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So, what would you say ended the Great Depression?

FDR’s New Deal?

The country just recovered naturally?

We borrowed the money from China?

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Objoad6rG6U

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In Europe, WWII was under way.

But why another war??? WWI had ended in 1918, just about 20 years ago. What happened???

What was the name of the treaty that ended WWI???

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Nationalism

The Treaty of Versailles ended WWI and the Germans were not at all happy about how much they were being punished for the war.

Some historians blame the harshness of the

treaty of Versailles for the creation of strong German nationalism.

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The Germans had a man of great influence that came into power around 1934.

He was charismatic, a great orator and gave the German people more pride that they have had in many years.

But how did a man like Adolf Hitler come to power in Germany???

I’m glad you asked.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jFICRFKtAc4

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Totalitarianism- a political system where the state recognizes no limits to its authority and strives to regulate every aspect of public and private life wherever

feasible.

This is the type of government that Hitler wanted in Germany.

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The Nazi party or Nazism was short for National

Socialist German Workers’ Party.

This party was in power in Germany from 1933-1945.

The Nazis called for the German abandonment of the Treaty of Versailles and the expansion of German territory.

The party focused on extreme nationalism accompanied by anti-Semitic rhetoric.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r496UPraKvk

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Fascism is a system of government characterized by strict social and economic control and a strong, centralized government usually headed by a dictator.

Benito Mussolini was the leader of Italy leading up to WWII.

The difference between Hitler’s Nazis and Mussolini’s Fascist is that Hitler based much of his rhetoric behind racism.

http://www.biography.com/people/benito-mussolini-9419443#synopsis

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Axis Power Aggression

The powers soon to be known as the Axis powers, were gaining steam in Europe.

Germany, Italy and Japan were all looking into becoming world powers or “empires.”

Their focus was to spread their influence worldwide.

At the height of their power, the Axis power aggression had led to Nazi Germany, the Empire of Japan and Fascist Italy having control of land or territories in Europe, Africa, Asia, and the Pacific Ocean.

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To help ease the tension between Germany and the rest of Europe, the theory of appeasement was an unwritten rule that was followed.

Appeasement in this case was letting Germany get away with some things that he really wasn’t supposed to be doing. (ex: establishing a strong military)

The policy of making concessions to the dictatorial powers in order to avoid conflict

Hitler was not really looked at as a threat at first. Some thought he was a patriotic leader that was good for

Germany’s sense of national pride. Most people in Europe were still focused on the spread of

Communism.

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During the Munich Conference, France and Great Britain gave Germany the rights to Czechoslovakia.

The French and British did this to appease Hitler and hopefully to avoid another World War.

How do you think the people of Czechoslovakia were feeling???

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The Non-Aggression Pact was the Soviets (who were basically who?) and the Germans coming together to form a peace alliance.

This was signed prior to the start of WWII.

Some say that the reason for Hitler signing this is to make sure he had a powerful ally on his side.

EXIT TICKET

Which of the following best describes an act of appeasement? A. Benito Mussolini restricted the speech and press of Italy B. Joseph Stalin executed political prisoners without trial C. Adolf Hitler used propaganda to gain support in Germany D. Italy and Germany took over land without consequence

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U.S. Isolationism was in full effect during the

Great Depression.

Many Americans thought we should stick to this theory

and stay out of foreign affairs while focusing on domestic issues.

But once again this theory was tested because of WWII.

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To help make sure the U.S. stayed out of the war, Congress passed a series of laws called the

Neutrality Acts. These acts prohibited the sale of arms to belligerents in a war

loans to belligerents (this included France and G.B.)

U.S. citizens traveling to countries at war or travel on armed ships

The major reason for the passing of these laws was to keep the U.S. out of WWII.

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Everyone in the world saw what was going on in Europe.

FDR knew it was time to address the war and did so by

making his Four Freedoms Speech (1941).

This speech was meant to let the U.S. citizens know that we would not go down the same road as the Axis powers and start denying basic human rights.

To be exact, the speech addressed the following:

The freedom of speech and expression

The freedom to worship God in his own way

The freedom from want

The freedom from fear

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By 1940, Great Britain was the only major country still fighting the Axis powers.

The outcome was looking grim for the Allies.

The U.S. decided to sign the Lend-Lease Act (1941) at this time.

