X ray film
-
Upload
ashish-kushwaha -
Category
Education
-
view
909 -
download
0
Transcript of X ray film
![Page 1: X ray film](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062400/58ac7b6b1a28ab4c6c8b5a2f/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
![Page 2: X ray film](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062400/58ac7b6b1a28ab4c6c8b5a2f/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
SHREE BANKEY BIHARI DENTAL COLLEGE
DEPARTMENT OF ORAL MEDICINE,
DIAGNOSIS & RADIOLOGY
![Page 3: X ray film](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062400/58ac7b6b1a28ab4c6c8b5a2f/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
X-RAY FILMS
PRESENTED BY –ASHISH KUSHWAHA
FINAL YEAR8630016
![Page 4: X ray film](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062400/58ac7b6b1a28ab4c6c8b5a2f/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
• Introduction-
The X-Ray films, help us to record the information regarding the object (tissue) through which the x-rays passes & hence they greatly help in diagnosis, & treatment of the patient problem.
Karjodkar 2nd edition
Image recorded on film is caused by exposure to photons
X-RAY FILM
![Page 5: X ray film](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062400/58ac7b6b1a28ab4c6c8b5a2f/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
X-RAY FILM• HISTORY -
• The first x-rays were recorded on glass plates.
• These were coated with emulsion on one side only.
• The exposure dose was quite high.
• In 1839, the phenomenon of development was discovered by Louis Daguerre
![Page 6: X ray film](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062400/58ac7b6b1a28ab4c6c8b5a2f/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
• One year later, it was discovered that treating exposed silver chloride paper with sodium chloride would make the image permanent.
• Nitrocelluose based film was found to be a more feasible choice for recording x-rays.
• This film was single-emulsion.
• It was later discovered that double-emulsion responded to x-rays faster.
• In 1924, cellulose acetate replaced the nitrocellulose based film.
![Page 7: X ray film](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062400/58ac7b6b1a28ab4c6c8b5a2f/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
COMPOSITION
X- ray film
Adhesive Base
Polyester polyethylene terephthalate
Emulsion
Silver halide grains
Vehicles matrix
![Page 8: X ray film](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062400/58ac7b6b1a28ab4c6c8b5a2f/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
X-RAY FILM- CROSS SECTION
![Page 9: X ray film](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062400/58ac7b6b1a28ab4c6c8b5a2f/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
![Page 10: X ray film](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062400/58ac7b6b1a28ab4c6c8b5a2f/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
FILM BASE -
• It is a transparent supporting material.
• POLYESTER POLYETHYLENE TEREPHTHALATE RESIN are used.
• Thickness - 0.18 mm
FilmBase 0.18 mm
![Page 11: X ray film](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062400/58ac7b6b1a28ab4c6c8b5a2f/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
IDEAL PROPERTIES BASE MATERIAL
1. Structural support for fragile emulsion
2. Low light absorption
3. Flexible, thick, & strong
4. Dimensional stability
5. NON -FLAMMABLE
![Page 12: X ray film](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062400/58ac7b6b1a28ab4c6c8b5a2f/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
FUNCTIONS OF BASE
12
Provide support for emulsion layer.
To transmit light.
![Page 13: X ray film](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062400/58ac7b6b1a28ab4c6c8b5a2f/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
ADHESIVE LAYER
13
Also called subbing layer or Substratum layer.
Made of mixture of gelatin solution and solvent of film base.
It keeps emulsion layer and base adhered to each other during coating stage and processing.
Provides uniform surface over which the emulsion can be coated uniformly.
![Page 14: X ray film](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062400/58ac7b6b1a28ab4c6c8b5a2f/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
EMULSION LAYER
14
Has 2 principle components – I. Silver halide grainsII. Vehicle matrix
It consists of a homogeneous mixture of gelatin and silver halide crystals.
In typical emulsion 90 to 99% is AgBr and about 1 to 10% AgI .
EmulsionLayers
The presence of AgI produce an emulsion of much sensitivity than a pure AgBr emulsion.
It also contains traces of sulfur (ALLYLTHIOUREA).
![Page 15: X ray film](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062400/58ac7b6b1a28ab4c6c8b5a2f/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
……CONTD
15
Silver halide in a emulsion is in the form of small crystals.
Silver halide crystals may be tabular, globular, polyhedral, or irregular in shape.
