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GUIDELINES FOR PIPELINE CONSTRUCTION

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CONTENTS

1. PRE-CONSTRUCTION ACTIVITIES

1.1 Reconnaissance Survey1.2 Detailed Survey1.3 Permits from statutory authorities1.4 Acquisition of ROW1.5 Permanent acquisition of ROW

2. CONSTRUCTION ACTIVITIES

2.1 Receipt and stocking of pipes2.2 Handing over of ROW to construction contractor.2.3 Clearing and Grading of ROW2.4 Hauling and stringing2.5 Trenching or Ditching2.6 Bending2.7 Line-up/Alignment2.8 Welding2.9 Welding Inspection2.10 Cleaning & Priming2.11 Coating & Wrapping2.12 Coating Inspection2.13 Lowering2.14 Back filling2.15 Special Crossings2.16 Hydrostatic Testing2.17 Tie-in Welding2.18 Clean-up Restoration

3. POST CONSTRUCTION ACTIVITIES

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I N T R O D U C T I O N

GUIDELINES FOR PIPELINE CONSTRUCTION

Any large scale cross country pipeline project involves a multitude of activities which may be broadly classified into three categories viz., preconstruction activities, construction activities and post construction commissioning activities. While it is of utmost importance to precisely co-ordinate and monitor all these activities for successful completion of a project, it is imperative to complete the pre-construction activities well before the contractor takes position at site in order to avoid delay in the execution of the project and consequent time and cost over runs.

With the above back ground in view, guidelines with regard to pre-construction activities in the cross country pipeline and the subsequent construction activities and post construction activities have been drawn up in sequence. Besides, quality control and inspection requirements of mainline construction are also dealt with.


- Reconnaissance Survey- Detailed Survey- Permits and clearances from various statutory authorities- Acquisition of ROW in accordance with Petroleum and Minerals Pipeline

Act.- Acquisition of lands for pump stations / delivery stations / scraper station /

unattended station.- Arrangement of power supply for pump station / scraper station / repeater

station / cp station.

2. CONSTRUCTION ACTIVITIES

- Opening of ROW for construction- Activities of pipeline construction- Quality control and Inspection during construction- Restoration of ROW after construction

3. POST CONSTRUCTION ACTIVITIES

- Clearing and Restoration

All the above aspects are dealt in detail individually in separate sections.


1.1. Reconnaissance Survey:

Cross country pipelines are used throughout the world as bulk carriers for economic and safe transportation of oil and gas over long distances. Based on a comprehensive supply–demand balance studies and projections, E&P will

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conceptualize a pipeline project either for transporting crude oil to a refinery and/or for transporting finished petroleum products from refinery or Bulk Depot to various demand centers located elsewhere in the country. In this delivery / booster locations are finalized depending on through-put report prepared and submitted for consideration and approval of competent user. However, before feasibility report is made, a field survey is undertaken on the proposed route of the pipeline so as to establish the shortest practical route to maintain and to utilize the data thus gathered to arrive at the pipeline cost and ecological balance. This initial field survey is called Reconnaissance survey. The salient features of this survey are enumerated below:

1.1.1. Objectives:

The main objectives of reconnaissance survey are as follows:

1. To establish a shortest possible route connecting originating, intermediate and terminal locations.

2. To ensure as far as practicable easy approachability and accessibility during operation and maintenance stage of pipeline.

3. To preserve ecological balance and to avoid / minimize environmental degradation, the route is to be kept clear of sanctuaries and forests as far as practicable.

4. To avoid mining areas and keep sufficient safety distance.5. To avoid populated areas from public safety point of view.6. To keep the Rail, Road, River and canal crossings to the barest minimum.7. To avoid hilly or rocky terrain as far as practicable.8. To avoid pipeline route running parallel to high voltage transmission lines /

D.C. circuits.9. To utilize existing ROW, if any, as far as possible.10. To avoid other obstacle such as wells, farm houses, orchards, lakes,

ponds etc.11. The width of the river and water courses at proposed crossings to be as

less as possible.12. In case, a high way and canal or railway track and canal are running

parallel to each other, then at proposed pipeline crossing location, the distance between canal and highway is ensured to be more than 100 meter to facilitate boring operations during construction.

1.1.2. Methodology:

The major steps involved in conducting the reconnaissance survey are enumerated here under:

1. Collect the topo sheets prepared by Survey of India, for the relevant part / parts of the country which are available on sale from survey of India offices. The scale of these maps is 1:50,000 i.e. 1 cm = 0.5 km.

2. Mark the probable pipeline route on these GTS Maps which are also called Topo sheets, avoiding the hurdles stated in the fore going as can be seen from the GTS maps.

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3. Nowadays Google maps are also made use of to finalize the route.4. A team of Engineers have to undertake a field visit.5. The mandatory points of visit are originating, intermediate booster, and

terminal locations. In addition, all other hurdles like boundary limits of sanctuaries, forests, major rivers, hill or mountain ranges, creeks and any important critical locations en-route the proposed route of the line as deemed necessary by the team.

6. Keeping in view the objectives cited above, firm up the route after thorough deliberations and discussions.

7. Collect the prevailing market rate of the land at approx. intervals.8. Mark the firmed up pipeline route on the GTS map.9. Compute the length of the pipeline in the firmed up route.10. For this purpose, a thread if required can be used to measure the length

on the maps and subsequent conversion with the scale.11. Prepare and submit a final report for further detailing.

1.1.3. Final Report:

Upon successful completion of reconnaissance survey, the team shall submit a final report dealing at least with the important aspects listed below:

1. Identification of critical locations from construction point of view and suggest suitable methods of pipeline laying.

2. List the Road, Rail, River, Canal and Minor water course crossings.3. Categorize the above crossings with regard to construction methodologies

i.e. cased crossings, open cut crossings, submerged river crossings or crossings by directional drilling etc.

4. Identify and indicate the quantum of rocky area where rock blasting is to be resorted to.

5. Estimate the cost of land required for pump stations and compensation on ROW and indicate the quantum.

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POST RECONNAISSANCE SURVEY ACTIVITIES:-

Considering the findings of Reconnaissance survey, the final cost of the pipeline is worked out and a feasibility report is prepared and submitted for consideration and approval by the concerned authority.

1.2. Detailed Survey:

Upon consideration and approval of the feasibility report, the concerned user directs for submission of Detailed Feasibility Report (DFR). Subsequently, a survey is undertaken over the entire route of the pipeline, for firming up the exact route, fixing turning points, intermediate points, taking levels at regular intervals along the route, obtaining cross sectional data at rivers, canals and also soil resistivity along the route at regular intervals etc. This survey based on which DFR is prepared is called Detailed Engineering Survey. The activities involved in the detailed survey may be broadly split into two stages viz.

Stage 1: Carrying out the survey and acquiring data. Installation of markers along the route for identification.

Stage 2: Based on the data gathered, preparing drawings, data prints, etc. and submission of a report.

1.2.1. Methodology of Execution:

Normally the detailed survey is required to be completed within a short span of 3 to 5 months to facilitate expeditious preparation and submission of DFR to the concerned user for their consideration and approval. Therefore, the speed of the survey required to meet these targets, be of the order of 6-7 km a day. In order to accomplish this goal, survey contractor who possess proven expertise in the field, with adequate manpower and equipment are availed through tendering. Depending on the length of the route to be surveyed a number of teams are deployed simultaneously to complete the survey in an expeditious manner. With the survey team, one of our Engineers is also associated during the survey. Normally, the survey is undertaken in dry season to avoid interruption. Total station is used for the survey.

1.2.2. Aligning:

As mentioned earlier, during the survey, one of our Engineers will associate with them so as to help in aligning the route properly. He will also see that the route is aligned in a shortest possible manner and avoid any sharp bends in it. Care is also taken to see that at any point of turning in the alignment, an angle of more than 120 degrees is kept to reduce the frictional losses and to facilitate easy passage of the pig through the pipeline. Ranging of the alignment is done by the method of plane table survey. To maintain precision in this survey, the process is repeated by shifting the plane table one to the previous once point before the same is shifted to the next point. This exercise is carried out although the length so as to assure the perfection in the jobs.

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1.2.3. Traversing:

Chaining along the distance and measuring of angles are the main features of traversing. While traversing, following are avoided:

- Permanent structures, wells, ponds, hillocks, broken ground etc. as indicated in reconnaissance survey.

- Repeated crossings of Rail tracks / High ways / Canals etc. in quick successions as far as possible.

- If a rail track and a highway are funning closely, a location having less than 100 M is to be avoided so as to facilitate the boring works at both the ends of such facilities.

- Populated areas are to be avoided within 50 m of the pipeline route is generally avoided wherever possible.

- Crossing of any facilities in oblique way is to be avoided.

1.2.4. Leveling:

Normally levels are taken at every 50 meter intervals with the help of dumpy level. If the ground is sloping, levels are taken at less than 50 meter distances. These levels are often allied with the available permanent Bench marks along the route.

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1.3. PERMITS FROM STATOTORY AUTHORITIES:

Various authorities from whom the permits to be obtained are as below:

1. PNGRB clearance 2. MOE&F3. PESO4. Forest Department5. State Pollution Control Boards6. Railways7. Irrigation Department8. Highways Department9. PWD 10. Panchayat 11. Clearance for laying pipeline in coastal areas12. Factories department 13. Labour department

1.3.1. PNGRB CLEARANCE

As per PNGRB act 2010, this clearance needs to be taken prior to start of any pipeline project. Salient features of act are brought out below:

Salient Points of PNRGB Act

i) Notified on 01.09.2010.

ii) Specifies the procedure to be followed for authorizing an entity which proposes to lay, build, operate or expand Petroleum and Petroleum Products Pipelines including LPG or LNG after appointed day i.e. 01.10.2007.

iii) Specifies the procedure for dealing with the cases where any entity has been laying, building, operation or expanding Petroleum and Petroleum Products Pipelines including LPG or LNG before the appointed day i.e. 01.10.2007.

Provisions are summarized in four categories:

1. Entities authorized by Central Government (Schedule H)2. Entities not authorized by Central Government (Schedule I)3. Dedicated Pipelines existing before appointed day (Regulation 19(1))4. Dedicated Pipelines proposed to be laid ,built ,operated or expanded after

Appointed day (Regulation 19(2))

Few Definitions:

1. Act – Petroleum and Natural Gas Regulatory Board Act, 2006.

2. Appointed Day – 01.10.2007.

3. Board – Petroleum and Natural Gas Regulatory Board.

4. Economic Life :

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a. For new pipelines – 25 years from the date of grant of authorization to the entity

b. For existing/ongoing pipelines – 25 years from start up date of commencement of physical activities of laying, building or expanding pipeline.

5. Extension of Pipeline – Increase in length of pipeline in either direction without increasing the capacity.

6. Expansion of Pipeline – Increase in the capacity of pipeline beyond the authorized capacity by installing pumping facilities, additional stations, loop lines etc. Also included extension of pipeline to such an extent that capacity increases.

7. Line balancing tanks – Intermediate tanks provided at converging or diverging point of two or more pipelines.

8. Petroleum and Petroleum product pipeline – Any pipeline including branch lines, spur lines and all connected infrastructure like pumps, metering units, storage facilities at originating, terminating and tap off points. This excludes dedicated pipeline to particular consumer i.e. where product is not for resale.

9. Petroleum and Petroleum product Tariff –Unit rate in Rs/MT or Rs/MT/Km for transport of Petroleum and Petroleum products.

10. Originating Pump station – Starting Point

11. Intermediate Pump Station – Installation having pumping facilities to enhance the pressure and is located at any point between Originating and terminating Point.

12. Tap Off Point – Location where Petroleum products is diverted into delivery terminal.

13. Terminal Station - Location which receives products at the end of pipeline and includes tankage for receipt of products.

14. Unsuccessful Bidder – Entity who participated and was not successful.

15. Shipper – Entity and consumer who intends to utilize the capacity in the pipeline.

Applicability:

1. For entity, which is laying, building, operating, or expanding or which proposes to lay, build, operate or expand Petroleum and Petroleum Products Pipelines for transporting one or more petroleum products including LPG or LNG.