This act still kept the U.S. out of the war militarily

but it enabled the country to provide faltering countries (their allies) in Europe

different types of military aid. Opponents of the Act noted that this would bring the

U.S. closer to entering the war.

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So, there America was trying our hardest to stay out of another European war.

Then, on December 7, 1941 everything changed……

What happened???

http://www.history.com/topics/world-war-ii/pearl-harbor

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The Empire of Japan bombed the naval base in Pearl Harbor, Hawaii.

More than 2,000 American military personnel were killed in the attack

The Japanese managed to destroy 20 naval vessels

8 battleships

300 airplanes

The next day, the U.S. declared war on Japan.

But why Pearl Harbor??? Significance???

http://www.history.com/topics/world-war-ii/world-war-ii-history/videos/america-enters-world-war-ii

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The support for the U.S. entrance into WWII was strong among the U.S. government but the citizens of the U.S. still needed some type of assurance their lives would not be affected negatively.

This is where the Office of War Mobilization and the Office of Price Administration came into play.

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The goal of the Office of War Mobilization was to supervise the host of

defense agencies that had sprung up in D.C.

Basically, they set production priorities and controlled raw materials.

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The office of Price Administration regulated almost every aspect of civilians lives by freezing prices, wages.

And by Rationing such commodities as meat, sugar, gasoline and

auto tires.

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The other way for the U.S. to finance the war without going overboard with citizens was to use the concept

of deficit spending.

This is the theory that a government should cut taxes and increase spending in order to stimulate investment and

consumption.

People still needed to work!!!

EXIT TICKET

Which event best explains why the United States entered World War II?

A. Germany attacked a US naval base in Hawaii

B. Italy attacked a US army base in North Africa

C. Japan attacked a US naval base in Hawaii

D. Great Britain was on the verge of economic collapse

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l14WDZCnz-w (10min)

To “win hearts and minds” the U.S. government used

PROPAGANDA to arouse citizen interest in the war or to gain support of the masses.

Propaganda was used for other reasons as well.

Can anyone think of any other ways propaganda was used???

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The U.S. were not the only country using propaganda as a war tool.

Germany used propaganda the same way the Americans did.

How do some posters use racism???

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Japanese Propaganda

The Japanese was not exempt from the propaganda effort.

So, what do we think of propaganda now???

Do you think propaganda can be utilized today as it was then???-----Stop and Jot

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We discussed earlier this week how the U.S. government was trying to regulate different aspects of American life.

Pushing Americans to ration items and conserve.

Well, they also wanted Americans to be careful of what they said and who they said it to.

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Propaganda also focused on getting Americans

involved in Patriotic Activities.

A patriotic activity could include anything that supports the U.S. government during a time of crisis.

In this case, anything that supports the war effort.

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Rationing

The Office of Price Administration set price limits and ration food and other commodities in order to discourage hoarding and ensure the equitable distribution of scarce resources.

Vouchers for coffee were introduced in November, and by March of 1943, meat, cheese, fats, canned fish, canned milk and other processed foods were added to the list of rationed provisions.

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Another way for citizens to show their support for America was to buy war bonds (they were initially called defense bonds, then Japan bombed Pearl Harbor).

The purpose of War bond drives was to maximize the amount of money for the war effort.

The bonds were sold at less than face value (about 75%) so the government could use the extra money toward the war.

Why would buying war bonds be a sign of patriotism???

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Victory gardens were another way for

Americans to show how patriotic they were.

They were called victory gardens because the food that was grown from these gardens were used as an excess source of food that could be rationed.

Remember the concept of conservation!!! This was another way to incorporate this concept.

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One of the most famous icons that came out of WWII propaganda was Rosie the Riveter.

Her purpose was to recruit female workers for the munitions (weapons making) industry. Factories & Industry Jobs

American women played a pivotal role on the home front during WWII.

Without their contributions, life at home would have been a lot different.

How??? http://www.history.com/topics/world-war-ii/rosie-the-riveter (3 Min)

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The Double V campaign was a slogan and drive to promote the fight for democracy abroad and within the U.S. for African Americans during WWII.

The campaign first appeared in the African-American newspaper Pittsburgh Courier on Feb. 7th, 1942.

Some African-Americans spoke up against the fact that they were being racially discriminated against in the U.S. but being asked to fight a war for that country.

How to you see this situation???

