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Transcript of X 4 lectures The meaning systems of English words x 4 lectures Morphosyntax Interdependence of word...
![Page 1: X 4 lectures The meaning systems of English words x 4 lectures Morphosyntax Interdependence of word meanings and context Identification of semantic rules.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032722/56649f435503460f94c62e87/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
The meaning systems of English words
x 4 lecturesx 4 lectures
• Morphosyntax
• Interdependence of word meanings and context• Identification of semantic rules & their exceptions• Chinese-speaking learners’ approaches to
understanding English words
![Page 2: X 4 lectures The meaning systems of English words x 4 lectures Morphosyntax Interdependence of word meanings and context Identification of semantic rules.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032722/56649f435503460f94c62e87/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Lexis, Morphology & Semantics for English Language Teaching
The meaning systems of English words 1:
Grammatical meaning
![Page 3: X 4 lectures The meaning systems of English words x 4 lectures Morphosyntax Interdependence of word meanings and context Identification of semantic rules.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032722/56649f435503460f94c62e87/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
The meaning systems of English words 1
• Word meaning– a word’s inflected forms grammatical “?meanings?”( “open” word classes: grammatical “?meaning?” of inflectional suffixes )– “closed” word classes: grammatical “?meanings?” of function words( function words & their grammatical forms: the functions that these “?meant?” )
• Morpho-syntactic markers of word meaning– number: singular, plural; count, mass– (natural) gender: male, female, neuter– person: first, second, third; animate, inanimate– tense: present, past, “?future?”– aspect: perfective, imperfective, prospective, progressive– voice: active, passive, middle
• Other “morpho-syntactic” characteristics of word meaning- adjective: attributive, predicative- the dative shift- selectional restrictions or preferences (semantic rules)
![Page 4: X 4 lectures The meaning systems of English words x 4 lectures Morphosyntax Interdependence of word meanings and context Identification of semantic rules.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032722/56649f435503460f94c62e87/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Colourless green ideas
sleep furiously.What does each of these words
above mean to you?
![Page 5: X 4 lectures The meaning systems of English words x 4 lectures Morphosyntax Interdependence of word meanings and context Identification of semantic rules.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032722/56649f435503460f94c62e87/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Picture this picture of pictures picturing pictures within a picture.
What does each of these words above mean to you?
![Page 6: X 4 lectures The meaning systems of English words x 4 lectures Morphosyntax Interdependence of word meanings and context Identification of semantic rules.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032722/56649f435503460f94c62e87/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
The meaning systems of English words 1
Closed word classes
function words / grammatical words
![Page 7: X 4 lectures The meaning systems of English words x 4 lectures Morphosyntax Interdependence of word meanings and context Identification of semantic rules.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032722/56649f435503460f94c62e87/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
The meaning systems of English words 1
Closed word classes
function words (also called grammatical words)
vs
( content wordsi.e. words that can be inflected, and
that are related to various word-formation processessuch as derivation & compounding)
![Page 8: X 4 lectures The meaning systems of English words x 4 lectures Morphosyntax Interdependence of word meanings and context Identification of semantic rules.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032722/56649f435503460f94c62e87/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Colourless green ideas
sleep furiously.function words OR content words
closed-class OR open-class
![Page 9: X 4 lectures The meaning systems of English words x 4 lectures Morphosyntax Interdependence of word meanings and context Identification of semantic rules.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032722/56649f435503460f94c62e87/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Picture this picture of pictures picturing
pictures within a picture.
function words OR content words
closed-class OR open-class
![Page 10: X 4 lectures The meaning systems of English words x 4 lectures Morphosyntax Interdependence of word meanings and context Identification of semantic rules.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032722/56649f435503460f94c62e87/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
The meaning systems of English words 1
Closed word classes
function words / grammatical words
? ? vs ? ? (?clear boundary?)
( content wordsi.e. words related to
inflection andvarious word formation processes)
![Page 11: X 4 lectures The meaning systems of English words x 4 lectures Morphosyntax Interdependence of word meanings and context Identification of semantic rules.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032722/56649f435503460f94c62e87/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
The meaning systems of English words 1
function words / grammatical words
? ? vs ??
