WWI Causes to Armistice
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Transcript of WWI Causes to Armistice
CausesCausesof WWIof WWI(The Great (The Great
War)War)
CausesCausesof WWIof WWI(The Great (The Great
War)War)
Differing ViewpointsDiffering Viewpoints
“ “Family Feud”Family Feud”
“ “Fall of the Eagles”Fall of the Eagles”
“ “The War to End All Wars”The War to End All Wars”
“ “The War to ‘Make theThe War to ‘Make the World Safe for Democracy’” World Safe for Democracy’”
1. The Alliance System1. The Alliance System
Triple EntenteTriple Entente::Triple EntenteTriple Entente:: Triple AllianceTriple Alliance::Triple AllianceTriple Alliance::
Two Armed Camps!Two Armed Camps!Allied Powers Allied Powers
(Triple Entente)(Triple Entente)::Allied Powers Allied Powers
(Triple Entente)(Triple Entente)::Central PowersCentral Powers
(Triple (Triple Alliance)Alliance)::
Central PowersCentral Powers
(Triple (Triple Alliance)Alliance)::
The Major Players: 1914-17
The Major Players: 1914-17
Nicholas II Nicholas II [Rus][Rus]
Nicholas II Nicholas II [Rus][Rus]
George V [Br]George V [Br]George V [Br]George V [Br]
Pres. Poincare Pres. Poincare [Fr][Fr]
Pres. Poincare Pres. Poincare [Fr][Fr]
Allied PowersAllied Powers::Allied PowersAllied Powers::
Franz Josef [A-H]Franz Josef [A-H]Franz Josef [A-H]Franz Josef [A-H]
Wilhelm II [Ger]Wilhelm II [Ger]Wilhelm II [Ger]Wilhelm II [Ger]
Victor Emmanuel Victor Emmanuel II [It]II [It]
Victor Emmanuel Victor Emmanuel II [It]II [It]
Central PowersCentral Powers::Central PowersCentral Powers::
Enver PashaEnver Pasha[Turkey][Turkey]
Enver PashaEnver Pasha[Turkey][Turkey]
1. Militarism & Arms Race1. Militarism & Arms Race
1870 1880 1890 1900 1910 1914
94 130 154 268 289 398
Total Defense Expenditures for the Total Defense Expenditures for the Great Powers [Ger., A-H, It., Fr., Br., Great Powers [Ger., A-H, It., Fr., Br.,
Rus.] Rus.] in millions of £s.in millions of £s.
1910-1914 Increase in Defense
Expenditures
France 10%
Britain 13%
Russia 39%
Germany
73%
2. Alliances
Germany blank check to A-H Empire Secret alliances on both sides
3. Economic & Imperial Rivalries
3. Economic & Imperial Rivalries
Colonial countries fight for “MotherCountries”
4. Aggressive Nationalism=
Extreme dedication and loyalty to one’s country
4. Aggressive Nationalism=
Extreme dedication and loyalty to one’s country
Pan-Slavism: The Balkans, 1914
Pan-Slavism: The Balkans, 1914 After the
Balkan wars of 1913-
1913, Balkans are
the“Powder
Keg”of Europe.
All they needed was a spark….
After the Balkan wars
of 1913-1913,
Balkans are the
“Powder Keg”
of Europe.
All they needed was a spark….
•M_______A_______I________N______ ?•Militarism Alliances Imperialism Nationalism•Turn to your WWI map and follow the video map sequence.
TheThe
“Spark“Spark””
TheThe
“Spark“Spark””
Archduke Franz Ferdinand (A-H) is
assassinated.
Archduke Franz Ferdinand (A-H) is
assassinated.
The Assassination: Sarajevo
The Assassination: Sarajevo
The Assassin: The Assassin:
GavriloPrincipGavriloPrincip
Funeral for Archduke Ferdinand
The Domino Effect
(1) A-H Empire issues an ultimatum to allow Austria forces to investigate and stop anti-Austrian activities
(2) Serbia refuses ultimatum, Austria-Hungary declares war
(3) Russia mobilizes army to defend Serbia (4) Germany declares war on Russia
The Domino Effect• (5) France declares war on Germany (6) Germany invades Belgium to attack
France (Shlieffen plan)
The Schlieffen Plan --->
Domino Effect
(7) Britain declares war on Germany
Europe in 1914Europe in 1914
Who’s To Blame?Who’s To Blame?