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A. Philip Randolph organized the March on Washington movement in 1941, which succeeded in pressuring President Franklin D. Roosevelt to issue

Executive Order 8802 which banned discrimination in defense industries.

It was the first federal action, though not a law, to promote equal opportunity and prohibit employment discrimination in the U.S.

EXIT TICKET

The quote above is from Executive Order 8802. Which issue was targeted by this executive order?

A. Women were not allowed to serve in the military

B. Employment in defense factories was denied to certain races

C. Japanese Americans were interned in camps

D. The decision to build the atomic bomb

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Founded in 1942, the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) became one of the leading activist organizations in the early years of the American Civil Rights Movement.

They applied the principles of nonviolence as a tactic against segregation.

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A. Philip Randolph was a trade unionist and civil-rights leader who was a dedicated and persistent leader in the struggle for justice and parity for the black American community.

He supported the labor movement and the Bolshevik revolution.

http://www.biography.com/people/a-philip-randolph-9451623/videos/a-philip-randolph-civil-rights-pioneer-15036995821

(2 min)

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The Tuskegee airmen were the first black servicemen to serve as military aviators in the U.S. armed forces, flying with distinction during WWII.

The highly publicized successes of the Tuskegee Airmen helped pave the way for the eventual integration of the U.S. armed forces under President Harry Truman in 1948.

http://www.history.com/topics/world-war-ii/tuskegee-airmen

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Native Americans served the country during WWII by enlisting in the armed services and working in thousands of factories across the U.S.

The Navajo Code Talkers translated U.S. code into the Native American language so that enemy forces could not decipher the content.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5rSvm3m8ZUA

(3 min)

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Remember the concept of propaganda we spoke about yesterday?

Well, the Japanese were using it against us during WWII.

I don’t know if you remember, but the U.S. signed a Chinese Exclusion Act in 1882.

Even though the Japanese were not friends with the Chinese, they were definitely reminding them of how we set up these anti-immigration laws.

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So, in 1943 (how many years since 1882?) we

repealed the Chinese Exclusion Act in 1943.

The purpose of this repeal was to strengthen ties between China and the U.S.

We had come a long way since the exclusion act.

What kind of impact did this

repeal have?

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Even Mexican-Americans could not escape discrimination during WWII.

The Zoot-Suit Riots of 1943 were a series of conflicts that occurred in Los Angeles between U.S. servicemen and Mexican American youths.

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When WWII started, workers were needed in the agricultural and service sectors of the U.S. to fill the jobs vacated by those who were serving in the military.

An agreement was reached with Mexico whereby temporary workers from Mexico were brought into the U.S.

The influx of Mexican workers was not particularly welcomed by white Americans.

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Restrictions on wool (rationing) had a direct effect on the manufacture of wool suits and other clothing.

There were regulations prohibiting the manufacturing of zoot suits, but a network of bootleg tailors continued to manufacture them.

This exacerbated racial tensions, as Mexican American youths were wearing the zoot suits were seen as un-American because they were deliberately ignoring the rationing regulations.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nDEfhS-r_68

(3 minutes)

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Over 127,000 U.S. citizens were imprisoned during WWII. What was

their crime????

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Answer: Being of Japanese ancestry.

Despite the lack of any concrete evidence, Japanese Americans were suspected of remaining loyal to their ancestral land.

Anti-Japanese paranoia increased because of a large Japanese presence on the West Coast.

Japanese Internment Succumbing to bad advice and popular opinion, FDR

signed an executive order in Feb., 1942 ordering the

relocation of all Americans of Japanese ancestry to concentration camps in the interior of the U.S.

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http://www.history.com/topics/world-war-ii/japanese-american-relocation

(3 min)

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Fred Korematsu decided to test the government relocation action in the courts.

In Korematsu v. The Unite States, the Supreme Court justified the executive order as a wartime necessity.

When the order was repealed, many found they could not return to their hometowns.

Hostility against the Japanese Americans remained high across the West Coast.

Was repealed in 1944.

EXIT TICKET

What was the major effect of the ruling in Korematsu v. the United States? A. The United States was allowed to racially segregate African Americans and whites for safety B. The United States was allowed to ban any migrant from Germany from entering the country C. The United States was allowed to increase the number of soldiers selected in the draft D. The United States was allowed to move Japanese Americans into internment camps

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The Battle of the Atlantic lasted well over 5

years during WWII (almost the entire war)!

