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Impression materials

Definition: It is the negative replica of the structures of the oral cavity be it hard(tooth) or soft(gingiva, mucous

membrane) structures, which are used to fabricate the cast or model of the patient, and for making crowns,dentures, and other prosthesis.

i) Reversible (thermoplastic)

E.g. impression compound

ii) Irreversible (thermosest)

E.g. Zoe impression paste

Impression plaster.

i H drocolloid

IMPRESSION

CLASSIFICATION OF IMPRESSION MATERIALS.

I) BASED ON MODE OF SETTING & ELASTICITY

a) Rigid

b) Elastic

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a) reversible

E.g. Agar

b) Irreversible

E.g. Alginate

ii) Elastomeric impression materials

E.g. Polysulfides

Polyether

Addition silicones

Condensation silicones

i) Primary

E.g. alginate

ii) Se condary:

E.g. Elastomers

Agar

E.g. Impression compound

Impression plaster

Alginate

ii) Secondary

e.g. ZOE impression paste

Elastomers for CD

A) Edentulous

For complete denture prosthesis

e.g. Impression compound

zoe impression paste

alginate

Elastomers

B) Dentulous

i) FPD

ii) RPD

E.g. Agar

Alginate

Elastomers

i) Mucocompressive

e.g. Impression compound

ii) Mucostatic

e.g. Impression plaster

A) Hand mixing

i) Kneading

e.g. Impression compound wet kneading

putty consistency Elastomers

II) BASED ON TYPE OF IMPRESSION & AREA OF USE

A) Dentulous

B) Edentulous

i) Primary

III) BASED ON THEIR USE IN DENTISTRY

IV) BASED ON THE AMOUNT OF PRESSURE APPLIED

V) BASED ON THE MANIPULATION

Hi, I am Dr.Suhaas Pradhyumna and I want to thank you for

visiting Dental Strings. I am from Hyderabad a nd currently

Working at Vasa n Dental Care(Hyderabad).

If you have any questions or comments for me,

please feel free to contact me at

:[email protected].

Thanks for visiting!

Any Questions or Comments?

CLEANING (SCALING AND PLANING)

SMILE MAKE OVER
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Composition:

This Impression material is available in paste form in 2 tubes:

Base Paste (White)

Accelerator Paste/ Reactor/ Catalayst Paste (Red)

Base Paste:

Zinc Oxide 87%

Olive Oil - 13%

Accelerator Paste:

Oil of Cloves 12%

Gum or Polymerized Rosin - 50%Filler(Silica type) - 20%

Lanolin - 3%

Resinious Balasam - 10%

Accelerator Solution - 5%

Setting Reaction :

ZnO + H2O? Zn (OH)2

Zn (OH)2 + 2HE? ZnE2+ 2 H2O

Manipulation:

1. Dispense equal length of the 2 pastes. Variation in length alters setting time.

2. Paper pad is used as a mixing slab & a st iff stainless steel spatula with an 8-10 cm blade should be

used.

3. Mixing is done for 30-40 sec until no color streaks in the mix are seen & a uniform

consistency is obtained.

4. The mix is then transferred to a impression tray to take an impression.

Factors controlling setting time:

Decreasing setting time:Small amt. of zinc acetate

Accelerators

Small drop of water mixed in the paste containing eugenol

Increasing the mixing time.

Increasing accelerator paste while mixing.

Increasing setting time:

Cooling the spatula & mixing slab

Addition of inert oils & waxes during mixing to reduce hardness lik e: olive oil.

Increasing base paste while mixing.

Properties:

i) consistency & flow

ORTHODONTIC TREATMENTS

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-thick consistency compress the tissues.

ii) dimensional stability

-quite satisfactory,

-less than 0.1 % shrinkage occurs during hardening.

iii) reproduction of details

-good.

Biologic considerations:

Some patients experience burning sensation in the mouth due to eugenol & can also cause tissue irritation.

This maybe overcome by using a non eugenol paste.

Uses:1.cementing & insulating medium

2.temporary filling

3.root canal filling material

4.surgical pack in periodontal s urgical procedures.

5.bite registration pastes

6.temporary relining material for dentures.

7.impression material for edentulous patients.

Advantages:

1.Good dimensional stability

2.good detail reproduction

3.impression surface can be modified by adding in deficient areas

4.easy to manipulate

5.long working time, so border moulding can be done while relining dentures.Disadvantages:

1.burning sensation due to eugenol.

2.messy to work with

3.sticks to skin & instruments , difficult to clean.

4.rigid so tends t o break off in areas of undercuts.

IMPRESSION COMPOUND

It is a rigid, reversible impression material which sets by physical change.

Acc to ADA sp. No.3:

Type I:

Classification:

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Low fusing compound green stick compound.