German Atrocities in Belgium
German Atrocities in Belgium
MobilizationMobilization Home by Christmas!Home by Christmas! No major war No major war
in 50 years!in 50 years! Nationalism!Nationalism!
Home by Christmas!Home by Christmas! No major war No major war
in 50 years!in 50 years! Nationalism!Nationalism!
Recruitment PostersRecruitment Posters
A Young Australian Recruit
A Young Australian Recruit
Recruits of the Central PowersRecruits of the Central Powers
Austro-Austro-HungariansHungarians
Austro-Austro-HungariansHungarians
A German A German Soldier Says Soldier Says
Farewell to His Farewell to His MotherMother
A German A German Soldier Says Soldier Says
Farewell to His Farewell to His MotherMother
New French RecruitsNew French Recruits
A German Boy Pretends to Be a Soldier
A German Boy Pretends to Be a Soldier
Soldiers Mobilized
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
France Germany Russia Britain
Millions
1. Can you describe the setting, precipitating events, and alliances that were formed?
2. Who declared war and in what order?
3. What was the Schleiffin Plan?
4. Who was the Arch Duke Ferdinand and why did Aust-Hung. Declare war on Serbia?
Posters:Posters:
WartimeWartimePropagandPropagand
aa
Posters:Posters:
WartimeWartimePropagandPropagand
aa
Australian PosterAustralian Poster
American PosterAmerican Poster
Financing the WarFinancing the War
German PosterGerman Poster
What is the purpose of propoganda?
Why is it used?
The The Western Western Front:Front:
Trench Trench WarfareWarfare
The The Western Western Front:Front:
Trench Trench WarfareWarfare
A Multi-Front WarA Multi-Front War
The Western FrontThe Western Front
Trench WarfareTrench Warfare
Trench WarfareTrench Warfare
““No Man’s No Man’s Land”Land”
““No Man’s No Man’s Land”Land”
Australians Occupying German Trench
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The Stench Rotting carcasses lay around in their thousands. For example,
approximately 200,000 men were killed on the Somme battlefields, many of which lay in shallow graves.
Overflowing latrines would similarly give off a most offensive stench. Men who had not been afforded the luxury of a bath in weeks or months
would offer the pervading odor of dried sweat. The feet were generally accepted to give off the worst odor.
Trenches would also smell of creosol or chloride of lime, used to stave off the constant threat of disease and infection.
Add to this the smell of cordite, the lingering odor of poison gas, rotting sandbags, stagnant mud, cigarette smoke and cooking food... yet men grew used to it, while it thoroughly overcame first-time visitors to the front.
Verdun – February, 1916
Verdun – February, 1916
German offensive.
Each side had 500,000 casualties.
German offensive.
Each side had 500,000 casualties.
British troops and cavalry went “over the top” Shear numbers allow attack to be “successful” First day of battle 60,000 British soldiers
killed British general believed he had to attack -
used old tactics in new war 420,000 British; 200,000 French; 500,000
Germans killed
Battle of Somme
The Somme – July, 1916
The Somme – July, 1916
60,000 British soldiers killed in one day.
Over 1,000,000 killed in 5 months.
60,000 British soldiers killed in one day.
Over 1,000,000 killed in 5 months.
War Is HELL !!War Is HELL !!
Poison gas strikes the skin
Chlorine gas - 1st used, affected respiratory system
Phosgene gas - 18 times more potent then Chlorine gas. Can take 2 days for lungs to fill with fluid.
Mustard gas - burns eyes, skin. Swelling, vomiting follow. Able to penetrate clothing. Battlefields couldn’t be reoccupied.
Use and Effects of Gas
Trench Foot
Sacrifices in WarSacrifices in War
Click Esc. And continue for next two slides (One and
Aftermath)
Aftermath Poem
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“War neurosis” or “Combat Stress” Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) Symptoms include tiredness, irritability, lack of
concentration, headaches. Mental breakdown often occurred Came from conditions, heavy artillery Treatment not helpful - get soldiers back in the
trenches Generals saw this as cowardice
Shellshock
• If surviving the enemy was not bad enough, over 1000 soldiers were executed by their own armies.