Crystal size might vary from 1.0 –1.5 microns in diameter with about 6.3 x 1010 grains per centimeter of emulsion.
![Page 16: X ray film](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062400/58ac7b6b1a28ab4c6c8b5a2f/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
• Granular
• Tabular Scanning electron micrographs of emulsion comparing flat tabular silver bromide crystals of InSight film
Scanning electron micrographs of emulsion comparing with globular silver halide crystals of Ultra-Speed film .
![Page 17: X ray film](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062400/58ac7b6b1a28ab4c6c8b5a2f/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
• How silver halide crystals are made … ???
Dissolve Metallic silver in nitric acid.
to formSilver nitrate
by mixing
silver nitrate + KBr = Ag-Br + potassium nitrate
![Page 18: X ray film](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062400/58ac7b6b1a28ab4c6c8b5a2f/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
GRAIN SIZE AND DISTRIBUTION
18
GRAIN SIZE and DISTRIBUTION affects the following:
SPEED: The bigger the average grain size, the higher the speed of the film.
CONTRAST: Affected by size distribution. The more available in the film, the lower the contrast.
GRAININESS: Graininess is the apparent clumping of the crystal as seen on the radiograph. The bigger the crystal, the higher the graininess o f the film.
![Page 19: X ray film](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062400/58ac7b6b1a28ab4c6c8b5a2f/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
GELATIN
Gelatin is used as the suspending medium and binding agent for the silver halide particles.
It comes collagen fiber in which primary source are the cartilage, skin and the protein matrix (ossein) of bone of animals.
![Page 20: X ray film](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062400/58ac7b6b1a28ab4c6c8b5a2f/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
WHY WE USE GELATIN AS BINDER…?
20
It is a medium in which SILVER NITRATE and SODIUM BROMIDE can react and the resulting AgBr get finely and evenly dispersed and remain suspended.
In warm state it can be easily spread on the film base. On cooling, it sets firmly on the base as gel. It is flexible and does not crack easily on bending. It is optically transparent . Gelatin does not react chemically with the silver halide . It is porous so the processing chemicals can penetrate to the
silver halide crystals. Some of the constituents in gelatin enhances the activity of
Silver bromide and some act as antifoggant.
?
![Page 21: X ray film](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062400/58ac7b6b1a28ab4c6c8b5a2f/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
SUPERCOAT (OVERCOAT)
21
Protective layer of gelatin Provides sturdiness to unexposed radiographic film. Antistatic Reduces damage from scratches, pressure, or
contamination during storage, handling and processing.
Supercoating
![Page 22: X ray film](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062400/58ac7b6b1a28ab4c6c8b5a2f/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
FEW ADDITIVES
22
Preservative – Phenol as bacteriocide Silver iodide – To extend sensitivity towards blue
range. Some dyes may extend Colour sensitivity further Glycerin to make the emulsion pliable Saponin – To make the emulsion receptive to the
processing chemicals Alcohol – To prevent frothing during coating
![Page 23: X ray film](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062400/58ac7b6b1a28ab4c6c8b5a2f/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
characteristic Photographic film Radiographic film
Mode of image capture
By reflected light By penetrated/ transmitted light
Emulsion layer On one side Either On one side or both
Speed Slow Fast
Grain size Small Large
Resolving power 1000 lines/mm 6-10 lines/mm
Irradiation by Light only Light as well as x-ray
Difference In B/W Photographic Film And Radiographic Film
23
![Page 24: X ray film](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062400/58ac7b6b1a28ab4c6c8b5a2f/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
TYPES OF X-RAY FILM -1. According to their USES –
• Intraoral filmsPeriapical films
No. 0 – childrenNo. 1 – anterior adultNo.2 – standard adult
Occlusal films
Bitewing films
• Extraoral films
![Page 25: X ray film](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062400/58ac7b6b1a28ab4c6c8b5a2f/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
• 2. According to SPEED –
• Slow film Speed A Speed B Speed C
• Fast film D – ultra speed E – ekta speed F – ultra ekta speed
• Hyper speed G
![Page 26: X ray film](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062400/58ac7b6b1a28ab4c6c8b5a2f/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
• 3. According to emulsion layer -
• Single coated
• Double coated
• 4. According to packaging –
• Single film packet
• Double film packet
![Page 27: X ray film](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062400/58ac7b6b1a28ab4c6c8b5a2f/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
• What is speed of X-RAY FILM …???