The battle consisted of mainly Germany (Italy was involved as well) vs. Great Britain & the U.S. naval warships.

The significance of the battle was on supply lines provided by the Atlantic Ocean.

Stop & Jot: Why would naval imports be so important to the British???

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Remember, Germany has a relatively small coastline.

But, when France fell, they had access to the huge French coast.

This left Great Britain vulnerable.

Think about it this way, Germany just showed up at their doorstep.

The only thing blocking Great Britain from being conquered by the Germans was the Atlantic Ocean.

The outcome of the battle was a strategic victory for the Allies (the German blockade failed) but a great cost: 3,500 merchant ships and 175 warships were sunk for the loss of 783 U-boats.

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The North Africa campaigns of WWII were

waged between Sep. 1940 and May 1943.

They were strategically important for both the Western Allies and the Axis powers.

The Axis powers aimed to deprive the Allies access to Middle Eastern oil supplies, to

secure and increase Axis access to the oil, and to cut off Britain from the material and human

resources of its empire in Asia and Africa.

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The Battle of Stalingrad (July 17, 1942 – Feb. 2,

1943), was the successful Soviet defense of the city of Stalingrad (now Volgograd) in the U.S.S.R. during WWII.

Most historians consider it to be the greatest battle of the entire war.

It stopped the German advance into the Soviet Union

and marked the turning point in favor of the Allies.

It was also one of the bloodiest battles in history, with combined military and civilian casualties of nearly 2 million.

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Video: (2 min) http://www.history.com/topics/world-war-ii/battle-of-stalingrad

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D-Day, June 6, 1944 was the Allied invasion of German occupied France.

It happened on the beaches of Normandy.

Led by General Dwight Eisenhower which consisted of over 1 million combined troops.

This began the process of the allies re-taking Europe.

Historians call it the beginning of the end of war in Europe.

9 min clip from Saving Private Ryan (some graphic images)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=82RTzi5Vt7w

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Battle of Midway was a naval battle that lasted from June 4th to June 7th 1942.

Battle was between the U.S. and the Japanese.

It took place 6 months after the bombing of Pearl Harbor.

One of the most decisive naval battles of WWII.

Ended the threat of further Japanese invasion in the Pacific.

http://www.history.com/topics/world-war-ii/battle-of-midway (4min)

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After the Battle of Midway, the U.S. launched a

counter-offensive strike known as island hopping, establishing a line of overlapping island bases, as well as air control.

These attacks were led by

General Douglas MacArthur, Commander of the Allied Forces in the Southwest Pacific (ground forces)

Admiral Chester Nimitz, Commander-in-Chief of the Pacific Fleet

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General Douglas MacArthur Admiral Chester Nimitz

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The Battle of Okinawa, also known as

Operation Iceberg, took place in April-June 1945.

It was the largest amphibious landing in the Pacific theater of WWII.

It was also the deadliest battle of the Pacific theater with over 100,000 Japanese

and 50,000 for the Allies.

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“I firmly believe that the only way to swing the war in our favor is to resort to crash-dive attacks with our planes…. There will be more than enough volunteers for this chance to save our country.”- Capt. Motoharu Okamura, Japanese Naval Captain.

Kamikaze pilots were suicide bombers used by the Japanese against American warships.

Sometimes these planes were equipped with a large amount of explosives to inflict the greatest amount of damage.

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http://www.history.com/topics/world-war-ii/world-war-ii-history/videos/kamikaze-pilots

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Atlantic Charter

During World War II (1939-45), the United States and Great Britain issued a joint declaration in August 1941 that set out a vision for the postwar world. In January 1942, a group of 26 Allied nations pledged their support for this declaration, known as the Atlantic Charter.

The document is considered one of the first key steps toward the establishment of the United Nations in 1945.

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Manhattan Project

A secret research and development project of the U.S. (and supported by the British and Canadians) to develop the atomic bomb.

Its success granted the U.S. the bombs that ended the war with Japan as well as ushering the country and the world into the atomic era.

http://www.history.com/topics/world-war-ii/trinity-test/videos/manhattan-project

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Dropping of atomic bombs on Japan

On August 6, 1945, during World War II (1939-45), an American B-29 bomber dropped the world’s first deployed atomic bomb over the Japanese city of Hiroshima.

The explosion wiped out 90 percent of the city and immediately killed 80,000 people; tens of thousands more would later die of radiation exposure.