( content wordsi.e. words related to
inflection and variousword formation processes)
express“grammatical” functions(esp. word order in the sentence)
““?”?”
express
word meanings / senses(also categorial &
other types of meaning)
![Page 12: X 4 lectures The meaning systems of English words x 4 lectures Morphosyntax Interdependence of word meanings and context Identification of semantic rules.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032722/56649f435503460f94c62e87/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
The meaning systems of English words 1
The “meaning” of:
closed vs open classes
=??=
function vs content words
=??=
grammatical vs non-grammatical words
![Page 13: X 4 lectures The meaning systems of English words x 4 lectures Morphosyntax Interdependence of word meanings and context Identification of semantic rules.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032722/56649f435503460f94c62e87/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
The meaning systems of English words 1
Closed word classes(function words / grammatical words):
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The meaning systems of English words 1
Closed word classes(function words / grammatical words):– pronoun: I, you, he/she/it, we, you, they;
(me, you, him/her/it, us, you, them)(mine, yours, his/hers, ours, yours, theirs)
How many pronouns above?
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The meaning systems of English words 1
Closed word classes(function words / grammatical words):– pronoun: I, you, he/she/it, we, you, they;
(me, you, him/her/it, us, you, them)(mine, yours, his/hers, ours, yours, theirs)
II shot themthem.TheyThey were shot by meme.
![Page 16: X 4 lectures The meaning systems of English words x 4 lectures Morphosyntax Interdependence of word meanings and context Identification of semantic rules.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032722/56649f435503460f94c62e87/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
The meaning systems of English words 1
Closed word classes(function words / grammatical words):– pronoun: I, you, he/she/it, we, you, they;
(me, you, him/her/it, us, you, them)(mine, yours, his/hers, ours, yours, theirs)
( ?me shot they )
II shot themthem.TheyThey were shot by meme.
( ?them were shot by I )
![Page 17: X 4 lectures The meaning systems of English words x 4 lectures Morphosyntax Interdependence of word meanings and context Identification of semantic rules.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032722/56649f435503460f94c62e87/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
The meaning systems of English words 1
Closed word classes(function words / grammatical words):– pronoun: I, you, he/she/it, we, you, they;
(me, you, him/her/it, us, you, them)(mine, yours, his/hers, ours, yours, theirs)
– determiner:a/an, the;my, your, his/her/its, our, your,
their; this/these, that/those;one/two/three, first/second/third;some, several, few, many, etc;
![Page 18: X 4 lectures The meaning systems of English words x 4 lectures Morphosyntax Interdependence of word meanings and context Identification of semantic rules.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032722/56649f435503460f94c62e87/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
The meaning systems of English words 1
Closed word classes(function words / grammatical words):– pronoun: I, you, he/she/it, we, you, they;
(me, you, him/her/it, us, you, them)(mine, yours, his/hers, ours, yours, theirs)
– determiner:a / an, the;my, your, his/her/its, our, your,
their; this/these, that/those;one/two/three, first/second/ third;some, several, few, many, etc;
– preposition: to, from, on, in, below, under, etc– conjunction: and, or, but, that, so, if, though, etc
![Page 19: X 4 lectures The meaning systems of English words x 4 lectures Morphosyntax Interdependence of word meanings and context Identification of semantic rules.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032722/56649f435503460f94c62e87/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
The meaning systems of English words 1
Closed word classes(function words / grammatical words):– pronoun: I, you, he/she/it, we, you, they;
(me, you, him/her/it, us, you, them)(mine, yours, his/hers, ours, yours, theirs)
– determiner:a/an, the;my, your, his/her, its, our, your,
their; this/these, that/those;one/two/three, first/second/third;some, several, few, many, etc;
– ?preposition: ?preposition: to, from, on, in, below, under, etcto, from, on, in, below, under, etc– conjunction: and, or, but, that, so, if, though, etc
![Page 20: X 4 lectures The meaning systems of English words x 4 lectures Morphosyntax Interdependence of word meanings and context Identification of semantic rules.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032722/56649f435503460f94c62e87/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
The meaning systems of English words 1
Open word classes(content words):
– noun– verb– adjective– adverb (a kind of adjectives? a not so open class?)