It is defined as the amount of the radiation required to produce the radiograph of adequate density.
Slow film – Require more exposure & vice versa.
• Factors affecting film speed –Size of crystalsShape of grainsThickness of emulsions
![Page 28: X ray film](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062400/58ac7b6b1a28ab4c6c8b5a2f/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Difference b/w Single Coated And Double Coated X-ray Film
Characteristic Single coated Double coated
Emulsion layer One side Both side
Patient Radiation dose More Less
Radiographic detail More Less
Average gradient (G) Very less more
Parallax effect No yes
Contrast
Less more
![Page 29: X ray film](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062400/58ac7b6b1a28ab4c6c8b5a2f/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
INTRAORAL FILMS
![Page 30: X ray film](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062400/58ac7b6b1a28ab4c6c8b5a2f/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
• Periapical view –Used to record crown, root & surrounding bone.3 sizes-
0 - for children 22 X 35 mm1 - narrow, for anterior teeth 24 X 40 mm2 – standard size for adults 31 X 41 mm
![Page 31: X ray film](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062400/58ac7b6b1a28ab4c6c8b5a2f/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Size ‘0’22 X 35 mm
Size ‘2’
31 X 41 mm
Size ‘1’24 X 40 mm
Standard adult
Anterior adultChild
Size of IntraOral Periapical
![Page 32: X ray film](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062400/58ac7b6b1a28ab4c6c8b5a2f/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
• Indications – to evaluate the -
Dental cariesPeriapical infectionsPeriodontal diseasesMixed dentition analysisCyst & tumor in the periapical regionPathology of bone in the periapical regionPulp calcification & pulp stoneDental anomaliesImpacted teethAssessment of working lengthAssessment of root morphology before extraction.
![Page 33: X ray film](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062400/58ac7b6b1a28ab4c6c8b5a2f/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
• Bitewing view – (Interproximal view) –• A paper wing present on the middle of film.
Uses -1.Crown of maxillary & mandibular teeth in one image.2.Interproximal caries 3.evaluation of height of alveolar bone
![Page 34: X ray film](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062400/58ac7b6b1a28ab4c6c8b5a2f/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Size ‘0’22 X 35 mm
Size ‘2’
31 X 41 mm
Size ‘1’24 X 40 mm
Posterior adult
Anterior childPosterior Child
Size of Bitewing Film
Size ‘3’
27 X 54 mm
Anterior adult
![Page 35: X ray film](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062400/58ac7b6b1a28ab4c6c8b5a2f/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
• Occlusal view –• Size 57 X76 mm (3 times larger than size 2)• To show larger area.• Used to obtain right angle views to the usual
periapical view.• Film usually is held in position by having the patient
bite lightly on it to support it between the occlusal surface of the teeth.
Size ‘4’
57 X 76 mm
![Page 36: X ray film](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062400/58ac7b6b1a28ab4c6c8b5a2f/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
• Indications –
To evaluate the impacted canine, third molar & supernumerary tooth
To localize foreign body like sialolith in duct of salivary gland
To detect complete extension of large cyst an tumor.
Assessment of fracture of the anterior teeth and alveolar bone.
For determining the buccolingual relationship of pathological lesions.
![Page 37: X ray film](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062400/58ac7b6b1a28ab4c6c8b5a2f/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
EXTRAORAL FILMS
![Page 38: X ray film](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062400/58ac7b6b1a28ab4c6c8b5a2f/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
EXTRAORAL FILMS
• Panoramic, cephalometric, & other skull views are more frequently used extra oral projections in dentistry.
• Screen film is used with intensifying screens to reduce patient exposure.
• It is placed in between 2 intensifying screens when an exposure is made.
![Page 39: X ray film](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062400/58ac7b6b1a28ab4c6c8b5a2f/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
• intensifying screens absorb x-rays & emit visible light.
• Silver halide crystals are sensitive to U.V. & blue light and thus are sensitive to screens that emit U.V. & blue light.
• When film is used with screens that emit green light, the silver halide crystals are coated with sensitizing dyes to increase absorption.
![Page 40: X ray film](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062400/58ac7b6b1a28ab4c6c8b5a2f/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
• They do not have embossed dot.