2. For entity which proposes or directed by PNRGB to convert dedicated pipeline to common or contract carrier.

For New Pipelines:

(Proposal by any entity or Board’s Suo Motu i.e. board on its own action)

1. Entity shall submit Expression of Interest i.e. Schedule A along with application fee for its proposed pipeline. ( a sample application form is annexed)

2. Board shall be publish an open advertisement in Newspaper ( One national and one vernacular daily) and through web hosting for receipt Expression of Interest and public consultation for period of 30 days.

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3. During this period anyone may submit their views in writing.4. Comments shall be hosted on the web to enable the entities to book the capacity of

the proposed pipeline so as to optimize the size of the line.5. At the end of thirty days based on the view received board may decide whether to go

ahead or drop the proposal.6. In case board decides to go ahead then board invites bids for the proposal through

open advertisement in Newspaper (One national and one vernacular daily).7. Time period of 120 days is given for submission of application cum bid (in two parts

Part A Technical and Part B Financial).Board may extend the date if deemed fit and same shall be published in the newspaper.

8. Board shall scrutinize the bids based on minimum eligibility criteria and bidding criteria. Entity with highest composite score of bidding criteria shall be declared as successful bidder.

9. LOI shall be issued to selected entity within 30 days from the last date of opening of financial bids.

10. Subsequently Performance Bond needs to be submitted by the successful bidder which is equal to 1% of estimated project cost or 1% of the project capitalized cost or 20 crores whichever is lesser.

11. Time period of completion – 36 months from the date of grant of authorization which shall be given within 30 days from last date of submission of performance bond.

12. Within 120 days of grant of authorization DFR along with financial plan needs to be submitted to board for internally financed project and for external funded projects financial closure from bank needs to be submitted within 180 days failing which authorization shall be cancelled.

13. The petroleum and petroleum products pipeline tariff shall be fixed on entry, exit point basis. This is called ceiling tariff.

14. Entity needs to provide progress report on quarterly basis as per Schedule E to the board.

15. Rerouting is allowed only if length does not increase by more than 10% and tariff remains constant,

16. Safety audits, quality checks, progress of works etc shall be monitored by board.17. Entity shall meet the annual target of transporting the product equal to volume

quoted earlier failing entity shall be penalized.18. Entity shall give enough publicity for spare capacity available for common carrier.19. Entity is responsible for getting periodical technical and safety audits carried out by

independent technical experts.20. Entity to comply the quality of service standards as per Schedule F

Minimum eligibility criteria:

1. Submission of applicable application fee2. Entity is technically capable of doing the job of laying of pipeline as per following

criteria:a. Entity has built/laid hydrocarbon pipeline (not less than 300 Km) on its own or

through contractors hired by them.b. Entity with joint venture with other entity (at least 11% equity) which in past

has built/laid hydrocarbon pipeline (not less than 300 Km).c. Entity intends to lay/build on lump sum turnkey basis along with PMC

/technical competent firm which in past has built/laid hydrocarbon pipeline (not less than 300 Km). The firm can be chosen by entity even after award but the credentials shall be verified by the board.

d. Entity has adequate number technically qualified personnel with experience of construction, pre commissioning etc for taking up the job independently.

3. Entity is technically capable of operating and maintaining the pipeline as per following criteria:

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a. Entity on its own has experience of one year of operating and maintaining the hydrocarbon pipeline of length not less than 300 Km

b. Entity in joint venture with other entity (at least 11% equity) has experience of one year of operating and maintaining the hydrocarbon pipeline

c. Entity intends to operate on standalone basis with the help of agreement (for at least one year) with PMC which has experience of one year of operating and maintaining the hydrocarbon pipeline

d. Entity has adequate number technically qualified personnel with experience in commissioning, O&M of pipeline for taking up the job independently/standalone basis.

4. Entity has adequate financial strength to take up the job.

Capacity of Pipeline

It shall be aggregate of the following

1. Capacity requirements of entity2. Firmed up contracted capacity with other entities3. At least 25% of above 2 as extra capacity.

Bidding Criteria:

1. Lowness of present value of the fixed unit of Petroleum and Petroleum products Pipeline tariff bid ( Rs/MT).Tariff shall be 10 years and weightage is 50%

2. Lowness of present value of the variable unit of Petroleum and Petroleum products Pipeline tariff bid ( Rs/MT/KM).Tariff shall be 10 years and weightage is 20%

3. Highness of present value of Petroleum and Petroleum products Pipeline capacity (MMTPA) proposed. Weightage shall be 30%.

Entities not authorized by the Central Government:

1. To apply to board immediately for authorization in form of Schedule I.2. Board will consider the following criteria for grant of authorization:

Entity to meet minimum eligibility criteria Entity registered in Companies act 1956. A satisfactory assessment of physical and financial progress as per DFR. (at

least 25%) DFR should clearly indicate specified length, route and capacity. Booking of capacity should be equal to at least 50% of sum of own capacity and

firmed up contracted capacity. Entity to submit the copies of agreements for fired up capacity.

3. Based on the assessment board shall issue public notice in newspaper and also web host the details of project to seek comments and objections, if any, within 30 days from anyone on proposal.

4. Then it will examine the comments to decide whether to grant authorization or not.5. In case entity is selected for authorization then following shall be adhered to:

Tariff to be fixed as per the regulations Shall abide to technical standards, specifications as specified. Board shall monitor the actual progress made by the entity on quarterly basis with

respect to period of commissioning to avoid any cost/time overrun,6. Also entity should declare the pipeline as common carrier.

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Provisions regarding modifications or expansion or extension in a petroleum and petroleum products pipeline:

1. Applicability :

To carry out any modifications or expansion or extension in pipeline Discontinue the operations in pipeline or any segment thereof Add a new tap off or discontinue an existing tap off Provide a new connectivity or discontinue an existing connectivity.

2. Prior approval from board to be taken in above cases and in case of increase in length beyond 10% of authorized length of the trunk or transmission pipeline or 50 Km whichever is lower authorization needs to be taken from board.

3. Entity may expand the capacity or length within 10% and inform the board provided there is no change in tariff.

4. For beyond 10% application shall be submitted to Board seeking authorization. Board may allow the expansion provided it is not adversely affecting customers served by pipeline. Financial implication will be reviewed in next review period.

5. Board shall examine and give decision within 60days of receipt of proposal.

6. In suo moto case by board, owner has right of first refusal.

Various steps involved in PNGRB clearance are as under:

S. NO STEPS TIME LINE1 Interested Entity to submit application for Expression of

Interest as per Schedule A.2 PNGRB to publish open ad in newspaper/ web & seek

Public consultation for 30 days.30 days

3 Other entities can book their capacity in the P/L during this period. (i.e. 30 days).

Within 30 days

4 Based on comments received, PNGRB to either drop or go-ahead.

30 days

5 PNGRB shall invite bids thru Open Advertisement (120 days for submission of bid in two parts shall be provided by PNGRB) and shall extend the date depending on number of Bids received.

30 days

6 Submission of Application-cum bid in Schedule B. 120 days7 PNGRB shall evaluate the bids based on minimum

eligibility criteria.8 Entity with Highest Composite score shall be declared

successful9 LOI shall be issued within 30 days of Financial Bid

opening30 days

10 Issue of authorization shall be within 30 days from submission of Performance bond.

30 days

The format of Schedule A which is to be submitted by interested party is given below and other formats/ schedules has been annexed as Annexure I:

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Schedule A[See regulations 4(1) and 5(6)]

Application form for submitting expression of interest by an entity desirous of laying, building, operating or expanding a petroleum and petroleum products pipeline

A. Only an entity which complies with the minimum eligibility criteria as per regulation 5(6) of the Petroleum and Natural Gas Regulatory Board (Authorizing Entities to Lay, Build, Operate or Expand Petroleum and Petroleum products Pipelines) Regulations, 2010 is eligible to submit its application for submission of expression of interest to the Board.

B. Entities must enclose documentary proof in support of its meeting the minimum eligibility criteria.

C. The entity submitting the expression of interest must submit the following information:

1 GENERAL DETAILSA Name of the EntityB Type of firm – Public Limited Company / Private Limited Company / Partnership

firm / Proprietorship firm / others (Please specify)C Date of incorporation and date of commencement of businessD Address of the Registered OfficeE Name, addresses, telephone numbers, e-mails of all directors / partners /

proprietor2 PRIMARY TECHNICAL DATAA Point of origin and the end point of the proposed petroleum and petroleum

products pipelineB Indicative route of the proposed petroleum and petroleum products pipeline

indicating the likely petroleum products injection points and likely delivery points depicted on a physical map.

C Petroleum products availability positionD Potential demand of petroleum products en route the petroleum and petroleum

products pipelineE Assessment of total volume for transportation in the proposed petroleum and

petroleum products pipelineF Any other issue considered as relevant by the entity3 Application fee of Rs.________ paid vide demand draft / pay order number

_______ dated _________ drawn on <name of bank and branch>

Date:

Place:Name and Signature of entity or authorized signatory

Official Seal

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1.3.2. MOE&F:

EC clearance is normally exempted for cross country pipelines not passing through eco-sensitive areas. For passing through eco-sensitive areas like sanctuaries, buffer zone of sanctuaries etc, EC clearance is required. In order to obtain EC clearance an application is submitted in Form 1 to MOE&F. The expert committee scrutinizes the proposal and provides TOR. TOR normally involves EIA/RRA studies followed by public hearing. Public hearing Minutes are to be uploaded in MOEF web site. After complying with the TOR, the expert committee reviews the proposal and accords EC with conditions.

1. Form -1 needs to be filled and submitted with requisite annexure to MOE&F. Sample Form –1 which was submitted for Kota-Jobner Pipeline Project is given below:

APPENDIX I

FORM I

I Basic Information

Name of the project : KOTA-JOBNER (JAIPUR) P/ L PROJECT

Location/site alternatives under : PIPELINE TO BE LAID IN RAJASTHAN Consideration STATE THROUGH FOLLOWING

DISTRICTS: KOTA, BUNDI, TONK & JAIPUR.

Size of the project : ESTIMATED THROUGH PUT: 1.7 MMTPA

Expected cost the project : Rs. 276.27 CRORES

Contact Information : Any required information for the project will be given by:Chief Engg. Manager (P/L Projects)BPCL, A-5&6, NOIDa.

Screening Category : A

Capacity corresponding to sectoral to activity (such as production capacity for manufacturing mining lease area and production capacity for mineral production area for mineral exploration, length for linear transport infrastructure, generation capacity for power generation etc.

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II Activity1. Construction, operation or decommissioning of the project involving actions, which

will cause physical changes in the locality (topography, land use, changes in water bodies etc.)

S. No.

Information /Checklist confirmation

Yes/ No

Details thereof (with approximate quantities/ rates, wherever possible) with source of information data

1.1 Permanent or temporary change in land use, land cover or topography including increase in intensity of land use plan)

Yes Bare minimum temporary change in land use would be involved for laying the pipeline. We take 18m ROU for laying the line as per Petroleum Pipeline (acquisition of Right of User in Land Act 1962, Amended vide amendment ordinance, 1977. The total extent of land use, therefore, for laying 210 km of pipeline from Kota to Jobner (Jaipur) will come to 378 hectares. Of the total extent approx. 286 hectares is cultivated land and balance 92 hectare is barren / rocky land. The land will be restored back to the original status after laying the pipeline. The pipeline will pass through approx 3.25 Kms in forest area where the ROU will be limited to 10 m. The pipeline will be laid at a depth of 1.0 – 1.5m.

1.2 Clearance of existing land, vegetation and buildings?

Yes As mentioned under 1.1 above most of the pipeline route passes through agricultural and barren land. Apart from the above, bare minimum vegetation coming along the pipeline route has to be cleared. The pipeline route is selected in such a fashion that no permanent buildings are falling along the ROU.

1.3 Creations of new land uses? Yes Land will be procured for Sectionalizing Valve and Intermediate pigging station coming along the route of the pipeline. There would be 7 such stations along the route ( 6SV Stations and 1 IP ) and the land requirement will be approx. 2500 sq.m. per SV station and approx. 8000 sq.m. per pigging station.

1.4 Pre-construction investigations e.g. bore houses, soil testing?

Yes Soil investigation along the route will have to be carried out along the pipeline route to determine the strata and soil resistivity to design the corrosion protection system for the pipeline. The depth of bore will be 3 m. The bore will be restored after testing.