![Page 21: X 4 lectures The meaning systems of English words x 4 lectures Morphosyntax Interdependence of word meanings and context Identification of semantic rules.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032722/56649f435503460f94c62e87/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
The meaning systems of English words 1
Open word classes(content words):
– noun– verb– adjective– adverb (a kind of adjectives? a not-so-open class?)
adjectives to modify the “thing-ness”of nouns
![Page 22: X 4 lectures The meaning systems of English words x 4 lectures Morphosyntax Interdependence of word meanings and context Identification of semantic rules.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032722/56649f435503460f94c62e87/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
The meaning systems of English words 1
Open word classes(content words):
– noun– verb– adjective– adverb (a kind of adjectives? a not-so-open class?)
adjectives to modify the “thing-ness”of nouns
adverbs to modify the “descriptive-ness”
of adjectives
![Page 23: X 4 lectures The meaning systems of English words x 4 lectures Morphosyntax Interdependence of word meanings and context Identification of semantic rules.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032722/56649f435503460f94c62e87/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
The meaning systems of English words 1
Open word classes(content words):
– noun– verb– adjective– adverb (a kind of adjectives? a not-so-open class?)
adjectives to modify the “thing-ness”of nouns
adverbs to modify the “descriptive-ness”
(adjectives for adjectives) of adjectives
adverbs to modify the “action-ness”(adjectives for verbs) of verbs
![Page 24: X 4 lectures The meaning systems of English words x 4 lectures Morphosyntax Interdependence of word meanings and context Identification of semantic rules.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032722/56649f435503460f94c62e87/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
The meaning systems of English words 1
Colourless green ideas sleep furiously.
adjectives to modify the “thing-ness”of nouns
adverbs to modify the “descriptive-ness”
(adjectives for adjectives) of adjectives
adverbs to modify the “action-ness”(adjectives for verbs) of verbs
![Page 25: X 4 lectures The meaning systems of English words x 4 lectures Morphosyntax Interdependence of word meanings and context Identification of semantic rules.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032722/56649f435503460f94c62e87/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
The meaning systems of English words 1
The number system in English (1):• singular = one• plural = more than one
( number marker: the suffix / morpheme -s )
![Page 26: X 4 lectures The meaning systems of English words x 4 lectures Morphosyntax Interdependence of word meanings and context Identification of semantic rules.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032722/56649f435503460f94c62e87/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
The meaning systems of English words 1
The number system in English (1):• singular = one• plural = more than one
( number marker: the suffix / morpheme -s )
(Number system in some languages other than English:–dual = two–trial = three–paucal = a few
In English, the conversation below would sound odd: Customer: How much does this radio cost? Salesman: ?? A few hundred dollars. )
![Page 27: X 4 lectures The meaning systems of English words x 4 lectures Morphosyntax Interdependence of word meanings and context Identification of semantic rules.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032722/56649f435503460f94c62e87/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
The meaning systems of English words 1
The number system in English (1):• singular = one• plural = more than one
(number marker: the suffix -s / morpheme {-s})__ /s/ e.g. flowers, turtles
__ /es/ e.g. bosses, dishes, foxes
( __/f/ ) __/v/ + /es/ e.g. calves, shelves, wolves
( __/y/) __/i/ + /es/ e.g. cities, societies
__ // e.g. deer, fish, sheep
(__/oo/__ ) __/ee/__ // e.g. feet, geese, teeth
(__/ous/__) __/ic/__ // e.g. lice, mice
__ /(r)en/ e.g. oxen, children, brethren
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The meaning systems of English words 1
The number system in English (2):
• count noun:–The dog wears glasses.– Dogs wear glasses.– A few / Many dogs wear glasses.
![Page 29: X 4 lectures The meaning systems of English words x 4 lectures Morphosyntax Interdependence of word meanings and context Identification of semantic rules.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032722/56649f435503460f94c62e87/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
The meaning systems of English words 1
The number system in English (2):
• count noun:–The dog wears glasses.– Dogs wear glasses.– A few / Many dogs wear glasses.