• They are used in film holder or cassette.
• High contrast medium speed – panoramic, skull radiography.
• Less contrast & wider latitude – cephalometric radiography.
• 2 types – Screened Non screened
![Page 41: X ray film](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062400/58ac7b6b1a28ab4c6c8b5a2f/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
• Size – • Available in various size –
• Lateral Oblique film – 5” X 7”
• Panoramic film – 6” X 12” / 5” X 12”
• Cephalometric film – 8” X 12”
• Skull radiography – 10” X 12”
![Page 42: X ray film](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062400/58ac7b6b1a28ab4c6c8b5a2f/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
CHARACTERISTICS DIRECT EXPOSURE FILM INDIRECT EXPOSURE FILM
Exposed with Only by x-rays Mainly by visible light
Used Without Screen With screenEmulsion layer Thick Thin Image formation In deep superficialyProcessing time more lessResolution more lessExposure dose more lessUsed in Orbit and extremities
radiography. Also in Industrial Radiography
General radiography
Difference B/W Non Screen & Screen Film
![Page 43: X ray film](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062400/58ac7b6b1a28ab4c6c8b5a2f/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
CONTENT OF FILM PACKET• Intraoral x-ray film packet contain –
Outer plastic wrapper Lead foil Black paper X-ray film
![Page 44: X ray film](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062400/58ac7b6b1a28ab4c6c8b5a2f/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
![Page 45: X ray film](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062400/58ac7b6b1a28ab4c6c8b5a2f/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
• Wrapper –
• Made up of non absorbent paper or plastic.• Water proof• It is sealed to prevent the ingress of saliva & light.• It has 2 sides –• Tube side – (usually white, faces toward the x-ray
tube.)• Labelled side- reverse side. Usually of 2 color
![Page 46: X ray film](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062400/58ac7b6b1a28ab4c6c8b5a2f/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
• Black paper –• Protect the film from –• Light• Damaged by finger
• Lead foil –
• Placed behind the film• Prevent back scattering• Reduce exposure• If film is placed in wrong way then embossed pattern
present on the film.
![Page 47: X ray film](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062400/58ac7b6b1a28ab4c6c8b5a2f/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
• X-Ray film – it has
• Rounded corner• Raised dot
• One corner of each dental film has a small, raised dot that is used for –
• Orientation• Mounting• Side determination
![Page 48: X ray film](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062400/58ac7b6b1a28ab4c6c8b5a2f/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
• Film Holding Device –
• It is the device that is used to position an intraoral film in the mouth & maintain the film in position during exposure.
![Page 49: X ray film](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062400/58ac7b6b1a28ab4c6c8b5a2f/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Film Storage
• Clean, dry location, light tight location• 40 – 60 % Humidity 70 º Fahrenheit• Away from chemical fumes• Safe from radiation exposure• Standing on edge• Expiration date clearly visible. Film can be
stored for about 45 days.
![Page 50: X ray film](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062400/58ac7b6b1a28ab4c6c8b5a2f/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
FILM BIN - STORAGE
![Page 51: X ray film](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062400/58ac7b6b1a28ab4c6c8b5a2f/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Care And Protection Of Film
Films should be protected from Physical damage
Light
High temperature
High relative humidity
Harmful gases and fumes
X-rays and radioactive source
Fire
51
![Page 52: X ray film](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062400/58ac7b6b1a28ab4c6c8b5a2f/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Reference
Oral radiologyPrinciple & interpretation
6th editionBy- white And pharoah
Textbook ofDental and
maxillofacial radiology2nd edition
By- Freny R. Karjodkar
![Page 53: X ray film](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062400/58ac7b6b1a28ab4c6c8b5a2f/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
THANK
YOU
![Page 54: X ray film](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062400/58ac7b6b1a28ab4c6c8b5a2f/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
INTENSIFYING SCREENS
• An intensifying screen is a plastic sheet coated with fluorescent material called phosphors .
• Phosphors are materials which convert photon energy to light
![Page 55: X ray film](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062400/58ac7b6b1a28ab4c6c8b5a2f/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
![Page 56: X ray film](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062400/58ac7b6b1a28ab4c6c8b5a2f/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
INTENSIFYING SCREENS
![Page 57: X ray film](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062400/58ac7b6b1a28ab4c6c8b5a2f/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
![Page 58: X ray film](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062400/58ac7b6b1a28ab4c6c8b5a2f/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
composition
• Intensifying screens are made of -
Phosphor layer
Protective coat
Base
![Page 59: X ray film](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062400/58ac7b6b1a28ab4c6c8b5a2f/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
• Base – form of polyester plastic.Thickness about 0.25 mm.Provide mechanical support.