1.5 Construction Works? Yes The construction works that would involve for the project comprise the following.a) Laying, testing and commissioning of the

pipelineb) Construction and commissioning of

Sectionalizing Valve stations/ Intermediate Pigging /Jaipur Receipt Station.

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1.6 Demolition works? Yes Nil1.7 Temporary sites used for

construction works or Housing of construction workers?

Yes The contractor normally hires site for temporary setting up site office, storing of materials and accommodation of construction workers at 2 locations along the pipeline route during the construction phase which would last for about a year. The staff would be provided all amenities and facilities as per the Contract labour Act at the site.

1.8 Above ground buildings, structure or earthworks including linear structures, cut and fill excavations

Yes Sectionalizing Valve Stations will be constructed in an area of approx. 2500 sq.m. every 40Kms for accommodating the Cathodic Protection Panels and Sectionalizing valves. These stations will have a control room building of 120 sq.m. Size and a valve cage. These are basically unmanned stations and only one security staff will be present during regular operation.

1.9 Underground works including mining or tunneling?

No -

1.10 Reclamation works? No -1.11 Dredging? No1.12 Offshore Structures? No1.13 Production and manufacturing

processes?Nil -

1.14 Facilities for storage of goods or materials?

Yes Temporary storage yard will be taken along the pipeline route for storing pipes and other project materials. (approx. 5 acres)

1.15 Facilities for treatment disposal of solid waste or liquid effluents?

Nil No waste will be generated

1.16 Facilities for long term housing of operational works>

No Pipeline operation involves very minimum staff and they will stay on their own accommodation.

1.17 New road, rail or sea traffic during construction or operation?

No

1.18 New road, air waterborne or other transport infrastructure including new or altered routs and stations, ports, airports etc?

No

1.19 Closure or diversion of existing transport routes or infrastructure leading to changing in traffic movements?

Nil

1.20 New or diverted transmission lines or pipelines ?

Yes The proposal is for laying a new 14” product p/l from Kota to Jaipur. Apart from this no other new pipeline would be involved.

1.21 Impoundment, damming, culverting, realignment or other changes to the hydrology of watercourses or

Nil -

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aquifers?1.22 Stream crossings? Yes The pipeline would cross the following 4

rivers along the route: CHAMBAL BANAS MEJ CHANDRALOI SOHADRA MASHI/ BANDI

1.23 Abstraction or transfers of water form ground or surface waters?

Yes The water required for 6SV and 1 IP during Operation phase will be approx. 500 Lt / Day / Location

1.24 Changes in water bodies or the land surface affecting drainage or run-off?

NIL

1.25 Transport of personnel or materials for construction, operation decommissioning ?

YES The Construction Staff and machinery movement will be restricted along the P/L route only.

1.26 Long term dismantling or decommissioning or restoring works?

NIL

1.27 Ongoing activity during decommissioning which could have an impact on the environment?

NIL The ROU will be restored back to the original condition after laying Pipeline.

1.28 Influx of people to an area in either temporarily or permanently?

NIL

1.29 Introduction of alien species? NIL1.30 Loss of native species or

genetic diversity?NIL

1.31 Any other actions? NIL2. Use of natural resources for construction or operation of the project (such as

land, water, materials or energy, especially any resource which are non-renewable or in short supply)

S. No.


Yes/ No


2.1 Land especially underdeveloped or agricultural land

Land will be procured for Sectionalizing Valve stations and IP Station. There will be 6 such SV stations and for each station 2500 Sqm of land will be procured. There will be 1 IP station and approx 8000 Sqm of land will be required for the same.

2.2 Water (expected source and competing users ) Unit : KLD

5 KLD

Water requirement for the Project is very minimum, mainly for the domestic use of the workers.

2.3 Minerals (MT) NIL2.4 Construction material – stone,

aggregates, and /soil (expected source-MT)

YES Construction material will be required for the SV / IP Stations only and shall be taken from local sources

2.5 Forests and timber (source MT)

YES The pipeline will have to be routed through forest for a length of 3.25 km in a restricted

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ROU of 10m. Details of forest stretches are given in detail in Section 9(ii)

2.6 Energy including electricity and fuels (source, competing users) unit: fuel (MT) energy (MW)

YES HSD will be required for Operating Construction vehicles. The requirement will be approx 200 litres per day.

2.7 Any other natural recourses (use appropriate standard units)

NIL

3 Use, storage, transport, handling or production of substances or materials, which could be harmful to human health or the environment or raise concerns about actual or perceived risks to human health.

S. No.


Yes/ No


3.1 Use of substances or materials, which are hazardous (as per MSIHC rules) to human or the environment (flora, fauna, and water supplies)

NIL The pipeline is proposed to carry Petroleum Products and the normal operation is a closed system operation without any leakages. SCADA system shall be provided for effective and reliable supervisory management & control of the complete pipeline from Kota to Jaipur. In addition leak detection APPS package shall be provided.

3.2 Changes in occurrence of disease or affect disease vectors (e.g. insect or water born disease)

NIL

3.3 Affect the welfare of people e.g. by changing living conditions?

YES The project has positive impact on the welfare of the people as narrated below :

Project is intended to cater to the Petroleum Demands of the Northern Region, thereby serving a national cause.

Project is Eco friendly and on commissioning will drastically minimize road movements and consequent probability of accidents and environmental pollution.Project will generate employment opportunities during construction and operation phases.

3.4 Vulnerable groups of people who could be affected by the project e.g. hospital patients, children, the elderly etc.

NIL

3.5 Any other causes NIL

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4 Production of solid wastes during construction or operation or decommissioning (MT/month)

S. No.


Yes/ No


4.1 Spoil, overburden or mine wastes

NIL

4.2 Municipal waster (domestic and or commercial waste)

YES About 400 people will be employed during the construction phase. They will be accommodated in the temporary accommodation built for the purpose with toilets, urinals and other amenities as per the contract labour act. Operation phase would involve bare minimum people.

4.3 Hazardous wastes (as per hazardous waste management rules)

NIL

4.4 Other industrial process wastes

NIL

4.5 Surplus product NIL4.6 Sewage sludge or other

sludge from effluent treatmentNIL

4.7 Construction or demolition wastes

BARE MINIMUM

Construction waste will not be generated during laying of the pipeline. Minor waste generated, if any, for the construction of SV / IP stations will be disposed off safely as per the prevailing PCB norms.

4.8 Redundant machinery or equipment

NIL

4.9 Contaminated soils or other materials

NIL

4.10 Agriculture wastes NIL4.11 Other solid wastes NIL

5 Release of pollutants or any hazardous, toxic or noxious substances to air (Kg/Hr)

S. No.


Yes/ No


5.1 Emissions from combustion of fossil fuels from stationary or mobile sources

YES There would be controlled emissions during the operation of the construction vehicles. 1 No. DG set of 25-30 KVA would be employed in Sectionalizing Valve stations and one no 62.5 KVA for IP station and the stack height will be as per the prescribed PCB Norms.

5.2 Emissions from production processes

NIL

5.3 Emissions from materials handling including storage or transport

YES The pipes and Project materials have to be taken to site from storage yard through trailors / trucks.

5.4 Emissions from construction Yes There would be an average of 30 vehicles

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activities including plant and equipment

DUST

operating per day for the construction. Dust generated on account of movement of vehicles along ROU will be controlled by sprinkling water. The movement will not generate any sewage waste.

5.5 Dust or odours from handling of materials including construction materials, sewage and waste

NIL

5.6Emissions from incineration of waste

NIL

5.7 Emissions from burning of waster in open air (e.g. slash materials, construction debris)

NIL

5.8 Emissions from any other sources

NIL

6 Generation of noise and vibration, and emissions of light and heat

S. No.


Yes/ No


6.1From operation of equipment e.g. engines, ventilation plant, crushers

Yes Approximately 30 vehicles will be operating at various places along the entire pipeline route of 210 Km. The increase in equivalent noise due to incremental vehicular traffic is estimated to be 2 to 3 dB.

6.2 From industrial or similar processes

NIL

6.3From construction or demolition

YES Same as given in Section 6.1 above

6.4 From blasting piling Yes Controlled blasting for a limited stretch may be required along the pipeline route wherever rocky strata is involved for laying the pipeline at a depth of 1.0 – 1.5m. Necessary clearance for the operation will be taken from the Concerned District Magistrate in this regard and adequate safety precautions will be observed.

6.5 From construction or operational traffic

YES Same as given in Section 6.1 above

6.6 From lighting and cooling systems

NIL

6.7 From any sources NIL

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7 Risks of contamination of land or water from releases of pollutants into the Ground or into sewers, surface waters, groundwater, coastal waters or the sea:

S. No.


Yes/ No


7.1 From handling, storage, use or spillage of hazardous materials

Yes Pipeline operation is considered to be safest mode of transportation of petroleum products. This is basically a closed system operation and as such chances for risks are bare minimum compared to the other modes of transportation like road tankers and by rail.

7.2 From discharge of sewage or other effluents to water or the land (expected mode and place of discharge)

NIL

7.3 By deposition of pollutants emitted to air into the land or into water

NIL

7.4 From any other sources NIL7.5 Is there a risk of long term

build up of pollutants in the environment from these sources?

NIL

8 Risks of accidents during construction or operation of the project, which could affect human health or the environment

S. No.


Yes/ No


8.1 From explosions, spillages, fires etc. from storage, handling, use or production of hazardous substances

YES The pipeline operation is the most safest mode of transportation of petroleum products. This is a closed system operation and does not involve any spillages during normal operation. As on date no incidents related to cross country pipeline accidents are reported.

8.2 From any other causes MIN There can be minimum risk due to movement of construction vehicles and other activities related to the project like welding, handling, grinding etc. during construction phase.

8.3 Could the project be affected by natural disasters causing environmental damage (e.g. floods, earthquakes, landslides, cloudburst, etc.)

Seismic study shall be carried out before deciding the thickness / grade of pipeline and pipeline laying procedure shall also be laid down based on the seismic Zone so as to take care of earthquakes.

Natural disasters like floods can affect the storage of material and movement of construction vehicles.

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9. Factors which should be considered (such as consequential development) which could lead to environment effects or the potential for cumulative impacts with other existing or planned activities in the locality:

S. No.


Yes/ No


9.1 Lead to development of supporting localities, ancillary development or development stimulated by the project which could have impact on the environment e.g.: Supporting infrastructure

(roads, power supply, waste or waste water treatment, etc.)

Housing development Extractive industries Supply industries Other

NIL

NIL

NILNILNILNIL

The pipeline route is decided taking into consideration the development plans of locality.

Moreover the pipeline laying construction equipment generally moves on pipeline ROU for laying the pipeline, there movement on roads is very restricted.

9.2 Lead to after-use of the site, which could have an impact on the environment

NIL

9.3 Set a precedent for later developments

NIL

9.4 Have cumulative effects due to proximity to other existing or planned project with similar effects

NIL

III Environment sensitivity

S. No.

Areas Name/ Identity

Aerial distance (within 15 Km.) proposed project location boundary

1 Areas protected under international conventions, national or local legislation for their ecological, landscape, cultural or other related value

NIL The pipeline route is selected in such a fashion that the pipeline does not pass through any National Park, Wild Life Sanctuary or any other Protected Area.

2 Areas which are important or sensitive for ecological reasons – Wetlands, watercourses or other water bodies, coastal zone biospheres, mountains forest

BARE MIN.

The Project will have bare minimum impact on water bodies and others. The pipeline as mentioned earlier will have to cross the following 2 major rivers and 2 minor rivers. The major crossing details are as:

(a) : CHAMBAL RIVER (SOI Map : 45 O/15)N - 25⁰ 16’ 35”E - 75⁰ 55’ 25”

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(b) : BANAS RIVER : (SOI Map : 45 N/12)

N - 26⁰ 08’ 10”E - 75⁰ 39’ 47”

The Route Passes through 3.25 Kms of Forest as given below :

(1) GANDOLI FOREST: (SOI MAP 45 O/14):Length 1.6 Kms.