Number Killed by Nation:
•Germany - 48
•France - 600
•Britain - 346
•Italy - 500+
•Canada - 25
Shot
at D
awn
Soldiers killed for insubordination, desertion, refusing to fight
Leaders assumed it would help discipline and morale
Those with shell-shock also executed
Military Executions
TheTheEasternEastern
FrontFront
TheTheEasternEastern
FrontFront
The Gallipoli Disaster, 1915
The Gallipoli Disaster, 1915
Turkish Cavalry in Palestine
Turkish Cavalry in Palestine
T. E. Lawrence & the “Arab Revolt”,
1916-18
T. E. Lawrence & the “Arab Revolt”,
1916-18
T. E. Lawrence & Prince Faisal at Versailles, 1918-
19
T. E. Lawrence & Prince Faisal at Versailles, 1918-
19
The Tsar with General Brusilov
The Tsar with General Brusilov
WomenWomenand and thetheWarWar
EffortEffort
WomenWomenand and thetheWarWar
EffortEffort
Financing the WarFinancing the War
For RecruitmentFor Recruitment
Munitions WorkersMunitions Workers
French Women Factory Workers
French Women Factory Workers
German Women Factory Workers
German Women Factory Workers
Working in the FieldsWorking in the Fields
A Woman Ambulance Driver
A Woman Ambulance Driver
Red Cross NursesRed Cross Nurses
Women in the Army Auxiliary
Women in the Army Auxiliary
Russian Women Soldiers
Russian Women Soldiers
SpiesSpies
“Mata Hari”
Real Name: Margareetha Geertruide Zelle
German Spy/”escort”!
“Mata Hari”
Real Name: Margareetha Geertruide Zelle
German Spy/”escort”!
TheThe“Colonial“Colonial
””FrontsFronts
TheThe“Colonial“Colonial
””FrontsFronts
Sikh British Soldiers in India
Sikh British Soldiers in India
Fighting in AfricaFighting in Africa
British Sikh Mountain Gunners
British Sikh Mountain Gunners
Black Soldiers in the German
Schutztruppen[German E. Africa]
Black Soldiers in the German
Schutztruppen[German E. Africa]
Fighting in AfricaFighting in Africa
3rd British Battalion, Nigerian Brigade3rd British Battalion, Nigerian Brigade
Fighting in Salonika, Greece
Fighting in Salonika, Greece
French colonial marine infantry fromCochin, China - 1916
French colonial marine infantry fromCochin, China - 1916
B. Pretend you are a colonist in Africa as you study the map on p. 852 •How might you feel if you were drafted into a war for the “mother country”?•Would it be in your best interest to fight?
Ghandi:”If we improve our status with the help and cooperation of the British…we will stand with them during their hour of need”
The War of The War of thethe
Industrial Industrial Revolution:Revolution:
NewNewTechnologyTechnology
The War of The War of thethe
Industrial Industrial Revolution:Revolution:
NewNewTechnologyTechnology
French Renault TankFrench Renault Tank
Tanks
Used invention of internal combustion engine
Early tanks very unreliable – pushed into service before fully developed
British hoped they would end stalemate on Western Front
Advantages of tank – could travel over muddy land and cut through barbed wire
U-BoatsU-Boats
Allied Ships Sunk by U-Boats
Allied Ships Sunk by U-Boats
The AirplaneThe Airplane
“Squadron Over the Brenta”
Max Edler von Poosch, 1917
“Squadron Over the Brenta”
Max Edler von Poosch, 1917
Looking for the “Red Baron?”
Looking for the “Red Baron?”
Curtis-Martin U. S. Aircraft Plant
Curtis-Martin U. S. Aircraft Plant
Krupp’s “Big Bertha” GunKrupp’s “Big Bertha” Gun
Poison Gas
Poison Gas
Machine Gun
Machine Gun
WWI Weapons
Machine guns, grenades, <---mortars, chlorine gas
British Tank at YpresBritish Tank at Ypres
FlameThrowers
FlameThrowers
GrenadeLaunchersGrenade
Launchers
The ZeppelinThe Zeppelin
Armenian Massacre in Turkey
Armenian Massacre in Turkey
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Turkish Genocide Against Armenians
Turkish Genocide Against Armenians
A Portent of Future Horrors to Come!A Portent of Future Horrors to Come!A Portent of Future Horrors to Come!A Portent of Future Horrors to Come!