• mass noun:–Sugar tastes sweet.–The sugars taste sweet.–a little / much sugar
![Page 30: X 4 lectures The meaning systems of English words x 4 lectures Morphosyntax Interdependence of word meanings and context Identification of semantic rules.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032722/56649f435503460f94c62e87/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
The meaning systems of English words 1
The number system in English (2):
• count:–The dog wears glasses. (??Dog wears glasses)– Dogs wear glasses.– A few / Many dogs wear glasses.
![Page 31: X 4 lectures The meaning systems of English words x 4 lectures Morphosyntax Interdependence of word meanings and context Identification of semantic rules.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032722/56649f435503460f94c62e87/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
The meaning systems of English words 1
The number system in English (2):
• count:–The dog wears glasses. (??Dog wears glasses)– Dogs wear glasses.– A few / Many dogs wear glasses.– (but:) a lot of / way too much / far too much dog for this flat
![Page 32: X 4 lectures The meaning systems of English words x 4 lectures Morphosyntax Interdependence of word meanings and context Identification of semantic rules.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032722/56649f435503460f94c62e87/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
The meaning systems of English words 1
The number system in English (2):
• count:–The dog wears glasses. (??Dog wears glasses)– Dogs wear glasses.– A few / Many dogs wear glasses.– (but:) a lot of / way too much / far too much dog for this flat
• mass:–Sugar tastes sweet.–The sugars taste sweet.–a little / much sugar
![Page 33: X 4 lectures The meaning systems of English words x 4 lectures Morphosyntax Interdependence of word meanings and context Identification of semantic rules.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032722/56649f435503460f94c62e87/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
The meaning systems of English words 1
The number system in English (2):
• count:–The dog wears glasses. (??Dog wears glasses)– Dogs wear glasses.– A few / Many dogs wear glasses.– (but:) a lot of / way too much / far too much dog for this flat
• mass:–Sugar tastes sweet.–The sugars taste sweet. (??Sugars taste sweet)–a little / much sugar
![Page 34: X 4 lectures The meaning systems of English words x 4 lectures Morphosyntax Interdependence of word meanings and context Identification of semantic rules.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032722/56649f435503460f94c62e87/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
The meaning systems of English words 1
The number system in English (2):
• count:–The dog wears glasses. (??Dog wears glasses)– Dogs wear glasses.– A few / Many dogs wear glasses.– (but:) a lot of / way too much / far too much dog for this flat
• mass:–Sugar tastes sweet.–The sugars taste sweet. (??Sugars taste sweet)–a little / much sugar (??a few / many sugars)
![Page 35: X 4 lectures The meaning systems of English words x 4 lectures Morphosyntax Interdependence of word meanings and context Identification of semantic rules.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032722/56649f435503460f94c62e87/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
The meaning systems of English words 1
The number system in English (2):
• count:–The dog wears glasses. (??Dog wears glasses)– Dogs wear glasses.– A few / Many dogs wear glasses.– (but:) a lot of / way too much / far too much dog for this flat
• mass:–Sugar tastes sweet.–The sugars taste sweet. (??Sugars taste sweet)–A little / Much sugar (??A few / Many sugars)– (but:) three and a half sugars for my tea
![Page 36: X 4 lectures The meaning systems of English words x 4 lectures Morphosyntax Interdependence of word meanings and context Identification of semantic rules.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032722/56649f435503460f94c62e87/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
The meaning systems of English words 1
The number system in English (2):
• Count nouns:– The dog wears glasses. – Dogs wear glasses.– A few / Many dogs wear glasses.
(Newspaper headline)Dog wears glasses
An alsatian is a lot of / way too much / far too much dog for this small flat.
For such a small amount of money, you get a lot of car.
![Page 37: X 4 lectures The meaning systems of English words x 4 lectures Morphosyntax Interdependence of word meanings and context Identification of semantic rules.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032722/56649f435503460f94c62e87/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
The meaning systems of English words 1
The number system in English (2):
• Count nouns:– The dog wears glasses. – Dogs wear glasses.– A few / Many dogs wear glasses.
(Newspaper headline)Dog wears glasses
An alsatian is a lot of / way too much / far too much dog for this small flat.
For such a small amount of money, you get a lot of car.
unmarked
markedmarked
![Page 38: X 4 lectures The meaning systems of English words x 4 lectures Morphosyntax Interdependence of word meanings and context Identification of semantic rules.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032722/56649f435503460f94c62e87/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
The meaning systems of English words 1
The number system in English (2):
• Mass noun:–Sugar tastes sweet.–The sugars taste sweet.–A little / Much sugar
(Science texts)
Sugars taste sweet.
