WWI Chemical Weapons 1918 Influenza Pandemic...1917 1918 Aug Nernst, Tappan shells Nov Chlorine...
Transcript of WWI Chemical Weapons 1918 Influenza Pandemic...1917 1918 Aug Nernst, Tappan shells Nov Chlorine...
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WWI Chemical Weapons1918 Influenza Pandemic
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http://www.cs.amedd.army.mil/borden/Portlet.aspx?id=d3d11f5a-f2ef-4b4e-b75b-6ba4b64e4fb2
WWI Chemical Warfare
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Walther Nernst
Fritz Haber Victor Grignard
The War of the Nobel Chemists
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WWI Chemical WarfareTimeline:
French EtBrOAcgrenades
1914 1915 1916 1917 1918Aug
Nernst, Tappan
shells
Nov
Chlorine(cyl. gas)
phosgenediphosgene
mustard
U.S. declares war on
Germany
lachrymators/tear gas
Pulmonary agents(choking agents)
Vesicants/Blister agents
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Early Delivery Methods: Gas Cylinders
A French cylinder attack on German trenches in Flanders. Photograph: Chemical and Biological Defense Command Historical Research and Response Team, AberdeenProving Ground, Md.
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Livens projector
Stokes mortar
Advanced Delivery Systems
Photographs: Chemical and Biological Defense Command Historical Research and Response Team, AberdeenProvingGround, Md.
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Advanced Delivery Systems
Army War College. German Methods ofOffense.Vol 1. In: Gas Warfare. Washington, DC: War Department;1918: 59.
http://self-preservationsociety.blogspot.com/2013/11/war-stories-john-thomas-bloor-and.html
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U.S. Chemical Warfare Involvement
US soldiers receiving instructions from French officersin early 1918.
US Signal Corps photographs
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Blinded by mustard. Photograph: US Army Military History Institute, Carlisle, Pa.
Filling 75mm shells with mustard, Edgewood arsenal. Photograph: Chemical and Biological Defense Command Historical Research and Response Team, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland.
U.S. Chemical Warfare Involvement
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1918 Influenza
• 25-50 million deaths worldwide
• 675,000 Americans died∼43,000 mobilized American servicemen
• Estimates: 50% of population infected, 30% became ill
• 2.5% mortality (seasonal influenza = 0.1%)
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March 11 Camp Funston, KS
Spread of Influenza 1918
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March 4 Camp Funston, KSApril: France (Allies and German soldiers)May: Spain, Italy
Spread of Influenza 1918
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Spread of Influenza 1918
March 4 Camp Funston, KSApril: France (Allies and German soldiers)May: Spain, Italy
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Spread of Influenza 1918
March 4 Camp Funston, KSApril: France (Allies and German soldiers)May: Spain, Italy
June: Bombay, CalcuttaJuly: China, New Zealand, Phillipines
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Spread of Influenza 1918
March 4 Camp Funston, KSApril: France (Allies and German soldiers)May: Spain, Italy
June: Bombay, CalcuttaJuly: China, New Zealand, Phillipines
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Spread of Influenza 1918
March 4 Camp Funston, KSApril: France (Allies and German soldiers)May: Spain, Italy
June: Bombay, CalcuttaJuly: China, New Zealand, PhillipinesAugust: 2nd wave begins
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Fort Devens, MA 1918• Aug. 20: Maj. Gen Henry McCain-
12th Infantry division to be ready in 14 weeks-camp built for 35,000 has 45,000 (5,000 under canvas)
• Sep. 7: 1st soldier with flu symptoms• Sep. 10: 142 hospital admissions (31 on Sep. 2)• Sep. 18: 1,176 hospital admissions (6,674 cumulative)• Sep. 23: 12,604 total diagnoses, 63 die on that day,
-90 would die on worst days• Sep. 30: 1,902 cases of pneumonia under care
-hospital designed for 2,000 now has 8,000 patients-300 nurses; at one point 90 are sick
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1918 Influenza Societal Impacts
Seattle, WA
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Influenza Mortality:1918 versus Preceding 7 years
U.S. Centers for Disease Control data
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30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
1899 1904 1909 1914 1919 1924 1929
Year
s
U.S. Life Expectancy 1900-1930
M
F
Influenza Mortality: Effect on Average life expectancy in the US
U.S. Centers for Disease Control data
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Influenza Mortality by Age
U.S. Centers for Disease Control data
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1918 Influenza Impacts
Flu orphans, Nushagak, Alaska. (Alaska State Library photo)
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Influenza Virus
Orthomyxovirusnegative sense ssRNA genome8 segments
1933- Smith, Laidlaw and Andrewes transmit influenza to ferrets
1938- Salk and Francis develop first influenza vaccine
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1997, Ann Reid & Jeffrey Taubenberger
U.S. Army Institute of Pathologyarchived tissue sections
Influenza Virus: Resurrection of the 1918 strain
• H1N1 serotype
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Johan HultinKirsty Duncan
Influenza Virus: Resurrection of the 1918 strain
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Influenza Virus: Resurrection of the 1918 strain
Terrence Tumpey, US CDC2005 Reconstruction of the 1918 strain using reverse genetics
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References
Terrence M. Tumpey et al. 2005. Characterization of the reconstructed 1918 Spanish influenza pandemic virus. Science 310:77-80.
Rafi Ahmed, Michael B A Oldstone & Peter Palese. 2007. Protective immunity and susceptibility to infectious diseases: lessons from the 1918 influenza pandemic. Nature Immunol.8:1188-1193.
David M. Morens, Jeffery K. Taubenberger, and Anthony S. Fauci. 2008. Predominant role of bacterial pneumonia as a cause of death in pandemic influenza: implications for pandemic influenza preparedness. J. Infect. Dis. 198:1-9
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Michael Worobey, Guan-ZhuHan, and AndrewRambaut. 2014. Genesis and pathogenesis of the 1918 pandemic H1N1Influenza A virus. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. 111:8107–8112.
Childhood Exposure/Cohort Immunity Model