cmp( reg, immediate data );cmp( mem, immediate data );

----------------------------------------------------------------The 8086 sets the flags in an appropriate way so

that it can be read as “compare LeftOperand to RightOperand ”

----------------------------------------------------------------cmp( ax, bx );

----------------------------------------------------------------This instruction performs the computation AX –

BX and sets the flags depending upon the result of the computation.

ZF zero flag is set if and only if AX = BX. The only time where AX – BX produces zero ‘0’ result.

CF carry flag is set after a compare operation if subtracting BX from AX requires a borrow. (this only occurs when AX less than BX, where AX and BX are both unsigned values)

SF Sign flag is set to 1 if the result is negative. At first glance, you might think that this flag would be set if AX is less than BX. but this

isn’t always the case.

…if AX = 7FFF and BX = -1 (FFFF), subtracting AX from BX produces 8000h, which is negative (and so the sign flag will be set)

…therefore, for signed comparisons anyway, the sign flag doesn’t contain the proper status.

…For signed operands, considering AX = FFFF and BX = 1. where AX is greater than BX, subtracting AX from BX their difference is FFFE which is still NEGATIVE.

(the sign flag and the overflow flag, taken together can be used for comparing two signed values)

OF Overflow flag is set after the comparing operation if the difference of AX and BX produced an overflow or underflow.

As mentioned above signed flag and overflow flag are both used when performing signed values comparisons

The cmp instruction also affects the Parity and Auxiliary Carry flags, but you rarely test these two flags after a compare operation .

Compare String Instruction (CMPS) compares the contents of one memory location (addressed by ES:DI). Depending on the direction flag,

CMPS also increments and decrements the SI and DI registers, by 1 for byte, 2 for word &; 4 for double word

CMPS can successively compare strings of any length

CMPS provides an alphanumeric comparison, that is, a comparison according to ASCII values.

the operation is not suited to algebraic comparisons, which consists of signed numeric values.

Consider the comparison of 2 string containing “JEAN” and “JOAN”. A comparison from left to right. ONE BYTE AT A TIME:

J : J //equal E : O //unequal (e is low)A : A //equalN : N //equal

A comparison of the entire 4-bytes ends with a comparison of “N” in JEAN and “N” in JOAN (equal). now since the two names are not identical, the operation should end as soon as it makes a comparison between two different characters.

The CMPXCHG (compare and exhange) instruction is available only in 80486 and later processors. It supports the following syntax:

--------------------------------------------------------------------cmpxchg reg, regcmpxchg mem, reg

--------------------------------------------------------------------This operand must be at the same size: • 8 bits / 16 bit / 32 bits

This intruction also uses the accumulator register.It automatically chooses AL, AX, EAX to match the

size of the operands

This instruction compares AL, AX, or EAX with the first operand and sets the zero flag. if they are equal. If so, then cmpxchg, copies the

second operand into the first operand. If they are not equal, then cmpxchg, copies the first

operand into the accumulator the following algorith describes the following operation:

--------------------------------------------------------------------

cmpxchg operand1, operand2 -------------------------------------------------------------------

-

if ( { AL/AX,EAX } = operand1 ) thenzero = 1 ; Set the Zero Flag operand1 = operand2

elsezero = 0 ;Clear the Zero Flag { AL / AX / EAX } = operand1

endif

NOTE: the cmpxhg instruction only affects the 8086 Zero flag. You cannot test other flags after cmpxchg as you could do in just CMP instruction.

The instruction discussed thus far execute sequentially; that is, CPU executes each instruction in the sequence that appears in the program.

To write real programs requires several control structures, NOT just the sequence.

8086 program control instruction belong to three groups:

i. Unconditional Transfersii. Conditional Transfers iii. Subroutine Call and Return Instructions

Control Flow Program

A commonly used instruction for transferring control is jump (jmp) instruction.

A jump is unconditional, because the operation transfer control under all circumstances.

A jump also flushes the pre-fetch the instruction queue.

Thus a program with many jump operations may lose some processing speed.

Jump (jmp) Instructions

A JMP operation within the same segment may be short or near (or even far if the destination is a procedure with the far attribute)A Jump operation to a label within -128 to

+127 bytes is Short Jump. The assembler generates one byte for the operation (EB)

A Jump that exceeds -128 to +127 bytes become a Near Jump. (within 32kbytes). for which the assembler generates different machine code (E9)

The jump (jmp) instructions: Unconditional Jump Instruction Conditional Jump Instruction

The jump (jmp) instruction Unconditionally transfers control to another point in the program. forms of this instruction: Direct jumps 2 indirect jumps

Direct Jump instruction specifies the target address using a labeled statement.

Direct jump is completely equivalent to goto statement is high level language.

Here’s an example:----------------------------------------------------------------

<<statements>>jmp Laterinpgm …..