Start :(N) - 25⁰ 32’ 55” (E) - 75⁰ 59’ 37” End : (N) - 25⁰ 33’ 30” (E) - 75⁰ 59’ 24”Start :(N) - 25⁰ 35’ 34” (E) - 75⁰ 59’ 20” End :(N) - 25⁰ 35’ 46” (E) - 75⁰ 59’ 16”

(2) JAITPUR BLOCK :-(SOI MAP 45 O/14):Length 0.9 Kms.

Start : (N) - 25⁰ 36’ 44” (E) - 75⁰ 59’ 34” End :(N) - 25⁰ 37’ 13” (E) - 75⁰ 59’ 27”.

(3) NAGAR FORT:(SOI MAP 45 O/13):Length 0.75 Km.

Start :(N) - 25⁰ 56’ 31” (E) - 75⁰ 48’ 46” End : (N) - 25⁰ 57’ 38” (E) - 75⁰ 48’ 33”

Necessary permission from forest authorities and other statutory authorities will be taken prior to commencing the project activities in forest areas.

3 Areas used by protected, important or sensitive species of flora or fauna for breeding,

NIL

4 Islands, coastal, marine or underground waters

NO

5 State, National boundaries NO6 Routs or facilities used by the

public for access to recreation or other tourist, pilgrim areas

NO

7 Defense installations NO8 Densely populated or built up

areaNO

9 Areas occupied by sensitive man-made land uses (hospitals, schools, places of worship, community facilities)

NO

10 Area containing important, high quality or scarce resources, surfaces resources, forestry, agriculture, fisheries, tourism, minerals)

NO

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11 Areas already subject to pollution or environmental damage, (those where existing legal environmental standards are exceeded)

NO

12 Areas susceptible to natural hazard which could cause the project to present environmental problems (Earthquakes, subsidence, landslides, erosion, flooding or extreme or adverse climatic conditions)

NO

IV Proposed terms of reference for EIA studies:

This is a pipeline project not passing through any national park, wild life sanctuary or any other protected areas. We are therefore seeking exemption from environmental clearance as per 6 (a) of the schedule of the notification issued by Ministry of Environment and forests in the Gazette of India, Extra Ordinary, Part II and Section 3, Sub section (ii) based on the details furnished above.

2. The proposal is studied by Expert appraisal committee and project proponent needs to present the project details to them on designated date. If the pipeline is not passing through any national park, wild life sanctuary or any other protected areas, exemption for environmental clearance is given

3. If the pipeline is passing through national park, sanctuary, protected area, notified CRZ area, terms of reference for carrying out EIA/ RRA studies is given along with few conditions as per the EIA notification 2006.

4. Subsequently, EIA/RRA studies are carried out. PCB Clearance also requires EIA/ RRA studies to be carried and its conditions are also incorporated in final EIA/ RRA study report. The final study report along with compliance to all the conditions specified is submitted back to MOE&F for final approval. The proposal is studied by Expert appraisal committee and project proponent needs to present the project details to them on designated date.

5. Once the expert appraisal committee is satisfied, environmental clearance is given.

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1.3.3 PESO APPROVAL

In pipeline projects, PESO approval is taken at two stages i.e. before construction which is called construction approval and before commissioning which is called final approval.

Also in pipeline projects two different PESO approvals are taken, i.e. one for intermediate pigging / pumping stations and another for entire pipeline

PESO APPROVAL FOR CONSTRUCTION

INTERMEDIATE PIGGING/ PUMPING STATION

A covering letter citing purpose of application, details of facilities and project is submitted along with 4 copies of duly signed layout and DD of value Rs.500/- is submitted at PESO office at Nagpur. (A copy of same is annexed)

The concerned official scrutinizes the proposal and gives the approval ( A copy for ready reference is annexed)

PIPELINE

1. A covering letter citing purpose of application along with requisite documents and DD of value Rs. 1000/- is submitted at PESO office at Nagpur ( A copy of same is annexed for ready reference)

2. The documents, which need to be duly signed and submitted along with the application, are as under:

a. Copy of DFRb. Copy of Pipeline design basisc. A copy of environmental clearance, if not available copy of application along

with EIA/RRA study report.d. Pipeline thickness calculatione. Start and end point of pipeline citing village, tehsil and district.f. Exact length of the pipeline along with its salient featuresg. Details pertaining to the number of Sectionalizing valve stations and their

typical layout.h. Pipeline schematic diagram.i. Pipeline route marked on 1: 50000 SOI map.

3. The concerned official scrutinizes the proposal and gives the approval ( A copy for ready reference is annexed)

PESO APPROVAL FOR COMMISSIONING

INTERMEDIATE PIGGING/ PUMPING STATION

1. A covering letter citing purpose of application along with requisite documents and DD of value Rs.500/- is submitted at PESO regional office. ( A copy of same is annexed).

2. Following are the documents which need to be duly signed and submitted along with the application:

a. As built drawings/layout.b. Stability Certificatec. Copy of DM NOC

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d. Final EIA/RRA study report.e. Safety certificate for storage tanks duly signed competent person authorized by

PESO.


PIPELINE

1. A covering letter citing purpose of application along with requisite documents and DD of value Rs. 1000/- is submitted at PESO office at Nagpur ( A copy of same is annexed for ready reference)

2. Following are the documents which needs to be signed and submitted along with the application are as below:

a. As built drawings/layout.b. Stability Certificatec. Copy of DM NOCd. Final EIA/RRA study report.e. Safety certificate for Sump tanks put up various stations duly signed competent

person authorized by PESO.f. Final Pipeline route marked on 1: 50000 SOI map.g. Final Building layout of SV/IP stationsh. List of all electrical fittings fixed and copy of their PESO approval.i. Copy of IP station PESO approval for commissioning


1.3.4. Forest Clearances:

Clearance from the State’s Forest Department constitute in 3 sections. They are:

1. Block Forestry2. Social Forestry3. Wild life sanctuary

Block Forestry department mainly deals with the forests of single large areas such as reserved forests etc.

Social forestry section deals with the forest developments on the borrow pit areas located on both sides of Highways, Railways and canals.

Wildlife department deals with the wildlife that is allowed to live freely in the reserved forest area.

Formalities to be complied with:

Central Forest Act has come into force w.e.f. October, 1980. As per relevant provisions of the Act, if any department desires to lay / provide their facilities in forest area, then the following formalities are mandatory:

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1. The user department shall arrange an equivalent area of non forest land.If the Govt. land is not available from within the respective district itself, then with the approval from the Chief Secretary of the State, may arrange the total area from any place within the State. Cost of this land shall be borne by the user department wherever it is applicable. In case of non availability of suitable land, there is a provision under forest act to deposit money for double the area of diversion of forest as calculated by the forest department for public sector undertakings.

2. The equivalent area of non forest land, so arranged shall be handed over permanently to DFO within whose jurisdiction it falls.

3. Deposit the cost of fresh afforestation to be effected in this non forest land with the above said Authority for growing of trees equivalent to 10 times the number of trees to be felled as to be accounted jointly by the Forest and User Department after site visits are carried out.

Procedure for obtaining clearance:

Following are the steps involved in processing of forest permit from each State.

1. A formal application in the prescribed form is made to the Principal Chief Conservator of Forests in the respective State by giving a brief description of the Project along with SOI maps clearly indicating the pipeline route and area of diversion of forest involved.

2. Identify all the Divisional Forest offices within whose jurisdiction the pipeline is passing.

3. Meet and discuss with the individual DFO along with the detailed route map and identify all the locations of forest land for which permit is requested.

4. Visit all the sites along with the respective Range Officials and show them the pipeline alignment at the crossing places.

5. Collect the data for each crossing about the number of trees with their flora and fauna existing within the length and width of each piece of land, its area at every road, rail and canal crossings etc.

6. Tabulate and consolidate the total number of trees that are required to be felled within the jurisdictional area of each Divisional forest offices by indicating each crossing locations.

7. Consolidate the total area of the forest land involved. Arrange equivalent non forest land through the respective District Collector by depositing the amount calculated by them.

8. Prepare statements jointly signed by Forest and User Dept., indicating all the locations involved, total number of trees to be felled with its value, stating whether any livelihood of tribal in the area is affected, if so, alternatives

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arranged, the total forest area affected and equivalent non forest land arranged with a land plan duly signed by village Patwari etc.

9. Get a scheme for compensatory forestation to be carried out by the Forest Department indicating the number of saplings to be planted, watering and maintaining for 2 to 3 years and the total cost involved for the same.

10. If no forest area is involved in any of the districts, then a certificate to that effect is to be obtained from the concerned DFO’s.

11. Where ever diversion of forest is involved, then a separate certificate is to be obtained from the Chief Conservator of Forest (wildlife) of the State indicating the effects on the wildlife in that area on account of this project.

12. Detailed report with all the statements etc. from each DFO, conservator, and Chief Conservator of Forest (Wildlife) is consolidated at Principal Chief Conservator of Forest’s office and a recommendation in respect of said project is sent to the State’s Secretariat.

13. A recommendation in turn from the Secretary, Forest Department of the respective State is sent to the Assistant Inspector General of Forest, Central Government for issue of ‘No Objection Certificate’.

14. Finally a NOC in respect of Forest shall be issued by the Central Environmental Department through respective State Governments.

WILDLIFE CLEARANCE

1. Wildlife clearance is required if the pipeline is passing within radius of 10 Km from the end of the core area of sanctuary.

2. Covering letter along with the filled form i.e Part I and Part II along with necessary annexures like SOI map is submitted to Chief Wildlife Warden of State Government. ( Format is annexed as Annexure)

3. Chief Wildlife warden then forwards the same to DFO/Conservator whoever is in hierarchy as defined . The concerned officer then visits the site and submits his report back along with duly filled and signed Part III of the form ( Format is annexed as Annexure)

4. Chief Wildlife warden then puts up case to State Wildlife Board along with duly filled and signed Part IV of the form ( Format is annexed as Annexure)

5. After the approval from State Wildlife Board, the proposal is forward to National Wildlife Board ( A sample letter is annexed as Annexure)

6. The case is again put up by Concerned State Wildlife Warden to National Wildlife Board and after the presentation of case, National wildlife Board accords its approval to Chief Wildlife Warden of concerned state.

7. Final approval is then given by Chief Wildlife warden of concerned state.

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1.3.5. Railways:

1. First of all, the Divisional Authority under whose jurisdictional area, each of the Railway crossings fall is to be identified.

2. List out all the crossings and their particulars which fall in each Divisional area of Railway Dept.

3. Make a formal application to each of the concerned Divisional Authority by giving 2 copies of the cross sectional details and the list of crossings.

4. Furnish the crossing wise estimated cost of pipeline construction within the Railway land to the Railway Authorities.

5. After receipt of demand note from Railways for Plan and Survey charges, deposit the same with them.

6. Follow up and obtain a working drawing as prepared by the Railways.

7. Check the drawing and conditions stipulated therein by the Railways.

8. If all the things are found to be alright, then countersign the drawing and send it back to the Authority.

9. Follow up with their various authorities including the Railway Safety Department so as to obtain NOC together with the approved copy of the working drawing.

1.3.6 Irrigation Department:

Clearance in respect of canal crossings, river crossings (submerged type) minor water courses including nalas etc. can be dealt with the Irrigation Department of the respective State Govts.

In submerged crossings, the pipeline is susceptible for exposure due to wash outs during floods. To safe guard against such damages, the pipeline is laid below the river bed at a depth greater than the scour depth of the river in addition to the anti buoyancy measures like concrete coating. To compute the scour maximum flood level, river bed slope, size of the river bed particles, velocity of the water, cross sectional area etc. are to be collected from the concerned authorities.

The above exercise is generally done for major rivers. Any canal however, big it may be, will not be susceptible for any washouts as there is no scouring in the canal. It is always affected by silting. Hence, due precautions are to be taken while designing the depth of pipeline below the canal bed to keep sufficient allowance towards the de-silting plans of the canal.

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Once the complete set of cross sectional drawings for all the water course crossings are made available, the same may be segregated into different categories as mentioned above. Then, a formal application in made to the concerned Chief Authority of the State by giving crossing drawings and a route map. Chief Authority forwards the applications to the respective field authorities for their inspection and recommendation. After obtaining the recommendation, the permission is accorded with conditions to be followed while execution.

1.3.7 State Highways and National Highways:

Once the complete set of road crossing drawings are available, the same may be segregated into different categories viz.