Some of the positives of the dropping of the A-bombs No difficult invasion of Japan

It led to a quick end

Fewer Allied Deaths

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NF4LQaWJRDg

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Tehran Conference

Held Nov., 1943 in Iran and the 1st attended by the Big 3.

During the conference, the 3 leaders made a number of important decisions concerning the post WWII era.

They also discussed details of the Soviets opening a 2nd front against the Germans.

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Yalta Conference

Held in Feb. 1945, it was the 2nd wartime meeting of the Big 3.

During the conference, the 3 leaders agreed to demand Germany’s unconditional surrender and began plans for a post-war world.

Stalin agreed to help fight the Japanese.

Stalin also agreed to permit free elections in territories in Eastern Europe that the USSR would occupy ( he would later break this promise).

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Postdam Conference

Held near Berlin, the Potsdam Conference (July 17-August 2, 1945) was the last of the World War II meetings held by the “Big Three” heads of state.

Featuring American President Harry S. Truman, British Prime Minister Winston Churchill (and his successor, Clement Attlee) and Soviet Premier Joseph Stalin, the talks established a Council of Foreign Ministers and a central Allied Control Council for administration of Germany.

The leaders arrived at various agreements on the German economy, punishment for war criminals, land boundaries and reparations.

Although talks primarily centered on postwar Europe, the Big Three also issued a declaration demanding “unconditional surrender” from Japan.

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Holocaust

A methodical plan orchestrated by Hitler to ensure German supremacy. Over 6 million Jews were killed.

It called for the elimination of Jews, non-conformists, homosexuals, non-Aryans, and mentally and physically disabled.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dU7q04r5iW4

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Nuremberg Trials

Series of trials in 1945 conducted by an International Military Tribunal in which former Nazi leaders were charged with crimes against peace, crimes against humanity, and war crimes.

Although the legal justifications for the trials and their procedural innovations were controversial at the time, the Nuremberg trials are now regarded as a milestone toward the establishment of a permanent international court, and an important precedent for dealing with later instances of genocide and other crimes against humanity.

EXIT TICKET

The Atlantic Charter was an agreement between which two countries?

A. Soviet Union and Germany

B. Great Britain and United States

C. Italy and Japan

D. Germany and Italy

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The Big Three

An alliance made during WWII which joined together the U.S. (led by Franklin Roosevelt), the Soviet Union (led by Joseph Stalin) and Great Britain (led by Winston Churchill).

The alliance was made out of necessity, as all three needed to join together in order to defeat the threat of Nazi Germany.

This alliance is also called the “Strange Alliance” because it united the world’s greatest capitalist state, the greatest communist state and the greatest colonial power.

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Dwight D. Eisenhower

Leader of the Allied forces in Europe during WWII and leader of troops in Africa and commander in D-Day invasion.

Would later be elected as the 34th President.

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Douglas MacArthur

An American general who commanded the Southwest Pacific in WWII (1939-1945), oversaw the successful Allied occupation of postwar Japan and led the United Nations forces in the Korean War.

In 1942, he was appointed supreme commander of Allied forces and awarded the Medal of Honor for his defense of the Philippines.

On Sept., 2nd 1945, MacArthur officially accepted Japan’s surrender aboard the USS Missouri in Tokyo Bay.

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Adm. Chester Nimitz

Served as Admiral in the Navy in the Battle of the Midway.

Commanded the American fleet in the Pacific Ocean and defeated the Japanese.

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Harry S Truman

Succeeded FDR upon his death in April 1945.

Led the country through the last few months of WWII.

Best known for making the controversial decision to use two atomic bombs against Japan in August 1945.

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Founding of the United Nations

International body formed to bring nations into dialogue in hopes of preventing further world wars.

Much like the former League of Nations in ambition, it was more realistic in recognizing the authority of the Big Five Powers in keeping peace in the world, thus guaranteeing veto power to all permanent members of its Security Council (Britain, China, France, the Soviet Union, and the United States)

EXIT TICKET

Which of the following is an incorrect description of a

World War II significant leader?

A. Douglas MacArthur =====> Leader of Pacific Forces

B. Harry Truman =====> Decided to drop the atomic bomb

C. Phillip Randolph =====> Leader of Navy in Pacific

D. Dwight Eisenhower =====> Leader of Allied forces in

Europe