![Page 60: X ray film](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062400/58ac7b6b1a28ab4c6c8b5a2f/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
• Phosphor layer –• Is composed of phosphorescent crystals suspended
in a polymeric binder.• When crystals absorb x-ray photons they fluoresce.
![Page 61: X ray film](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062400/58ac7b6b1a28ab4c6c8b5a2f/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
• Protective layer –• Thickness 15 µm.• Placed over phosphor layer to protect the phosphor layer.• Provide a surface that can be cleaned.
![Page 62: X ray film](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062400/58ac7b6b1a28ab4c6c8b5a2f/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
• The speed & resolution of a screen depends on –
Phosphor type and phosphor conversion efficiency
Thickness of phosphor layerAmount of phosphor / unit volumePresence of reflective layerPhosphor grain size
![Page 63: X ray film](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062400/58ac7b6b1a28ab4c6c8b5a2f/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
• FUNCTIONS –
Create an image receptor system 10 to 60 times more sensitive than the film alone.
Substantial reduction of patient exposure to x-radiation.
The resolving power of screens is related to their speed.
Slower the speed – greater its resolving power.
![Page 64: X ray film](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062400/58ac7b6b1a28ab4c6c8b5a2f/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
Image characteristics• Depends on –
1. Radiographic density2. Radiographic contrast3. Radiographic speed4. Film latitude5. Radiographic blurring6. Image quality
![Page 65: X ray film](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062400/58ac7b6b1a28ab4c6c8b5a2f/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
1. Radiographic density –Influenced by exposure and thickness & density of
the subject.
A. Exposure• Overall film density depends on the no. of photons absorbed
by the film emulsion.
Exposure time
no. of photons
Density of
radiograph
![Page 66: X ray film](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062400/58ac7b6b1a28ab4c6c8b5a2f/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
B. Subject thickness
Thicker the subject, the more the beam is attenuated and lighter the resultant image.
C. Subject density
The greater the density of a structure , the greater the attenuation of the x-ray beam
![Page 67: X ray film](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062400/58ac7b6b1a28ab4c6c8b5a2f/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
2. Radiographic contrast –
It is the difference in densities between light and dark region on a radiograph.
High contrast – low gray scale Low contrast – high gray scale
It is result of the interrelation of subject contrast, film contrast & scattered radiation.
![Page 68: X ray film](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062400/58ac7b6b1a28ab4c6c8b5a2f/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
3. Radiographic speed –1. -
• It is refers to the amount of radiation required to produce an image of a standard density.
• A fast film requires relatively low exposure.
• A slow film requires relatively high exposure for same density.
• Film speed is controlled by the size of silver halide grains.
• Although film speed can be increased slightly by processing the film at higher temperature.
![Page 69: X ray film](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062400/58ac7b6b1a28ab4c6c8b5a2f/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
4. Film latitude –
![Page 70: X ray film](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062400/58ac7b6b1a28ab4c6c8b5a2f/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
5. Radiographic blurring -
• Sharpness – is the ability of a radiograph to define an edge precisely.
• Resolution – is the ability of a radiograph to record separate structures that are close together.
• Radiographic blurring is caused by – Image receptor blurringMotion blurringGeometric blurring
![Page 71: X ray film](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062400/58ac7b6b1a28ab4c6c8b5a2f/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
6. Image quality -
• It is describes the subjective judgment by the clinicians of the overall appearance of a radiograph.
• It combines the features of density, contrast, latitude, sharpness, resolution and other parameters.
![Page 72: X ray film](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062400/58ac7b6b1a28ab4c6c8b5a2f/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
GRIDS
• Functions – To reduce the amount of scattered radiation.
![Page 73: X ray film](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062400/58ac7b6b1a28ab4c6c8b5a2f/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
• Compositions –
A grid is composed of alternating strips of a radiopaque material (lead) & radiolucent material (plastic).
![Page 74: X ray film](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062400/58ac7b6b1a28ab4c6c8b5a2f/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)