1. Cased crossings for National Highways, State Highways, important district roads and any other busy road where heavy vehicular traffic movement is involved.

2. Open cut type crossings for all other village, Panchayat roads, Kutcha roads etc.

Finally, separate statements are prepared for each category by giving complete list of crossings district wise in each state. Then, a formal application is to be made to the Chief Engineer of PWD or the concerned authority by giving crossing drawings.

Chief Engineer / the concerned authority forward the application to the respective field authorities for their inspection and recommendation. After receiving the recommendation, the demand note is provided towards restoration charges. On making payment, the final permission is granted with conditions to be followed while execution.

1.3.8 CLEARANCE FOR LAYING THE PIPELINE IN COASTAL AREAS:

The following clearances are required for laying pipeline in coastal areas.

a) Approval from the concerned port authoritiesb) CRZ clearance

CLEARANCE FROM PORT AUTHORITY

Permission from Port authority is required where the pipeline passes through land under the jurisdiction of the port authority. Port permission always involves way leave charges. Here, specific permission has to be obtained from the Port Authority in respect of the way leave facilities involving road crossings, water course crossings, ROW land etc.

Similar to the methods mentioned above, a formal application is made to the concerned Authority by giving the crossing drawings, route map portion along the port land etc.

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After inspection by the authorities, Port grants permission and advises the lease rentals. Port normally does not permit to work during monsoon season in offshore portion. Working in offshore involves safety certificate from the marine authorities which are to be ensured by the laying contractor.

There may be cases, where land has to be procured for pumping stations, SV stations etc from the port authority. A separate application is made to be Authority for obtaining land for pump stations/SV etc providing the details. In this case, the land will be available only for a fixed years lease basis as no port land will be parted with on permanent basis for other users.

CRZ CLEARANCE

Central Government, with a view to ensure livelihood security to the fisher communities and other local communities living in the coastal areas, to conserve and protect coastal stretches and their unique environment and marine area, and to promote development through sustainable manner based on scientific principles taking into account the dangers of natural hazards in the coastal areas, sea level rise due to global warming, has declared the coastal stretches of the country and the water area up to its territorial water limit, excluding the islands of Andaman and Nicobar and Lakshadweep and the marine areas surrounding these islands up to its territorial limit, as Coastal Regulation Zone (hereinafter referred to as the CRZ) and restricts the setting up and expansion of any industry, operations or processes and manufacture or handling or storage or disposal of hazardous substances as specified in the Hazardous Substances (Handling, Management and Transboundary Movement) Rules, 2009 in the aforesaid CRZ and calls for clearance as per COASTAL REGULATION ZONE NOTIFICATION published vide gazette notification dated 6th January, 2011. The process involves submission of application in form-1 along with the all the documents prescribed therein to the respective Coastal Zone Management Authority. The expert committee reviews the proposal and gives its recommendation for TOR or clearance as the case may be. After complying with the TOR conditions, wherever required, the committee suggests for public hearing and the comments received are uploaded in the website. Based on the merit of the proposal the Expert Committee grants their clearance. It may be noted that proposals involving CRZ clearance will be considered for EC clearance only after obtaining CRZ clearance. A specimen application submitted for CRZ clearance for laying pipeline from Puthuvypeen to Kochi refinery and the clearance accorded by the committee are enclosed for reference.

1.3.9. Permission for ROW land belong to Revenue Department, Panchayat and other Govt. Departments such as Sheep and Wool etc.

Once the Cadastral survey is completed, the ownership of all the land along the pipeline ROW is known from which the land belonging to private parties are segregated. Now, from the remaining khasra details, list of various Govt. departments and other local bodies is made out.

The Central Govt. Rules framed as per the provision of P&MP Act clearly prohibit the acquisition proceedings for acquiring the “Right of User in land” for the lands belonging to Govt. Panchayat or other local bodies without their clearance. In these

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cases, formal applications are to be made to the concerned authorities by furnishing a consolidated list of all the plot numbers pertaining to the entire jurisdictional area of the respective authorities. For all the lands belonging to Revenue department, the Permit Authority will be the District Collector. For lands belonging to PWD, Irrigation, Railways, Sheep & Wool Department etc. (other than the land at pipeline crossing locations), the ultimate Authority for according permission will be the chiefs of the respective departments to whom the formal application is to be submitted along with the full details of khasra numbers which are involved in the ROW width.

1.4. ACQUISITION OF RIGHT OF WAY (ROW):

Once the project is sanctioned, immediately preconstruction activities are to be taken up on hand as these activities consume considerable time. In this, the processing actions are to be concentrated mainly on two fronts. They are acquisition of ROW and obtaining permits from statutory authorities.

Acquisition of ROW means to acquire only the “Right of User in land” for the purpose of pipeline construction works in accordance with the relevant provisions available in the P&MP Act and after observing all the required formalities in this connection.

These activities may be divided into sub heads as stated below:

Cadastral Survey Notification U/s 3(1) of P&MP Act Serving of notices, inviting objections and hearing of the cases etc. Notification U/s 6(1) of P&MP Act. Taking over of the possession of ROW. Compensation under P&MP Act.

Normally, 18 meters width strip of land is acquired as ROW in IOC. (However, in other organizations (GAIL) 30 meters width of ROW is also acquired). We fix up the alignment of the pipeline in such a way that 13 m is allocated towards flow direction and 5 m in the non-flow direction.

Segregation of private lands from that of Govt. and public bodies.

Before starting with the work of tracing of village maps, it is essential to identify exactly the villages involved. For this, a Tehsil map or a District map showing all the villages therein is to be procured. In this map, the pipeline route is marked with the help of route maps furnished by SOI. With this, all the villages involved can be listed out.Tracing of Village Maps:

Generally village maps are not freely available for public use. Since our personnel are deputationists from State Govts., required portion of the village maps are traced easily with their help.

Fixing of missing TPs:

Many times, there occurs a time gap of 2 to 3 years between the time of detailed Engineering Survey and time of starting cadastral survey. During this period, there are chances of TPs / IPs getting missed. Field owners may remove these stones as

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they obstruct the cultivation work. Some field owners lift the stone along with the foundation concrete and fix it at a distant place where obstructions are less. Some people remove it with bad intention. Sometimes, the stones get damaged. Likewise and due to other reasons also, it is not necessarily true that the TPs will remain all the time at the same location. It becomes difficult to locate the exact location of a turning point for the land department people. So, before starting the cadastal survey, it is essential to fix the missing TP stones once again at the same previous location with the help of records furnished by SOI.

Plotting of TPs:

To identify the plots where the pipeline is proposed to pass, marking of the alignment in the village map is essential. Initially, turning points are marked in the village maps with the help of physical measurements from permanent points etc. For this, land department personnel rely very much on the field boundaries, wells etc. It is essential that the revenue staff visit all the TP location so that there are no disputes at the time of opening of ROU.

Plotting of IPs:

Since between TP to IP, there may lie 2 or 3 village maps, it will be difficult to draw a straight line between such TPs as the boundaries of village map may not exactly match with the map of adjacent village. Hence, IPs are also required to be marked in the village maps.

Marking Pipeline Route and ROW:

After completing the marking of TPs and IPs, next course will be to join all the TPs and IP in straight lines as far as possible. Treating this line as centre, 18 meters wide ROW will be marked after leaving 13 meters on the flow direction and 5 meters on the non flow direction.

Extraction of Plot wise Area:

After the marking of ROW in the village map, the area of each plot that lie within the ROW width is to be calculated. Even if the area is negligibly small, the affected owner is also to be included in the list to be prepared. The area involved for each owner has to be worked out in metric system for Gazette publication.

Consolidation of Plot wise Area:

After the extraction of plot wise area, these are to be consolidated in a sequential manner. This is to be done to avoid any missing of land particulars that are required to be published.

Collection of Ownership Details:

Since the notices under relevant provisions of P&MP Act are to be served to all the affected land owners, it is essential to collect the names and addresses of all the owners of each plot. Although the plot area involved may be very small, but the

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number of owners may be as much as 20; still then it is mandatory to inform to all those owners. Hence, ownership details as available in revenue records are required to be collected.

Segregation of Govt. Lands:

As per Para no.2(2) of instructions attached with the rules framed by the Central Govt. the land particulars pertaining to Govt. or any local authorities are to be excluded before the land particulars are sent for publication in the Gazette. So, it is essential to segregate the plot details pertaining to Govt. or any other public bodies from that of the details pertaining to private land owners.

Acquisition of Right of Way:

In order to facilitate acquisition of Right of Way (ROW) for laying cross country pipelines, Central Govt. had enacted in 1962 an Act known as Petroleum Pipelines (Acquisition of Right of User in Land) Act 1962. Subsequently, by way of amendment enacted by the parliament in the year 1977 among others, the provisions of this Act were made applicable to pipelines transporting minerals also and then on this Act may be called as Petroleum and Minerals Pipelines Act (P&MP Act). It may not be out of place to mention that in India also as elsewhere in the world, a beginning was made for transportation of minerals through pipelines Therefore, the proceedings of ROW acquisition shall be in compliance with requirements of P&MP Act.

Notification of Intention of Laying the Pipeline:

In terms of the provisions of sub section 1 of section 3 of P&MP Act, the owner (either State/Central Govt. or Corporation) which intends to lay the pipeline shall publish in the Central Gazette its intention for acquiring the right of user in land for laying the proposed pipeline.

Procedure of Publishing Notification:

Based on the data gathered in the Cadastral Survey, a notification is to be prepared both in English and Hindi for publication in the Central Gazette in the particular format insisted by the Ministry. The various steps involved in this process are detailed hereunder:

1. In terms of the instructions issued by the Govt. of India, care shall be taken to exclude the following type of land from the notification to be issued under section 3(1) of P&MP Act.

a) Land belonging to Central or State Govt. or to any Municipality or Local Authority.

b) Any land used for residential purposes.c) Any land on which there stands a permanent structured) Any land which is pertinent to a dwelling house.

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In view of the above provisions, the land belonging to the State, Central Govt. or the Municipal Authorities are to be segregated from the ownership details collected during the Cadastral Survey.

2. Areas of the plots involved in the Right of Way are to be converted into Hectares, Ares and Centriares from the local units of area of measurement such as Bigha, Biswa etc.

3. The data is to be tabulated tehsil wise, plot wise, village wise as per the prescribed format. Besides a draft notification shall also be given as per the accepted pro-forma. All the individual pages are to be signed by the Competent Authority along with a seal. Required no of copies of this notification both in English and Hindi are to be forwarded for onward transmission to the Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas for publication in the Central Gazette.

4. Follow up:

After submission to the Ministry, this shall be closely follow up with the Ministry (in the Govt. press) to ensure early publication of the notification in the Central Gazette and forward the copies of its publication to the field office. The field office shall verify the published Gazette against the data given for publication and errors, if any, are to be identified and a separate notification for publication as erratum shall again be forwarded to the Ministry.

5. Declaration of Acquisition of Right of User:

According to the provisions of section 6 of P&MP Act, only upon publication of the declaration, the Right of User in the land shall vest with the pipeline owner. Therefore, various steps involved in getting a declaration published in the Central Gazette are enumerated hereunder:

1. The substance of the notification published in the Central Gazette under section 3(1) of P&MP Act shall be brought to the notice of the individual land owners by issuing notices individually (duly signed by the Competent Authority). A notice shall contain the description of the land including the Khasra No. and shall request individual owner to furnish his objections if any for laying the pipeline within 21 days on receipt of said notice. It must also be made clear to the owner of the land that either he can follow the case himself or engage a lawyer for the purpose.

2. Upon receipt of the objections, summons shall be issued by the Competent Authority to the concerned land owners requesting them to appear in front of the Competent Authority. The owner may be permitted to engage the services of an advocate also for this purpose. The hearing shall take place at a place convenient to the land owner either at Tehsil office or Panchayat office etc. The objections will be forwarded to the company for their comments.

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3. On completion of the hearing, an order shall be passed by the Competent Authority with regard to the proposed disposal action based on its merit. The actions suggested by the Competent Authority can include the advice to the owner for diversion of the route of the pipeline if necessary where the objections raised by the owners of the land / property are sustained.