Turkish Genocide Against Armenians
Turkish Genocide Against Armenians
Districts & Vilayets of Western Armenia in Turkey
1914 1922
Erzerum 215,000 1,500
Van 197,000 500
Kharbert 204,000 35,000
Diarbekir 124,000 3,000
Bitlis 220,000 56,000
Sivas 225,000 16,800
Other Armenian-populated Sites in Turkey
Western Anatolia 371,800 27,000
Cilicia and Northern Syria 309,000 70,000
European Turkey 194,000 163,000
Trapizond District 73,390 15,000
Total 2,133,190 387,800
AmericAmericaa
JoinsJoinsthethe
AlliesAllies
AmericAmericaa
JoinsJoinsthethe
AlliesAllies
The Sinking of the Lusitania
The Sinking of the Lusitania
The Zimmerman Telegram
The Zimmerman Telegram
The YanksAre
Coming!
The YanksAre
Coming!
John-nie, get your gun, get your gun, get your gun,Take it on the run, on the run, on the run,Hear them call-ing you and me, ev'-ry son of lib-er-tyHur-ry right a-way, no de-lay, go to-dayMake your Dad-dy glad to have had such a lad,Tell your sweet-heart not to pine, to be proud her boy's in line
O-ver there, o-ver there, send the word, send the word, o-ver there,That the Yanks are com-ing, the Yanks are com-ing,The drums rum-tum-ming ev'-ry whereSo pre-pare, say a prayer, send the word, send the word to be-wareWe'll be o-ver, we're com-ing o-ver,
And we won't come back 'til it's o-ver O-ver There!John-nie, get your gun, get your gun, get your gun,John-nie show the Hun you're a son of a gunHoist the flag and let her fly, Yan-kee Doo-dle do or diePack your lit-tle kit, show your grit, do your bitYan-kees to the ranks from the towns and the tanksMake your moth-er proud of you and the old Red White and Blue
O-ver there, o-ver there, send the word, send the word, o-ver there,That the Yanks are com-ing, the Yanks are com-ing,The drums rum-tum-ming ev'-ry whereSo pre-pare, say a prayer, send the word, send the word to be-wareWe'll be o-ver, we're com-ing o-ver,And we won't come back 'til it's o-ver O-ver There!
Americans in the Trenches
Americans in the Trenches
““Art”Art”ofof
WorldWorldWar IWar I
““Art”Art”ofof
WorldWorldWar IWar I
“A Street in Arras”John Singer Sargent, 1918
“A Street in Arras”John Singer Sargent, 1918
“Oppy Wood” – John Nash, 1917
“Oppy Wood” – John Nash, 1917
“Those Who Have Lost Their Names”
Albin Eggar-Linz, 1914
“Those Who Have Lost Their Names”
Albin Eggar-Linz, 1914
“Gassed and Wounded”Eric Kennington, 1918
“Gassed and Wounded”Eric Kennington, 1918
“Paths of Glory”C. R. W. Nevinson, 1917
“Paths of Glory”C. R. W. Nevinson, 1917
German Cartoon:“Fit for active service!”,
1918
German Cartoon:“Fit for active service!”,
1918
1918 Flu Pandemic: Depletes All Armies1918 Flu Pandemic: Depletes All Armies
20,000,000 – 20,000,000 – 100,000,000 died100,000,000 died
20,000,000 – 20,000,000 – 100,000,000 died100,000,000 died
Spanish Flu strain- world-wide
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11 a.m., November 11, 1918
11 a.m., November 11, 1918
9,000,0009,000,000 DeadDead9,000,0009,000,000 DeadDead
The Somme American Cemetary, France
The Somme American Cemetary, France
116,516 Americans Died116,516 Americans Died116,516 Americans Died116,516 Americans Died
Over 9,000,000 dead
Paste in Children’s Crusade
nothing escaped the war. . .
british
austrian
french
canadian
american
russian
british
german
austrian
french and german
german
russian
italian
french
german
“In death there is not much distinction, friend or foe are treated alike”
9.
12.
Who is he? Does it even matter?
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Germany-A-H Surrender
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Armistice Day
November 11, 1918
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Before
After
Before
After
Who will pay?Who will pay?Who to blame?Who to blame?Never again?Never again?