Laterinpgm: <<statements>>----------------------------------------------------------------

The second form of the jmp instruction is a register Indirect Jump Instruction.

----------------------------------------------------------------jmp label jmp( reg32 );jmp( mem32 );

----------------------------------------------------------------This instruction transfer control to the instruction,

whose address is specified (32-bit general purpose register).

The Conditional jumps test one or more CPU flags to see if they match some paticular pattern...

If the flag setting MATCH the condition, the conditional jump instruction TRANSFER

control to the target location, if the match FAILS, the CPU IGNORES the

conditional jump and execution continues the instruction the conditional jump

Some conditional jump instructions simply test the setting of the sign, carry, overflow and zero flags.for example: we could test the zero flag after an instruction to check if the result was zero

Most of the time, however, we will probably execute a conditional jump (jmp) after a compare (cmp) instruction.

The cmp instruction sets the flag so that you can test for a less than, greater than, equality and so on.

The conditional jump instructions take the following FORM:

----------------------------------------------------------------jcc label;

----------------------------------------------------------------

The cc in jcc indicates that you must substitute some character sequences that specifies the type of condition to test. For example, js stands for jump is the sign flag is set.

A typical js instruction is:----------------------------------------------------------------

js ValueIsNegative;----------------------------------------------------------------In this example, the js instruction transfers control

to the ValueIsNegative label if the sign flag is currently set; ↘control falls through to the next instruction following the js instruction if the sign flag is CLEAR

INSTRUCTION DESCRIPTION CONDITION

jc Jump if carry Carry = 1

jnc Jump if no carry Carry = 0

jz Jump if zero Zero = 1

jnz Jump if not zero Zero = 0

js Jump if sign Sign = 1

jns Jump if not sign Sign = 0

jo Jump if overflow Overflow = 1

jno Jump if no overflow Overflow = 0

jp Jump if parity Parity = 1

jpe Jump if parity even Parity = 1

jnp Jump if no parity Parity = 0

jpo Jump if parity odd Parity = 0

jcc, Instructions That Tests Flags

INSTRUCTION DESCRIPTION CONDITION

ja Jump if above (>) Carry = 0, Zero = 0

jnbe Jump if not below / equal (not <=) Carry = 0, Zero = 0

jae Jump if above or equal (>=) Carry = 0

jnb Jump if not below (not <) Carry = 0

jb Jump if below (<) Carry = 1

jnae Jump if not above / equal (not >=) Carry = 1

jbe Jump if below or equal (<=) Carry = 1

jna Jump if not above (not >) Carry = 1

je Jump if equal (=) Zero = 1

jne Jump if not equal (|) Zero = 0

jcc, Instructions That For Unsigned Comparison

INSTRUCTION DESCRIPTION CONDITION

jg Jump if greater (>) Sign = Overflow , Zero = 0

jnle Jump if not less than / equal (not <=) Sign = Overflow , Zero = 0

jge Jump if greater than or equal (>=) Sign = Overflow

jnl Jump if not less than (not <) Sign = Overflow

jl Jump if less than (<) Sign <> Overflow

jnge Jump if not greater than / equal (not >=) Sign <> Overflow

jle Jump if less than or equal (<=) Sign <> Overflow , Zero =1

jng Jump if not greater than (not >) Sign <> Overflow , Zero =1

je Jump if equal (=) Zero = 1

jne Jump if not equal (|) Zero = 0

jcc, Instructions That For Signed Comparison

Distinguishing the purpose of conditional jumps should clarify their use. The type of data (unsigned or signed) on which you are performing comparisons or arithmetic can determine which instruction to use.RECALL:

UNSIGNED (logical data) treats all bits as data bits;SIGNED (arithmetic data) treats the left most bit as a

sign, where 0 is positive and 1 is negative.The 8086 conditional jump instruction gives you

the ability to split program flow into one of two path depending on some condition.

In this example, assume that the CX contains 11000110 and the DX contains 00010110.

----------------------------------------------------------------cmp CX,DX

---------------------------------------------------------------- If we treat the data as unsigned, the CX value is larger;But if we treat the data as signed, however, the CX

value is smaller.

The use here of CMP is valid, and you have to select the appropriate conditional jump instruction such as JB (jump below) for unsigned or JL (jump low) for signed data

The JCXZ (the jump if CX is zero) instruction branches to the target address if CX contains zero. Although you can use it anytime you need to see if CX contains zero.

You would normally use it before a loop instruction.the loop instruction can repeat a sequence of

operation in CX times ! If CX equals zero, loop will repeat the operation

65,536 times, you can use JXCZ to skip over such a loop when CX is zero

The conditional jump instruction only test the 8086 flags.

They do NOT affect any of them.

The JCXZ, jump if CX is zero, also does not affect any flags.