A few / Many sugars …
three and a half sugars for my tea
unmarked
markedmarked
![Page 39: X 4 lectures The meaning systems of English words x 4 lectures Morphosyntax Interdependence of word meanings and context Identification of semantic rules.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032722/56649f435503460f94c62e87/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
The meaning systems of English words 1
The number system in English (3):
Subject-verb concord
The crowd is / are waving their flags.The crowd is / ??are voting with their feet.The crowd ??is / are waving their arms.
![Page 40: X 4 lectures The meaning systems of English words x 4 lectures Morphosyntax Interdependence of word meanings and context Identification of semantic rules.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032722/56649f435503460f94c62e87/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
The meaning systems of English words 1
The number system in English (3):
Subject-verb concord
The crowd is / are waving their flags.The crowd is / ??are voting with their feet.The crowd ??is / are waving their arms.
The committee was / ??were formed last week.The committee is / are divided on this issue.The committee is / are going home to study the issue.
![Page 41: X 4 lectures The meaning systems of English words x 4 lectures Morphosyntax Interdependence of word meanings and context Identification of semantic rules.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032722/56649f435503460f94c62e87/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
The meaning systems of English words 1
The number system in English (3):
Subject-verb concord
The crowd is / are waving their flags.The crowd is / ??are voting with their feet.The crowd ??is / are waving their arms.
The committee was / ??were formed last week.The committee is / are divided on this issue.The committee is / are going home to study the issue.
A: Should I have a baby after 35?B:
![Page 42: X 4 lectures The meaning systems of English words x 4 lectures Morphosyntax Interdependence of word meanings and context Identification of semantic rules.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032722/56649f435503460f94c62e87/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
The meaning systems of English words 1
The number system in English (3):
Subject-verb concord
The crowd is / are waving their flags.The crowd is / ??are voting with their feet.The crowd ??is / are waving their arms.
The committee was / ??were formed last week.The committee is / are divided on this issue.The committee is / are going home to study the issue.
A: Should I have a baby after 35?B: 35 babies is / are more than enough for anyone.
![Page 43: X 4 lectures The meaning systems of English words x 4 lectures Morphosyntax Interdependence of word meanings and context Identification of semantic rules.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032722/56649f435503460f94c62e87/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
The meaning systems of English words 1
The gender system in English:
• (natural / biological) sex:– female / male: she / he, her / him
– neuter: it
• animacy and/or potency:– adult, human, god: she / he
– child, animal, ghost: she / he / it
– non-human, non-animal: it
![Page 44: X 4 lectures The meaning systems of English words x 4 lectures Morphosyntax Interdependence of word meanings and context Identification of semantic rules.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032722/56649f435503460f94c62e87/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
The meaning systems of English words 1
The gender system in English:
• (natural / biological) sex:– female / male: she / he, her / him– neuter: it
• animacy / potency:– adult, human, god: she / he– child, animal, ghost: she / he / it– non-human, non-animal: it
? We’ll have a holiday in Japan. She has many sights to see. When we visit her, we’ll eat a lot of sushi. Her national flower is sakura.
![Page 45: X 4 lectures The meaning systems of English words x 4 lectures Morphosyntax Interdependence of word meanings and context Identification of semantic rules.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032722/56649f435503460f94c62e87/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
The meaning systems of English words 1
The tense system in English (1):
• present vs not present• not present: past ( vs future )
past tense marker: suffix -ed (or -d) / morpheme {-d }
__/id/ e.g. dated, stated, traded__/d/ e.g. combed, married, saved__/t/ e.g. kissed, laughed, slept, wept
drink drank sink sank ring rang sing sangcatch caught teach taughtbuy bought fight foughtride rode write wrote
lead led read readeat ate sit satgo went do did
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The meaning systems of English words 1
The tense system in English (2):
• present vs not present• not present: past ( vs future )
past distance/remoteness markers( note: a spatial perspective to time )
I used to go for a massage every Sunday.
I went for a massage last Sunday.