Preparation of the Declaration under Section 6(1):

The declaration shall contain a detailed statement Tehsil wise, village wise and plot wise similar to the one prepared for the notification under section 3(1) where no objections were received. A declaration as per proforma enclosed at Annexure 3 shall be furnished. Wherever objections were disallowed, a statement shall be submitted in the format given at Annexure 4.

All the above said declarations and statements are to be made in English and Hindi. Same shall be signed on each page by the Competent Authority and forwarded to Head Office for further transmission to the Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas for publication in the Gazette.

No fresh area which was not notified under section 3(1) of the P&MP Act shall figure in the declaration i.e. being filed under section 6(1).

Rights of the Pipeline and Land Owners:

Subsequent, upon publication of the declaration under section 6(1) of P&MP Act in the Central Gazette, the Right of User in land vests with pipeline department for enabling its authorized personnel to enter the ROW for laying the pipeline or carrying out any related activities. The land owners are entitled to the admissible compensation under P&MP Act.

Land Owners, while they retain the ownership rights of the land acquired for ROW; they cannot plant any trees or construct any building or permanent structure of any nature whatsoever within the strip of land meant for ROW of the pipeline. No excavation beyond one foot depth shall be made by the owner. However, they can use the land for agricultural purposes and grow the usual agricultural crops.

Opening of ROW:

Subsequent to publication of declaration under section 6(1) of P&MP Act in the Central Gazette, the Right of Way can be opened for commencement of construction activities and handed over to the construction contractor. All individual land owners are to be served with individual notices indicating that the Right of User for laying the pipeline in the relevant land has been acquired in accordance with the provisions of P&MP Act and the construction activities will start from (Date)__________ and advise the owner of the land to make the land readily available. Subsequently, it is essential to make Nazari Naksha (Site sketches) of each plot showing clearly proper boundary references from the adjoining plots or from nearby permanent structures,

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north point etc. for references. Along with such sketches, a Panchnama is to be prepared in respect of each plot indicating number of trees, bushes standing crop, if any, any kutcha well or other features that exist within the plot which has financial implications from crop compensation point of view.

One panchnama for each plot is required to be prepared. This Panchnama is a document containing the above details and signed by some specific number of permanent village personnel staying in the same or nearby village to whom the plot of land belongs. It is advisable for the owner of the land to be present during the preparation of Panchnama, though it is not an essential condition.

Compensation:

The compensation payable to the land owners admissible under P&MP Act are detailed hereunder:

The owner is entitled for a compensation equivalent to 1/10 th of the average cost of the land prevailing market rate on the date of notification of the Gazette U/s 3(1) of the Act.

The owner is entitled for the compensation towards the standing crop, trees, bushes and permanent features, if any, existing in the land at the time of acquisition of ROW.

The owner is also entitled for compensation towards, the seasonal crops for the period for which he was not allowed to raise.

The owner is eligible for compensation for the damage caused to any utilities damaged or demolished for construction purpose.

Land Compensation:

To decide and arrive the cost of the land, the competent authority normally makes use of the DLC rates or relies on the latest Land Sale Deeds registered with the Registration Authority of the Tehsil. The average of all the rates will be considered and 1/10th of the same shall be the remuneration as compensation for per unit area of the ROW land. There is widespread objection from the landowners in adopting the above basis as the DLC rates and the rates considered for registration are very much low compared to the market rates. This has to be sorted out by involving the local administration for fixing reasonable rates.

Crop Compensation:

The total amount of crop compensation towards the standing crop depends mainly on two basic factors i.e. prevalent market rate for the particular agricultural produce encountered in the area and the yield pattern of the crop. The prevalent market rates can be obtained from the market committees or Upaj Mandies in the nearby town. Yield pattern of the crops depend upon the type of land which is categorized as:

Non-cultivable:

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Where the soil is of rocky, murram, marshy or having adverse chemical, composition, practically no crops can be grown over the land.

Cultivable:

Cultivation is fully depending on the rains only where no sub soil water or surface water is easily available for continuous cultivation. Here one crop and sometimes 2 crops can be raised in a year.

Irrigated:

2 or more crops are grown in a year where surface water is conveniently available for cultivation.

Lift-irrigated:

Where surface water is not available, the water is pumped from open wells, tube wells etc. from below the ground level and utilized for cultivation. Here, 2 or even 3 crops are grown in a year depending upon the type of crops.

The above particulars are available with the revenue records maintained by the village Patwaries. They even update these records by physically visiting the site every season and record the type of crop and probable yield for the same. Similarly, compensation for the non seasonal plants / bushes such as lemon, orange, pomegranate, guava etc. are also to be worked out basing on their life span, yield pattern etc which can be collected from Horticulture department.

Declaration of Award:

Based on the data collected from the respective sources, amount of compensation towards the standing crops, bushes, trees etc. and for ROW land are assessed separately for each piece of land Awards are declared in this respect by the Competent Authority who is having the powers of a Civil Court. The details of the award are communicated to each and every land owners in writing by giving them a reasonable time of 21 days of filling of objections; if any.

After allowing the time duration as mentioned in the award, all objections are received, reviewed and disposal off on the merits. If the objections are on the decision of ownership rights, then the dispute shall be referred to the respective District Judge by the Competent Authority and the decision of the District Judge shall be final in this respect. However, regarding the compensation, the land owners and owners of PL are having option to appeal in the Courts of District Judge against the award declared by the Competent Authority.

Disbursement of Compensation:

After the declaration of the award by the Competent Authority, the user department is bound to deposit the award amount within 15 days with the Competent Authority who will be maintaining separate bank account for this purpose. In case of delay in

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depositing the amount by the user department, then a penal interest can be levied on the user department for the defaulted period. For the disbursement of the compensation, a scheme shall be drawn by setting the dates and a common place in the concerned villages in coordination with the respective Tehsildars and Village Patwaries of the Revenue Department. Notices to right holders of the land shall be served well in advance to receive the payments. During all such disbursement of compensation, the local Revenue Authorities shall be associated to identify the owners of the land so as to avoid any complaints of impersonation.

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1.5. PERMANENT ACQUISITON OF LAND:

INTRODUCTION:

For any method of execution of Pipeline Construction whether it is on a turnkey basis involving a single contract agency on sole responsibility or involving multiple contract agencies doing different construction activities; arrangement of land for all the facilities shall be the obligation of the owner. Since quite a good span of time is consumed in processing Land Acquisition Works, the selection and procurement of land is generally carried out during the pre-construction period itself. This proves to be an advantage in terms of saving of time and as well as avoids any stoppage of construction activities and thereby involvement of down time payment etc. due to non-availability of land for construction site.

While in the case of laying the pipeline, we acquire only the “Right of User in Land” for pumping stations, tank farms and for providing other industrial facilities, as listed below, the land shall be procured on permanent basis, whether it is a large area or small piece of lands at different locations:

a. Pumping Stationb. SV /IP stationc. Receipt Terminal d. Despatch Terminal e. C.P. Station with Anode bed.

Site Selection

To proceed with the actions for procurement of land, site office will in advance identify at least two or three probable locations. The approved site selection committee shall visit all those locations and give their recommendations by listing them in preferential order.

While deciding the suitability of the location, the committee shall bear a few technical points in mind and due weightage may be given accordingly.

Criteria or Selection

The criteria adopted in respect of the land for Industrial facilities will slightly differ with the selection of the land for residential purposes. Therefore, both the criteria are dealt separately. The criteria of selection in respect of Industrial purposes are enumerated below:

Selection of Land for Stations:

1. First and foremost shall be the proximity of the pipeline ROW. This is mainly to minimize the cost of laying the incoming and outgoing piping lengths from the pump stations to the pipeline ROW where the mainline pipe is passing.

2. The land shall be an open and fairly level ground so as to minimize the cost of leveling and filling if any.

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3. The land should not be a sloppy or low level ground such that it does not get flooded or stagnated with the storm water from the nearby areas. The sloppy ground may at time function as storm water drain partly or fully and even otherwise is susceptible for erosion of earth during every monsoon.

4. The location should have an easy approach to the nearest highway / pucca road etc. or else additional expenditures will be involved to develop the approach. Village side rail heads if any are not of much use in place of pucca road.

5. The site shall be at least 100 meters away from human habitation / public gathering locations and from structures having public importance.

6. No public utility service such as power lines, telephone lines, water lines etc. either through underground or by overhead crossing across the site shall be allowed.

7. Site shall be free from HT transmission tower or such other structures.8. Site shall be at least 10 meters away from HT transmission bare conductors as

per the requirement of statutory rules.9. An open well with reasonably potable water if any existing already will be an

added advantage. This may serve as an alternative source of water supply but at times, may prove to be a main source itself.

10. The main source for the supply of water and independent power may also be identified and due weightage to be given for their nearness in view of the cost involved for laying the facilities from the source to the pump station.

Methods of Permanent Acquisition of Land:

Procurement of land can be done in either of the two methods:

1. Straight away purchase by carrying out negotiations directly with the concerned land owners, or

2. Taking over the possession of land by undertaking acquisition proceedings though concerned State Governments.

These are few advantages and disadvantages in both the system of procurement of land. However, the main features at large which influence the adoption of any one of the modes are the cost factor and the time constraints.

Merits and Demerits in Both the Modes are listed below:

Direct Purchase Acquisition through State Govt.Likely to be faster as parties get correct market value quickly and directly by them.

Likely to get delayed in view of the formalities to be observed by the concerned State Govts. As per their laid down procedures.

No objection from the parties as the purchase is by consent, so delay is avoided.

Notification is to be made. Objections and petitions are likely to be filed by the land owners – thereby further delays.

May prove to be costlier. Likely to be cheap as the State Govts., generally pay the average cost as per the land registration records made earlier which are usually shown less by the

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individuals. Additional payments to State Govt. and various formalities are involved in registration and conversion of agricultural land into industrial purposes as per the relevant Land Conversion Act rules of the States.

Rarely, it may work out to be equally costly if the land owners approach the courts against award. No payments and formalities are involved for registration and conversion of land as the State Govt. acquires and hands over the land to us in the converted nature.

May face serious difficulties in getting the exact place of choice if the landowners refuse to sell the land subsequently for any reasons.

Govt. can take possession of land by force if required. But now a days, government hesitate and avoid acquiring land

May face difficulties in getting the exact place of choice if all the owners of land are not available for negotiations etc.

Govt. can proceed with the acquisition work after observing due notices to their registered address etc.

Fragmentation of plots may pose problems in the absence of receipt of clearance from the State Govt.

Fragmentation of plots may not face problems if the State Govt. gets convinced with our proposal.

Will not be possible to procure the land exact place of choice if the land belongs to SC & ST persons as no registrations of such sale deeds are permitted by the State Govt.

May not pose such serious problem if the State Govt. gets convinced of our requirement.

Non encumbrance etc. is to be thoroughly checked from the Revenue Department.

We are relieved with the worries of such problems as the State Govt. takes all due care in this respect.

May face serious difficulties in getting exact place of choice if there are encroachments over the land of our choice.

We are relieved with the worries of such problems as the State Govt. will take all required measures in this respect.

Land owners are happy as the deal is by mutual consent and the payment is received directly by them as they need not deal through mediators or engage lawyers for it.

In most cases, the land owners are not happy as they might have to pay to the mediators or lawyers and the payment is less than their expectations. Also, many a times, they receive the award amount very late.

Procedure for Acquisition of Land:

Acquisition through State Government:

Following are the steps involved:

1. Site visit and collection of land particulars and the ownership details from the village records.

2. Apply to the Revenue Department of the State Govt. in the appropriate proforma for acquisition of the land with the following annexures:

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a. Certificate to the effect that all the boundaries of the site have been physically demarcated in the field.

b. Particulars to be filled as per the questionnaire.c. In case of acquisition to be carried out speedily, a certificate indicating the

urgency (Attached as Annexure 6).d. A site plan showing all the plots and their survey numbers involved in the

particular site.e. Statement showing the ownership details, area to be acquired, the category

of the land etc. for each one plot involved in the site.

3. The State Government will then forward the particulars to the concerned District Collector who in turn will get it verified it at village level and send a report to the Government.