Medium fusing compound impression c ompound.

Type II:

high fusing compound tray compound.

1. as sticks, cakes, & cones.

2. colors green, brown, red.

Type I:

For making primary impressions.

For individual tooth impression

For peripheral tracing or border moulding.

To check undercuts in inlay preparation.

Type II:

To make a special tray.

1. Harden at or little above mouth temp.

2. Be plastic at a temp. not injurious or harmful to oral tissues.

3. Not containing irritating or toxic ingredients.

4. Harden uniformly when cooled without distortion.

5. Have a consistency when softened which will allow it to reproduce fine details.

6. Be cohesive but not adhesive.7. Not undergo permanent deformation or fracture while withdrawing the impression from the mouth.

8. Be dimensionally stable after removal from mouth & during storage.

9. Exhibit a smooth glossy surface after flaming.

10. Withstand trimming with sharp knife without flaking or chipping after hardening.

Rosin 30

Copal resin 30

Carbuna wax 10

Stearic acid 5

Talc 25

Coloring agent app.

During softening of the material , the outside will soften first & inside last. So to ensure uniform

softening the material should be kept immersed for a long time in water bath.

The layer adjacent to the mouth tissue swill remain soft. Therefore Its imp to cool the compound

thoroughly before removing the impression.

Thermal properties

has low thermal conductivity.

Supplied as:

Applications:

Requirements of an ideal impression compound:

Composition

Significance:

Properties:

i) thermal conductivity:

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Base paste (white)

Accelerator (brown/grey)

Available in 3 viscosities:

Light bodied

Medium bodied

Heavy bodied

Composition:

Base paste:

Liquid polysulfide polymer 80-85%

Inert fillers (titanium oxide, zinc sulfate, silica) 16-18%

Reactor Paste:

Lead dioxide 60-69%

Dibutyl phthalate 30-35%

Sulfur 3%

Other substances (like magnesium stearate) 2%

and deodorants

Setting reaction:

HS R SH -PbO2+ S-> HS R- S S R SH + H2O

Properties:

1) Setting time 5-8 min.

colder climate increases setting time.

Drop of water accelerates the reaction.

2) Excellent detail reproduction.

3) Dimensional stability

curing shrinkage 0.45% due to continued reaction.

Shrinkage due to loss of byproduct.

4) Permanent deformation 3-5%

highest amongst elastomers.

5) High tear strength 7000gm/cm2

6) Good flexibility of 7%, allows elastic recovery of the material.

7) Hydrophobic- tissue should be thoroughly dried before making the impression.8) Can be electroplated with copper.

Advantages:

1. long working time.

2. proven accuracy

3. high tear resistance.

4. inexpensive to use

5. less hydrophobic

6. longer shelf life.

Disadvantages:
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1. must be poured with dental stone immediately.

2. potential for significant distortion.

3. odor is offensive.

4. messy & stains clothes.

5. second pour is less accurate.

Alginate Impression material

Alginate Impression material is an Elastic, Irreversible Impression material which is used to take t he

impression of both Dentulous and Edentulous Impressions.

TYPES:

Type I fast setting : 1-2 min.

Type II normal sett ing : 2-4.5 min.

Available as :

Bulk powder

Preweighed packages

Color changing alginates:violet during mixing, pink when ready to be seated and white when set

Composition:

Ester salts of alginic acid(sodium or potassium or t riethanolamine alginate) 15%

Calcium sulphate (reactor) 16%

Zinc oxide 4%

Potassium titanium fluoride 3%

Diatomaceous earth 60%

Sodium phosphate 2%

Coloring & flavoring agents traces

Setting reaction:

2 Na3PO4 + 3 CaSO4 Ca3(PO4)2 + 3Na2SO4

Setting Time:

Type I (fast set) : 1-2min

Type II (normal) : 2-4.5 min.


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Control Of gelation time:

Undercontrol by manufacturers:

By the amountt of retarder added during manufacturer

Under Control of clinicians

By altering the W:P ratio

By changing the mixing time.

By altering the temp.of water

Increase in temp. decreases gelation time & vice versa.

Premature gelation causes distortion in the impression & it is rendered useless.

Prolonged gelation time is tedious for both pt. & the dentist.Manipulation :

The Powder is taken after inverting the can several time to produce uniform distribution of the filler before mixing

with water. The top of the can s hould be taken off carefully to prevent the sil ica particles from being inhaled.

The proper W/P ratio as pacified by the manufacturer should be used measured quantity of water and powder

are added in the rubber bowl & mixing is started, with a stirring motion to wet the powder with water. Once its

moistened rapid spatulation by swiping or st ropping against the s ide of the bowl is done. A vigorous figure eight

motion is used.

Mixing time:Working time

For fast set alginate45 sec.1 min.

