X ray production 2
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X-ray production
Unit 20 strand 1 (P2)Describe the production of x-rays and ultrasound
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X-rays were first discovered in 1895 by the German physicist William Roentgen, when using a Crookes tube
He called them ‘x’ rays, ‘x’ for ‘unknown’.
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The first x-ray photograph: Roentgen’s wife Bertha’s hand
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X-rays are electromagnetic radiation of high frequencies (1017-1020 Hz). They penetrate soft tissue but are blocked by bone etc.
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X-rays are produced when high-speed electrons hit a metal target. In medical x-rays this is usually tungsten.
x-rays
Electrons
Tungsten target(anode)
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Electrons are produced by thermionic emission.
They are accelerated across the vacuum tube towards the positive (anode) target.
The electrons strike the target and lose about 99% of their energy in low-energy collisions with the target atoms – this heats up the target. The remainder of the energy reappears as x-ray radiation.
Overheating is prevented by using a rotating anode and circulating oil. Copper is used for the anode mountings.
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Overheating is prevented by using a rotating anode and circulating oil. Copper is used for the anode mountings.
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The energy exchange in x-ray production