4. The State Government will then publish the Notification in the State Gazette under Clause 4.1 of the Land Acquisition Act of the State Government indicting the intention to acquire the said plots with the purpose for which it is required and invite objections if any from the concerned interested parties. Simultaneously, the Government will appoint a “Land Acquisition Officer” to deal further in this particular case.

5. For wide publicity of the above, the user department may publish notification in the local Dailies.

6. The objections if received will then be heard and disposed off by the Land Acquisition Officer as per the merits of the case.

7. Finally, before the land is made available to the user department, another notification under clause 6 of the State Land Acquisition Act will be published indicating the decision to take over the land. Simultaneously, the Government also will advise the user department to deposit the cost of the land as valued already so that the same can be paid to the land owners while taking over the land from them. The cost of the land will be valued by the Land Acquisition Officer with the help of Surveyors from the Local Town Planning Department or from the Revenue Department as per the situation where the site is located.

8. Apply to the Tehsildar for mutation of the said land so that the ownership entries are made in the name of the user department in the Revenue Department records. Obtain copies of these new entries for recording purposes.

Procurement of Land by Direct Purchase

Following are the steps involved:

1. Site visit and collection of ownership details and land particulars from village records.

2. Contact the respective owners and obtain the consent with their offer in respect of the land they own.

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3. Obtain non encumbrance certificate for all the plots from the Village Patwari through the respective land owners. Encumbrance if any like bank loans shall be cleared prior to initiating the purchase action.

4. Get the land physically surveyed and measured by the village Revenue Department so as to assess the correct area of the land and to compare with the offer given by the Land owners.

5. Obtain the rate prevailing in the area through a Government approved valuer as well as the DLC rates.

6. Negotiate the deal with the land owners by the approved Committee

7. Get boundaries of the land demarcated with the stones.

8. After the deal is finalized, get the sale deed executed and get it registered in the Sub-Divisional Registrar’s office.

9. Apply to the Tehsildar / Collector with the requisite fees prescribed in the Act for conversion of the land from agricultural to industrial purposes.

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2. ACTIVITIES OF PIPELINE CONSTRUCTION

Construction of cross-country pipelines comprises several activities starting from receipt of pipes to clean up and restoration of ROW. In order to familiarize the reader with various construction activities, in the following, an attempt has been made to briefly describe the pertinent activities in a sequential manner.

2.1. Receipt and Stockpiling of Pipes:

Normally, the line pipes are shipped from the pipe mills through Road Trailers. In the case of imported pipes, they are transported from port of entry by Road. In those cases where the pipeline and coating are covered under separate contracts, the pipes are issued to the coating contractor at the pipe mill stock yard and further transportation to the coating plant is put in the scope of the coating contractor.

In order to minimize / avoid damage to the pipes during transportation, various measures stipulated in the recommended practice API 5L1 and 5L5 are to be followed. Upon receipt of pipes at destinations, they are to be unloaded. During these unloading and loading operations, care shall be taken to avoid damage to the pipes. All handling operations shall be done with padded hooks, coated slings or hoisting belts.

Prior to stacking of the pipes at stockpile site, all the pipes shall be inspected for mill markings (pipes, number, length, color bands) with tally sheet and also for any bevel or body damages. Any damages noticed shall be recorded and arranged for rectification as per the accountability stipulated in the contract. , If mill markings (stencil or paint) are not tallying with the tally sheet, they shall be separately kept and the matter shall be brought to manufacturer’s notice for replacement / cost recovery.

With a view to avoiding the pipes touching the soil during storage, at the bottom wooden sleepers shall be placed. Besides between each layer of pipes, wooden separators shall be kept.

2.2. Handing over of ROW to Construction Contractor:

After the award of contract for laying of pipeline, the contractors will be mobilizing men and materials to start the job and will be requiring the ROW land immediately thereafter. By this time, all required formalities in respect of ROW acquisition must be completed including that of making panchnama indicating the standing crop, trees etc. encountered in each plot. For smooth take over as far as possible, it shall be endeavored to settle compensation of the land owner.

Activities connected with the handing over of ROW land are:

Taking over of the ROW land by the contractors stretch by stretch which have already been cleared by the Competent Authority after observing all formalities required in this connection.

Simultaneously taking over of ROW portions pertaining to Govt. land for which due permission from the concerned authorities have already been obtained by BPCL.

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Pipeline contractors to fix the points at site for trenching. Fixing the centre line alignment of trench The trench alignment shall continuously run on the same side of the prior

fixed alignment so that the final alignment of the pipeline shall remain continuously at 5.00 meters away from edge of ROW.

The trenching alignment demarcated by the contractors shall be witnessed by BPCL Engineer.

2.3. Clearing and Grading of ROW:

The contractors to start removal of trees, bushes, field boundaries, earthen bunds of small heights and any such features.

Grading the site so that the vehicles and pipeline equipments can have a free movement at the work sites all along the ROW.

While carrying out clearing and grading of ROW site, following are to be taken care:

Grading shall be restricted within the ROU limits. No portion of high embankments and earthen bunds made for irrigation or

such other purposes shall be disturbed. No portion of the rail tracks laid at ground level or on high embankments

shall be disturbed except for the borrow pit portion of railway land. No portion of Highways built at ground level or on high embankments shall

be disturbed except the borrow pit areas of PWD. No portion of canals or nallahs under use shall be disturbed unless flow and

wastage of water is stopped, if diversion of water flow is found not feasible. No portion of the village roads or other State roads shall be disturbed till the

time actual laying of the pipeline before diversions are arranged for uninterrupted movement of traffic.

No structures or utilities close to the ROU shall be disturbed or damaged.

2.4. Hauling and Stringing:

In this activity after the pipes are handed over to the contractor at the dump yard, the contractor hauls (transports) the pipes and lays along (strings) the ROU.

2.5. Trenching or Ditching:

This operation involves making trench in the ROW normally with the help of trenching machines. The trench will be around 4 to 5 meters away from one edge of ROW.

While on the narrower side, the excavated soil will fall, the other broader side is used for movement of construction equipment and machinery.

In rocky areas, the trenching is done by rock blasting using explosives.

2.6. Bending:

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Where directional changes occur, or at the banks of rivers and canals, pipes are required to be bent (either sag bend, over bend or side bend). This is accomplished by cold pipe bending machines.

2.7. Line up / Alignment:

In this operation, the pipe ends are aligned to enable welding or circumferential seems (girth welds). For this purpose, internal line-up clamps are used. Prior to aligning, abnormal ovality if observed at the ends, the pipe ends are jacked up to remove ovality and achieve proper fit up and uniform root gap.

2.8. Welding:

The aligned pipe ends are joined by welding to make circumferential / girth welds. The most popular welding methods “stove pipe” welding in which two welders make the weld with manual metal arc welding (MMAW) by ‘vertical downhill’ method using cellulose coated electrodes. While one welder comes down from 12 O’clock position to 6 O’clock position through 3 O’clock the other welder comes down from 12 O’clock to 6 O’clock through 9 O’clock position.

In this welding, single side full penetration welds are produced. The first pass is called root pass or stringer bead, next pass is called hot pass, then filler passes and finally capping run follows. Each of the above said passes are made by individual welding crews separated by grinding crews.

For improving productivity especially for higher dia pipes say more than 24” dia, semi-automatic or automatic metallic inert gas (MIG) welding and submerged are welding (SAW) is also being adopted.

2.9. Welding Inspection:

Inspection of welded joints shall be carried out in accordance with the requirements of API 1104 and other additional requirements of owner, if any, including Radiography.

2.10. Cleaning and Priming:

In case of plant coated pipes, joints (i.e. 6” on either side girth weld) are cleaned and primed as 6” of either pipe and is left uncoated in the coating plant.

2.11. Coating and Wrapping:

Joints are coated with heat shrink sleeves in plant coated pipes.

2.12. Coating Inspection:

In this operation, holiday detection is carried out to detect voids in coating, if any. Adhesion tests (peel tests) are also carried out and thickness of coating checked.2.13. Lowering:

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In this operation, the coated pipe sections are lowered into the trench. In case of rocky area pre padding for 300 to 400mm is done with soft soil for the protection of pipe.

2.14. Backfilling:

In this operation, after the pipe is lowered into the trench, the trench is filled up with the soil. In case of rocky area post padding for 300 to 400mm is done with soft soil above the pipe for the protection of pipe.

2.15. Special Crossings:

a) Cased Crossings:

At rail road’s, important highways and canals, where cased crossings are provided horizontal boring machines installed in a deep ditch to provide specified cover are used for making the bore and pushing the casing pipe along the bore. After completion of the boring, pretested carrier pipe with insulators around, it is inserted into the casing pipe.

b) Open Cut Crossings:

At less important roads, road is cut and the pipeline is laid. In this case, a suitable diversion shall be provided to take of traffic during crossing work.

c) Submerged River Crossings:

When the river is dry or small quantity of water is present where the flow can be diverted, open cut method is used for laying the pipeline. In this process, the pipe string is welded, coated, wrapped and concrete weight coated above ground and lowered in the trench. In case of small water courses and nallahs, open cut method is used.

In case of perennial rivers containing huge quantities of water, and which are used for navigation or as inland water ways wherein diversion of water is not possible, directional drilling method is being recently adopted. In this process, the drilling is done along the profile of the river from one bank to the other at desired / specified depths.

Other methods include lay barge method is which the pipeline is welded and coated on lay barge and then lowered and buried by push or by pull method in which the welding and concrete coating pipe is completed onshore and the completed string is pulled along and buried. In some cases, pipeline crosses the river along an existing bridge with appropriate hangers.

At all crossings, work is undertaken independently and after completion, the ends are tied in (hooked up) with the adjoining sections.

2.16. Hydrostatic Testing:

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Completed line sections after backfilling are subjected to a 24 hour hydrostatic test normally using water as test medium.

2.17. Tie-in Welds:

It becomes necessary to lower the pipe and leave joints for welding at a later stage at turning points, crossings etc as per site conditions. Similarly the long individual sections of tested pipeline are joined by welding to make them continuous. These are called tie in joints. During tie-in the alignment of ends is accomplished by use of external line-up clamps. After welding, these joints are 100% radio graphed.

2.18. Clean up Restoration:

After completion of testing and tie-in, the ROW is to be cleared of all construction debris and shall be restored to original condition and handed over to land owners. All open cut roads and embankments, crossings etc. shall also be restored to original condition to the satisfaction of the statutory authorities.

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QUALITY CONTROL DURING CONSTRUCTION OF MAIN LINE:

INTRODUCTION:

Cross country pipelines are designed and constructed in accordance with the requirements of International Standards such as ANSI / ASME B 31.4, API 1104, API 1102, etc. In order to avoid failures, either during field hydrostatic testing conducted at construction stage or in the normal operational phase, which are attributable to construction faults, strict quality control and inspection at different stages of construction is of paramount importance to ensure compliance of the specified requirements.

Accordingly the following requirements are to be taken care of.

Earth Cover:

OISD and the NOC requirements stipulate, the minimum earth cover required in different situations viz. normal terrain, road and rail crossings, submerged river, canal crossings etc. Earth covers thus specified are to take care of external loads at road and rail crossings and erosion due to scouring at submerged crossings and against accident, damage by third party equipment. Numbers of failures were reported during operational phase due to the accident damage caused by the heavy earth moving equipment in the ROW. In order to safeguard against such failures, it is important to ensure the specified earth cover, which in turn is governed by the depth of the trench.

Handing over pipes to Contractor:

In our case, the accountability transporting the coated pipes, storing them in designated dump yards and issuing them to the laying contractor comes under the scope of coating vendor. While handing over owner’s supplied pipes to contractor, a thorough inspection shall be carried out and condition of the pipes at that time shall be jointly recorded. Any damage subsequently caused by the contractor and cost of its rectification shall be to coating vendor’s account.

Hauling & Stringing:

This operation comprises of transportation of pipes from designated dump years and arranging along the trench in the ROW. In this process, numbers of handling operations are involved. During loading and unloading, care is to be exercised to avoid damage to the pipes. The pipes shall not be allowed to drop and strike any object which will distort, dent, flatten, gouge or notch the pipe or damage coating. The pipes shall be lifted or lowered by suitable and safe equipment. These above stated defects are areas of high stress concentrations which may lead to failures. Therefore, defects such as dents, etc. if noticed shall be disposed off in accordance with requirements of ANSI / ASME B 31.4 or owner’s requirements.

