Www.ag-physics.org 1 The Origin of Gravity ≡ General Relativity without Einstein ≡ München 2009...

www.ag-physics.org 1

The Origin of Gravity

≡ General Relativity without Einstein ≡

München 2009

byAlbrecht Giese, Hamburg


1

www.ag-physics.org /gravity 2

1.: In Einstein’s theory:

- ‘c’ is constant and a light beam moves straight

- Space-time is curved

2.A: Equivalently (almost)

- ‘c’ is variable and light follows the refraction law

- Space and time are conventional

Content

‘2.B: Gravity is refraction rather than a force


2

The 2 alternatives for GR / Gravity

3

Space and Time

3

‘

What is Space?

How do we measure space?

Can we measure space?


44


55

??

? ???

‘


Conclusion: Space cannot be directly measured; space is a concept

Measurable physics are about objects and fields

6

Space and Time

6

‘

What is Time?

In Special Relativity this means: What is Dilation?

2221

1

c

vxt

cv

Lorentz-Transformation of Time:

2

2

221

1

1

c

v

cvdt

d

2

22

1c

v

dt

d22

22 vc

dt

dc

22

22 cv

dt

dc


Plausible conclusion: The physical counterpart to Time

is an internal motion within an elementary particle

www.ag-physics.org 7

“Zitterbewegung” (Schrödinger) Completed Structure of an Elementary Particle:

h/E

0m

cv

‘

No conflict with experiments!

(de Broglie 1924)

(Dirac / Schrödinger 1928/30)

(Relativity)

2N (Momentum law)

orbit (Spin, mag. moment)

7


This is called here the Basic Particle Model valid for every elementary particle

88

Special Relativity:Dilation

‘

222 vcq Pythagoras

cRT 2

qRT 2'

2

2

1/1'

c

v

q

c

T

T i.e. the Lorentz-Factor

222

2 cvdt

dc

2

2

11cv

dt

d

222

2 vcdt

dc

v

dt

dc

„Speed of proper time“


www.ag-physics.org /rmass 9

Bind of the Basic Particles

‘

302

r

rrqKF


9

www.ag-physics.org /rmass 10

The Mass Equation

22 1

crkqCaF

‘

cRm

2cmE RcRchhE 2

The classical magnetic moment:

Rec 02

1

302

r

rrKqF

Or both equations combined:m

e

2

1 0 = Bohr magneton in case of the electron universally valid for all elem. particles

Radius R computed from the magnetic moment and then inserted above the correct mass m

universal for all elem. particles!

22 1

crkqC

a

Fm

2/rR

10



Now

‘


11

General Relativity / Gravity

with / without Einstein


The Shapiro-Experiment:

‘

c

c

P

cr

MGcrc

2

0

0 21)( P=1/2 or 1 depending on direction

12

Einstein‘s view: this is a seeming reduction of c



The gravitational field of the sun:

The application of classical refraction yields for the vertex: 2r

MGa

‘

Now: Acceleration at rest!!

P

cr

MGcrc

2

0

0 21)(

P=1/2 or 1 depending on direction

Integrating deflection 2 from – to + yields: 1.75 arcsec …. with Newton: 0.88 arcsec

13

This was the great breakthrough for Einstein in 1919 (Solar eclipse)!!

Einstein‘s view: the path ís straight but the space is curved


/gravity 14

Elementary Particle in a Gravitational Field (with Vertical Axis):

‘ Gravit.

Source

c

c

No dependency of the mass!

14

2r

MGa


/gravity 15

Formal Treatment of General Relativity (Gravity)

‘

15

Schwarzschild Solution:

is the starting point for the classical proofs of General Relativity:

- Perihelion Advance- Gravitational Lensing - …

2222120 )1()1( crr

r

rx

r

r ss


22

cr

GMrs

/gravity 16

Formal Result of General Relativity (Gravity)

‘

16

1

1

r

rcc s for radial motionReduced speed of light c

Reduced field distance

22

cr

GMrs

dr

rd s 2

1

)1('

Schwarzschild Solution

2

*

2cr

NGrs

222

2 vcdt

dc

2/1

1

r

rcc s for tangential motion

in radial direction

Lorentz Transformation(time-related)

Speed split into radial/tangential portion

22222

2

rrc

dt

dc

Now Gravity:2

212

22

2 11

dt

dr

r

r

dt

dr

r

rc

dt

dc ss

2

d

dt 221

2222 11 rr

rr

r

rtcc ss


17

The Physical Causes of Relativity

17

‘

Field EquationsRiemann Geometry

As a comparison: The Schwarzschild Solution derived with Einstein

/gravity 18

The Schwarzschild Solution derived without Einstein

‘

18

1

1

r

rcc s for radial motionReduced speed of light c

Reduced field distance

22

cr

GMrs

dr

rd s 2

1

)1('

Schwarzschild Solution

2

*

2cr

NGrs

222

2 vcdt

dc

2/1

1

r

rcc s for tangential motion

in radial direction

Lorentz Transformation(time-related)

Speed split into radial/tangential portion

22222

2

rrc

dt

dc

Now Gravity: 22

122

22 11

dt

dr

r

r

dt

dr

r

rc

dt

dc ss

2

d

dt 221

2222 11 rr

rr

r

rtcc ss



Gravity is the change of the speed of light in the vicinity of an object

What is Gravity?

Gravity has nothing to do with mass

‘


19

But: What is the physical reason

for the change of the speed of light ‘c’

in the vicinity of an object?

/gravity 20

Why is ‘c’ reduced?

Averagespeed

< c

‘Reduction of c independent of Radius independent of mass

--> by the perturbed path of a light-like particle

20

Force is the Strong Force

This solves Quantum Gravity!

c



Dark MatterAcceleration (Dark Energy / Cosmological Constant)Quantum Gravity

‘


21

Open problems in Gravity / Cosmology


The Dark Matter Problem:

Missing Matter in a rotating Galaxy

‘



Rotation of the Galaxy NGC 3198

‘

halo(of dark matter)

photons


23

Axions, neutralinos etc


Inflation

‘

•The need for inflation: At early times there was a causal connection between regions which move off each other at extreme speed requirement for contracted space


24

c/c0

1

1025

1050

Development of ‘c’

Big Bang nowtime

•The need for causal connection: Is also fulfilled with a high value of ‚c‘ in an unaltered space

Alternativ:


Need for Dark Energy?

‘

Development of the Universe:

cv

c/c0

1

1025

1050

Development of ‘c’

Big Bang nowtime


25

•Doppler-Effekt: If ‚c‘ was higher at ealy times then we get – from the

formula – a higher speed for the early supernovae.

•The acceleration at later times disappear.

Doppler-Effekt:


What are the benefits of this interpretation of General Relativity and of gravity?

i.e.: (i) the particle model, (ii) variable ‘c’, (iii) conventional space and time

The “Dark Matter” phenomenon

Summary

The necessity of the Equivalence Principle (which is an fact derived here)

The “only attracting” effect

B. The model explains:

The force #4 assigned to gravity (non-existent; step towards a unified theory)

Conflicts between gravity and quantum theory - QUANTUM GRAVITY BECOMES OBSOLETEC. The model avoids:

26


A. The model is mathematically easy and is based on a physical understanding

–

can even be taught at school

‘‘

The apparent expansion phenomenon - “Dark Energy” or “Cosmological Constant

Gravity numerically like Einstein at least up to Schwarzschild

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