I’ve just been for a massage.(i.e. I went for a massage just now.)
![Page 47: X 4 lectures The meaning systems of English words x 4 lectures Morphosyntax Interdependence of word meanings and context Identification of semantic rules.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032722/56649f435503460f94c62e87/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
The meaning systems of English words 1
The tense system in English (3):
• present vs not present• not present: past vs future
future ?tense? marker:the auxiliary verb “will” / morpheme {will}
I will go for a massage (every Sunday)I will go for a massage (next Sunday)I will go for a massage (after class)
I will go for a massage( compared with: I’m going for a massage )
![Page 48: X 4 lectures The meaning systems of English words x 4 lectures Morphosyntax Interdependence of word meanings and context Identification of semantic rules.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032722/56649f435503460f94c62e87/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
The meaning systems of English words 1
The tense system in English (3):
• present vs not present• not present: past vs future
future TIMETIME marker:the auxiliary verb “will” / morpheme {will}
I will go for a massage (every Sunday)
I will go for a massage (next Sunday)
I will go for a massage (after class)
I will go for a massage
( compared with: I’m going for a massage )
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The meaning systems of English words 1
The tense system in English (3):
• present vs not present• not present: past vs future
future PLANPLAN marker:the auxiliary verb “will” / morpheme {will}
I will go for a massage (every Sunday)
I will go for a massage (next Sunday)
I will go for a massage (after class)
I will go for a massage
( I’m going for a massage )
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The meaning systems of English words 1
The tense system in English (3):
• present vs not present• not present: past vs future
( future “tense” marker: the auxiliary verb / morpheme will )
Is there a future tense in English?I will go for a massage (every Sunday)
I will go for a massage (next Sunday)
I will go for a massage (after class)
I will go for a massage
( I’m going for a massage )
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In terms of the concepts of “word-forms” & “word formation”,how MIGHT you comment on the items above?
1. The item “Eat” is a morph of the free morpheme {eat}.
2. The item “Drink” is a morph of the free morpheme {drink}.
3. The item “Be” is a morph of the free morpheme {be}.
4. The item “Merry” is a morph of the free morpheme {merry}.
5.5. ?? The 3 items “Eat”, “Drink” and “Be” are inflected for tenseinflected for tense.
6.6. ??The item “Eat” is the future-tensefuture-tense word-form of the word “eat”.
7.7. ??The item “Drink” is the future-tensefuture-tense word-form of the word “drink”.
8.8. ??The item “Be” is the future-tensefuture-tense word-form of the word “be”.
9. The 4 items are content words.
10.The 4 items are open-class words.
11.The 3 items “Eat”, “Drink” & “Merry” are roots, or root words. They can be used as bases for deriving new words.
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The meaning systems of English words 1
Tenses in English
? tense time ?present tense the time now
past tense a time in the past
future ?tense? a future time
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The meaning systems of English words 1
Tenses in English
? tense time ?present tense the time now
past tense a time in the past
future ?tense? a future time
perfect tenses?
perfect times?
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The meaning systems of English words 1
The aspect system in English (1):• perfective vs imperfective ( complete-ness of action)• perfect vs prospective• progressive
perfective marker:
have -ed
I tried the new train service.I have tried the new train service.
He took the test.He has taken the test.
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The meaning systems of English words 1
The aspect system in English (2):• perfective vs imperfective ( complete-ness of action)• perfect vs prospective• progressive
imperfective marker:-ing
I heard you sing in the classroom.I heard you singing in the classroom.
I saw her look at the man.I saw her looking at the man.
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The meaning systems of English words 1
The aspect system in English (3):
• perfective vs imperfective ( complete-ness of action)• perfect vs prospective ( completeness-to-be of action)• progressive
prospective marker:be going to
I had cornflakes for dinner.
I have had cornflakes for dinner.
I will have cornflakes for dinner
I am going to have cornflakes for dinner
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The meaning systems of English words 1
The aspect system in English (4):• perfective vs imperfective ( complete-ness of action)• perfect vs prospective ( completeness-to-be of action)• progressive ( about-to-complete-ness of action)
progressive marker:-ing
He is singing a song.He is screaming.