In rocky areas, where trench is required to be made by rock blasting using detonators, the pipes shall be strung only after completion of trench. Otherwise, the rock pieces travelling at high velocities are potential sources for causing pipe and

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coating damage. Rock shield is recommended for the protection of pipes for such areas.

Cold Bending of Pipes:

In cross country pipelines, wherever directional changes occur viz. at turning points, river crossings and hilly / humpy terrains, the pipes are required to be bent by cold bending process with the help of pipe bending machine. During cold bending process with the outer fibers are subjected to tensile stress and inner fibers to compressive stress thereby leaving residual stresses in the pipe. With a view to limiting the residual stresses, codes of construction stipulate the minimum bending radius for different diameter of pipes. Therefore, while the actual bend radius can be more than specified, but in no case, it shall be less than specified radius. While bending straight seam pipes, the longitudinal weld seam shall be kept at neutral axis. Tangents of at least 2 meters lengths are desirable at both ends. After bending, the pipe shall be free from buckling, wrinkles, cracks, gauges etc. and pipe diameter shall not be reduced at any point by more than 2 ½% of nominal pipe dia. The wall thickness after bending shall not be reduced beyond, negative permissible tolerance.

Alignment:

When pipe end are aligned for welding, the misalignment at the abutting edges shall not exceed 3 mm. This misalignment is the cause for area of stress concentration and also leads to welding defects, as such it shall be kept as minimum as possible. The longitudinal, weld seams shall be aligned in the top 45 degree angle between 10.30 & 1.30 O’clock positions with specified staggering.

This serves the following purpose:

The internal corrosion of pipelines is generally confined to the bottom half particularly between 5 & 7 O’clock positions, due to settlement of water, sediments and other corrodants. Further, the same area is prone to external corrosion due to deterioration of coating with age and associated soil stresses. Thus by aligning the longitudinal welds in the top 45 degree angle position, corrosion prone zone is avoided, thereby minimizing corrosion of weld seam. (This sort of seam alignment is not possible with spiral weld pipes also due to geometry of seems). In order to avoid propagation of seam opening into an adjoining pipe in the event of a burst, the weld seams are staggered. This staggering is possible at girth welds in spiral weld pipes also.

Welding:

Before undertaking the welding operations, the following requirements shall be complied with:

1. Welding Procedure Qualification Test:

This test demonstrates the capability of the contractor to produce sound welding joints. This test shall be conducted in accordance with the provisions of API 1104 / ASME Sec. IX where in a girth, weld is made on pipe strips. The completed joint is subjected to the tests specified in API 1104 or ASME Sec X.

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After the joint has successfully passed the above tests, welding procedure qualification record comprising all the details shall be prepared (as stipulated in API 1104 / ASPE Sec X) and submitted by the contractor for owner’s approval. The owner’s representative shall witness the welding of test joint and subsequent tests. The welding procedure thus qualified shall be utilized for actual welding of pipeline. Should there be any changes in the essential variables as listed in API 1104 / ASME Sec IX, then procedure shall be requalified.

2. The test demonstrates the capability of the individual welder(s) to produce a sound welding joint using the qualified welding procedure. In this test, individual welder will produce a test joint, by welding pipe stubs using the qualified welding procedure.

The completed welding test joint shall be subjected to the tests stipulated in API 1104 / ASME Sec IX on successful passing of these tests; the welder is considered qualified and can be allowed to perform production welding. A complete record of the test is to be submitted by the contractor for owner’s approval in the proforma given in API 1104 / ASME Section X.

In the event of any changes in the essential variable specified in the API 1104 / ASME, Section X or unsatisfactory / doubtful performance of the welder, or if the welder is not deployed for production welding for 6 months or more after attaining qualification, a requalification is required.

Welding Inspection:

The common welding defects are undercuts, burn through crater cracks, seam concavity, high low, cracks, lack of fusion, incomplete penetration, slag inclusions and porosity etc. The acceptance limits for the above said defects are stipulated in API 1104. The circumferential welds are to be inspected and evaluated with respect to acceptance standards specified in API 1104.

The welding inspection comprises of a combination of visual inspection, non destructive inspection (NDI) and destructive inspection as per the frequency given below:

a. Visual Inspection:

100% of the girth welds shall be covered by visual inspection. The defects that can be observed visually are undercuts, burn through, excess reinforcement, cracks (open to surface) and general workmanship.

b. Non-Destructive Inspection (NDI):

The most commonly used NDI is Radiographic Inspection. However, sometimes customers supplement this with Ultrasonic Inspection also. Prior to commencement of Radiographic Inspection, the contractor shall submit details of Radiographic Technique, i.e. type of source, source to Film distance (SFD), type of film, exposure time etc. for approval of the owner and with that technique few radiographs are to be

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taken to ensure desired sensitivity and density are obtained. The frequency of Radiographic Inspection shall be as follows:

i) Generally a minimum of 10% of the welds produced by the welder in a day are to be radio graphed as per ANSI 3 31.4. However as per our practice, 100% radiographic inspection is done.

ii) In case of inaccessible portions such as Highway and Railroad crossings, submerged crossings , a minimum of 90% of joints shall be radio graphed as per ANSI / ASME 3 31.4. However, we specify 100% joints for radiography.

iii) 100% joints to be radio graphed in case of bridge crossings, thickly populated areas.

iv) 100% of tie-in joints which are not hydrostatically tested.

c. Destructive Inspection:

Test pieces are to be cut from production welds and are subjected to destructive tests as specified in API 1104 macro and micro examinations at a frequency stipulated in our specification.

Coating:

Types of external coatings in vogue i.e. (hot applied coal tar enamel, polyethylene, thermally bonded epoxy, cold applied tapes, combination of epoxy and P.E, fusion bond epoxy . etc.). We are using 3 layer poly ethylene coating which is proven nowadays. Coal tar coating is discontinued in view of the practical difficulties and the increased possibility of damages while laying the pipeline.

We carry out the coating in factory which ensures better in quality except for approximately 6” on both end is left bare for welding and heat shrink sleeves are provided at these joints.

Significance of External Coating:

External corrosion control program of cross country pipelines include generally an external coating and supplementary cathodic protection. While external coating having inherent dielectric prosperities, acts as a barrier and separates the outer surface of the pipe from surrounding soil, the cathodic protection is generally designed to protect the pipelines at 10 to 20% voids in the coating. Thus, it may be appreciated that coating acts as first line of defence against external corrosion and hence it is very important to ensure coating quality.

Quality control of Coating:

The following aspects are critical for ensuring quality control of coating.

a. Surface Finish:

The surface finish of the external surface of the pipe is an important parameter as it plays a vital role in achieving a good adhesion. Therefore,

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the pipe surface is to be thoroughly cleaned prior to priming to achieve the specified surface finish.

b. Holiday Detection:

The voids in the coating are called holidays. These holidays are detected with the help of holiday detectors after completion of coating. The holiday detection is high voltage electrical inspection of the coating and shall be conducted generally in accordance with the procedure stipulated in the NACE recommended practice RP-02-74. “High Voltage Electrical Inspection of Pipeline coatings prior to Installation”.

c. Adhesion Test:

Field adhesion tests are conducted as per relevant standards depending on type of coating.

d. Coating Thickness:

The thickness of the coating shall be checked with coating thickness gauges (NDI) which generally operate on eddy current principle or it can also be measured from the strips obtained during adhesion test.

Lowering or Installation of Pipe in the Ditch:

It is important that stresses induced into the pipeline by construction be minimized. The pipe shall fit the ditch without the use of external force to hold in its place until the backfill is completed. When pipe is lowered into the ditch, care shall be exercised so as not to impose undue stresses in the pipe and avoid damage to the coating. In rocky areas, soft padding of 300 to 400mm thick shall be provided at the bottom and top to avoid coating damage.

The lowering operation is undertaken after completion of welding, radiography and coating, and completion of sand padding at bottom of ditch.

Backfilling:

Backfilling shall be done in such a manner as to provide firm support of the pipe. In rocky areas, before the pipe is lowered, a soft bed of rock free material of 300 to 400mm thick shall be provided at the bottom. An initial backfill shall also be of rock free material to avoid damage to the coating. In order to take care of soil shrinkage due to monsoon and subsequent settling, extra backfill material for a specified height over surrounding surface is to be kept (around 1’-2’ height).

Hydrostatic Testing:

Field hydrostatic testing is a “proof test” conducted in accordance with the detailed procedures generally stipulated in the specification. The main objectives of this test is to remove the left over construction or manufacturing defects as failures at test

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pressure and replacing the failed pipes with new pre-tested pipes and retesting the test section, with a view to ensuring reliable and safe pipeline operation. Some important aspects of field hydrostatic tests are given under:1. Test Pressure:

As per ANSI / ASME B 31.4, the minimum test pressure shall be corresponding to 90% of specified minimum yield strength (SMYS). In order to take care of the lowest portions of test section where pressure will be maximum upper limit of test pressure shall be specified.

2. Test Duration:

The holding time of the test pressure in a test section as per ANSI / ASME B 31.4 is minimum 4 hours. However, with a view to take care of one complete thermal cycle, we stipulate 24 hours duration.

In case of inaccessible places like highway and rail road crossings; canal and river crossings, pre-tested pipes are used i.e. in horizontal boring of highways, rail roads and canals, the carrier pipes are subjected to hydro test in advance. In case of submerged crossings, the crossing section is tested on ground prior to concrete coating. After concrete coating, lowering and back filling, the section is again tested.

Calibrated pressure gauges having a range of twice the test pressure, dead weight testers and pressure recorders are required. For plotting pressure volume, or pressure volume time temperature curves, flow meter pressurization plunger pump with stroke counter and temperature recorder are also needed.

Should the quality of water used for testing necessitates, corrosion inhibitor addition, contractor shall arrange for injection of suitable corrosion inhibitor.

After testing, the line is to be drained and a sizing pig is to be passed and should be propelled by compressed air.

3. Golden Joints :

Golden joints are those joints which cannot be hydro tested. These joints should be kept minimum. These joints mainly come between two hydro tested sections in the cross country pipeline. They are 100% radio graphed.

4. Temporary-Cathodic Protection:

Generally, installation and commissioning of permanent C.P. System takes considerable time. In order to protect the pipeline during the interregnum, temporary C.P. with sacrificial anodes impressed current system shall be provided.

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3. POST CONSTRUCTION ACIVITIES

Clearing & Restoration:

Once the laying of the pipeline is over, next course of activity would be to start the restoration of ROW back to its original condition. This includes the following:

Reconstruction of field boundaries of various survey numbers. Clearing of the filled up soil if any in the nallahs. Reconstruction of damaged earthen embankments, if any. Any features that might have been damaged for the approach of ROW. Clearing of all construction wastes from the ROW land including surplus earth,

if any.

After the satisfactory restoration of the ROW, all those plots become free for the utilization by the individual land owners for agricultural and such other purposes which do not harm the existence of the pipeline. A notice indicating the termination of construction activities shall be served to all the land owners. The termination date shall also be the cutoff date for considering the compensation towards the crop not being allowed to be grown by the land owners. The notice shall specify a reasonable period for receiving the complaints from the land owners regarding the unsatisfactory restoration and any other claims towards the damages etc.

All complaints are consolidated and site inspections are carried out wherever found required. Simultaneously, rectifications are also carried out wherever the complaints are found to be genuine. Finally, notices are served to the respective land owners for hearing of the complaints by the Competent Authority and cases are disposed off by settling the issues.

Line Markers, Boundary Pillars, Km. posts and turning points:

Adequate pipeline location markers indicating caution for the protection of pipeline, the public and persons performing work in the area shall be installed on each side of road, highway, rail road and stream crossings. API-RP-1109 shall be used for guidance. Boundary pillars and kilometer posts also shall be installed along the ROW of pipeline. Besides, turning points also shall be marked with posts.

While the fore-going enumerates the general quality control and inspection requirements , for each specific pipeline, detailed inspection plans shall be drawn up based on applicable codes of construction type and methodology of creating and owner’s additional requirements, if any. These inspection / quality control plans shall be strictly implemented, with a view to achieve the desired objective of safe and reliable operation of pipelines.

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