For normal set alginate60 sec.2 min

Properties:

Taste & odor: Pleasant

Flexibility:lower w/p ratio results in lower flexibility.

Elasticity & elastic recovery: highly elastic, permanent deformation less if the impression is

removed from the mouth quickly.

Reproduction of the surface detail: lower than agar.

Strength: compressive strength : 5000-8000 gm/cm2

Tear strength : 350-700 gm/cm2

Dimensional stability: Poor

Biologic properties:

Silica present in the dust which rises from the c an after fluffing alginate powder is a health hazard.

Dustless alginate is also present in the market which contain glycol.

Uses:

for making primary impression of edentulous patients with undercut ridges.

for preliminary impressions for complete dentures.

for making impressions for dentulous pts. For construction of s tudy models & temporary removable

prosthesis.

for making impression for orthodontic study models.

used for making impressions for the preparation of mouth protectors for athletes.

used as duplicating material.

Advantages:

ease of mixing & manipulation.


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no elaborate equipment required.

material is elastic & comes out easily from undercuts.

economical

impression can be removed easily & has pleasant t aste & odor, so comfortable for the patient.

Disadvantages:

cant be elect roplated.

poor tear strength especially in thin sections.

dimensional stability is poor.

distortion may occur if tray is shifted during setting.

cant be refined.Types of failures:

1.Defects:

improper mixing

prolonged mix ing

undue gelation

w/p ratio is too low.

2.Tearing:

inadequate bulk

moisture contamination

premature removal from mouth

prolonged mix ing

3.External bubbles:

undue gelation preventing flow

air incorporated during mixing

4.Irregularly shaped voids:

moisture

5.Rough or chalky stone model:

inadequate cleaning of the impression

excess water left in impression

premature removal of model.

6.Distortion:

if impression not poured immediately

CONDENSATION SILICONES

It was the first type of silicone impression material.

Also known as conventional silicones.

Setting occurs in room temp , so called as RTV silicones.

Composition:

Base paste

1. Polydimethyl siloxane (hydroxy terminated)


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2. Colloidal silica or micro sized metal oxide filler

3. putty viscosity 60-70%

4. medium viscosit y 35-75 %

5. low viscosit y 5-15%

6. color pigments

accelerator paste

1. alkyl silicate (ortho ethyl silicate)

2. stannous octate

3. inert filler.

Setting reaction:

Dimethyl orthoethyl silicone ethyl

+ STANNOUS OCTATE> +

Siloxane silicate rubber alcohol

Properties:

1. Setting time 8-9 min.

2. Mixing time 45 sec.

3. Excellent detail reproduction

4. Dimensional stability high curing shrinkage.

5. Permanent deformation 1-3 %

6. Ttear strength 3000gm/cm

7. Sitffer & harder than polysulfide material.

8. Hydrophobic

9. Can be electroplated with silver & copper.

10. Shelf life 2 yrs.

Advantages:

1. Adequate working & setting timer.

2. Pleasant odor & no staining.

3. Adequate tear strength

4. Better elastic properties on removal.

5. Less distortion on removal.

Disadvantages:

1. Adequate accuracy if poured immediately.

2. Poor dimensional stability.

3. Potential for significant distortion.

4. Putty-wash method is technique sensitive.

5. Slightly more expensive.

ADITION SILI CONES


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Introduced after condensation s ilicones

Have better properties t han condensation silicones.

Also known as poly vinyl siloxane.

Composition:

Base paste

1. Poly(methyl hydrogen siloxane)

2. Other siloxane prepolymers

3. Fillers

putty viscosity 60-70 %

medium viscosity 35-75 %low viscosity 5-15%

accelerator paste

1. Divnyl polysiloxane

2. Inert oils & fillers

3. Platinum salt

4. Palladium

5. Retarders

6. Fillers.

Setting reaction:

Poly vinyl siloxane + silane siloxane Pt ,Salt > silicone rubber

Properties:

1. Setting time: 5.9 min.

2. Mixing time 45 sec

3. Excellent surface detail reproduction.

4. Highest dimensional stability amongst elastomers

5. Lowest curing shrinkage 0.17 %

6. Good tear strength 3000gm/cm

7. Extremely hydrophobic

8. Low flexibility

9. Electroplated with copper & silver.

10. Shelf life 1-2 yrs.

Advantages:

1. Short setting time

2. Adequate tear strength

3. Extremely high accuracy

4. Minimal distortion on removal

5. Dimensionally stable even after 1 week

6. If hydrophilic, good compatibility with gypsum.

Disadvantages:


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1. Hydrogen gas may cause dimensional change.

2. Hydrophobic & hence requires a very dry field.

3. Expensive.

Source : www.jouniordentist.c om

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