I know you????I am knowing you
( I am getting to know you )
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The meaning systems of English words 1
The aspect system in English (4):• perfective vs imperfective• perfect vs prospective• progressive ( temporariness / tentativeness of action)
progressive marker:-ing
I live in Hong Kong.I am living in Hong Kong.
I see / hear something.I am seeing / hearing something.
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The meaning systems of English words 1
The aspect system in English (4):• perfective vs imperfective• perfect vs prospective• progressive ( temporariness / tentativeness of action)
progressive marker:-ing
I hate you.I am hating you now.
I love it.I am loving it.
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The meaning systems of English words 1
The voice system in English (1):• active vs passive• middle
passive voice marker:be -ed
She takes the boy to school every day.The boy is taken by her to school every day.
The boy is taken to school every day.
I know you.????You are known by me.
??You are known.
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The meaning systems of English words 1
The voice system in English (1):
• active vs passive• middle
passive voice marker:be -ed
She broke the boy’s arm.
The boy’s arm was broken by her.
The boy’s arm was broken.
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The meaning systems of English words 1
The voice system in English (2):
• active vs passive• middle
middle voice marker:
She broke the boy’s arm.
The boy’s arm was broken by her.
The boy’s arm was broken.
The boy’s arm broke.
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The meaning systems of English words 1
The voice system in English (2):
• active vs passive• middle
( middle voice marker: )
She broke the boy’s arm.
The boy’s arm was broken by her.
The boy’s arm was broken.
The boy’s arm broke.
?The boy’s arm (was) waved.
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The meaning systems of English words 1
The adjectival system in English (1):
– attributive: the green grass– predicative:the grass is green
This is a difficult concept.This concept is difficult.
This is a difficult concept to understand.This is a difficult-to-understand concept.This concept is difficult to understand.
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The meaning systems of English words 1
The adjectival system in English (1):
– attributive: the green grass– predicative:the grass is green
This is a happy man.
This man is happy.
This is a happy man now.
This man is happy now.
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The meaning systems of English words 1
The adjectival system in English (1):
– attributive: the green grass– predicative:the grass is green
??This is an afraid man.
This man is afraid.
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The meaning systems of English words 1
The adjectival system in English (1):
– attributive: the green grass– predicative:the grass is green
??This is an afraid man.
This man is afraid.
This is a frightened / scared man.
This man is frightened / scared.
This man was frightened / scared by XXX.
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The meaning systems of English words 1
The adjectival system in English (2):
– orders of adjectives (before nouns)
expensive large green tables
large expensive green tables
large green expensive tables
expensive green large tables
green expensive large tables
green large expensive tables
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The meaning systems of English words 1
The adjectival system in English (2):
– orders of adjectives (before nouns)
Quantity > Value > Physical Property > Age > Colour
expensive large green tables large expensive green tables
large green expensive tables
expensive green large tables
green expensive large tables
green large expensive tables
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The meaning systems of English words 1
The adjectival system in English (2):
– orders of adjectives (before nouns)– adverbial modifiers
Quantity > Value > Physical Property > Age > Colour
expensively large green tableslargely expensive green tableslargely green expensive tablesexpensively green large tables
green-ish-ly expensive large tables
green-ish-ly large expensive tables
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The meaning systems of English words 1
The adjectival system in English (2):
– orders of adjectives (before nouns)– adverbial modifiers
Quantity > Value > Physical Property > Age > Colour
expensively large green tables largely expensive green tables
largely green expensive tables
expensively green large tables
green-ish-ly expensive large tables green-ish-ly large expensive tables
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The meaning systems of English words 1
• Word meaning– a word’s inflected forms grammatical “?meanings?”( “open” word classes: grammatical “?meaning?” of inflectional suffixes )– “closed” word classes: grammatical “?meanings?” of function words( function words & their grammatical forms: the functions that these “?meant?” )
• Morpho-syntactic markers of word meaning– number: singular, plural; count, mass– (natural) gender: male, female, neuter– person: first, second, third; animate, inanimate– tense: present, past, “?future?”– aspect: perfective, imperfective, prospective, progressive– voice: active, passive, middle
• Other “morpho-syntactic” characteristics of word meaning- adjective: attributive, predicative- the dative shift- selectional restrictions or preferences (semantic rules)