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每每每每每每每每每每.

每每每每每每每每每

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Homeschooling (or home schooling; also called home education) is the education 

of children at home and in the community, in contrast to education in an institution such

as a public or parochial school. It is also in contrast to those who are self-taught.

In the United States, homeschooling is the focus of a substantial movement among

parents who wish to provide their children with a custom or more complete education,

which they feel is unattainable in most private schools or the government's public

schools. While millions of families in the U.S. are educating their children at home, tens

of millions of families still prefer an institutional setting for their children.

3 FORMAL to provide something:

afford protection/shelter: The vaccination also affords protection against polio.afford someone something: Letters survive that afford us a glimpse into his everyday life

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up-to-the-minute  adjective

1 containing all the most recent news and information:

an up-to-the-minute report2 very modern or recent

advance

  development, improvement, spread, progress, expansion, encroachment, innovation,

enhancement, increase

antonym: decline

  loan, early payment, fee, money up front

go forward, move forward, move ahead, press forward, move on, proceed, press on,

progress, go ahead

antonym: retreat

  improve, enhance, take forward, increase, expand, progress, further, build up

antonym: regress

Information technology has advanced dramatically since the 1960s.

His cancer had now advanced so far that it could not be treated.

 They use the Internet as a tool to advance their research.He will do anything to advance his career.

We are working to advance the cause of world peace.

Spread your visit to the museum over two days if you want to avoid information

overload.

Information overload refers to the state of having too much information to make a

decision or remain informed about a topic. This term is usually used in conjunction with

various forms of computer-mediated communication such as electronic mail. Large

amounts of currently available information, a high rate of new information being added,

contradictions in available information, a low signal-to-noise ratio, and inefficient

methods for comparing and processing different kinds of information can all contribute

to this effect.

the need for effective action to combat global warming

measures to combat crime

Successive governments have failed to tackle the question of homelessness.

a new initiative to tackle the shortage of teachers

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 The crisis was resolved by negotiation.

A meeting has been called to resolve the dispute.

to try to deal with a problem or question, for example by thinking carefully about it, or by

doing things to improve a situation:Governments have been slow to address the problem of global warming.

A number of issues are being addressed.

address yourself to something: We need to address ourselves to the question of cost.

 The doctor has prescribed some drugs to alleviate the pain.

 The U.N.'s most important objective is to alleviate world poverty.

Sometimes a mild painkiller is enough to ease the pain.

Colleagues are trying to ease the pressure she is under at work.

 The book was banned from school libraries.

 They signed agreements banning the use of chemical weapons.

ban someone from doing something: She was banned from athletics for two years after

failing a drug test.

new regulations forbidding the sale of landmines

forbid someone to do something/from doing something: Army policy forbids soldiers in

uniform from talking to the news media.

International law forbids outsiders to interfere in civil wars.

Smoking is prohibited in all areas of the building.

 The sale of alcohol to young people is prohibited by law.

prohibited drugs/weapons

prohibit someone from doing something: a rule prohibiting doctors from advertising their

services

 The statement was carefully scrutinized before publication.

 The magazine had been losing advertising revenue for months.

Strikes have cost £20 million in lost revenues.

obligation to do something: Buyers have no legal obligation to disclose personal financial

information.

meet/honor/fulfill an obligation: The park service has failed to fulfill its statutory

obligation to the public.

without (any) obligation: Estimates are available on request, without obligation.

have an obligation to someone/something: The firm has an obligation to its clients.

moral/legal/social obligationcontractual obligation (=something that a contract says you must do)

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a sense of obligation

We live in an expanding universe

the rapidly expanding field of information technology

We must expand our services to include training.

conflict of interest(s)

conflicts over wage settlements

the conflict between tradition and innovation

normal kids who are in conflict with their parents

We are exploring the possibility of taking legal action against the company.

It is worth exploring other ways of dealing with this problem.

explore how/what/why etc.: He wants to explore how the human brain will function under

these circumstances.

 The government is committed to promoting the development and use of public

transportation.

a campaign to promote recycling

 The opposition parties have deliberately promoted and condoned violence.

 These products are aggressively promoted and marketed.

 Tourist attraction

A tourist attraction is a place where tourists, foreign and domestic, normally visit. Someexamples include famous historical places, zoos, museums and art galleries, botanical

gardens, buildings and structures (e.g., castles, libraries, former prisons, skyscrapers,

bridges), national parks and forests, theme parks and carnivals, ethnic enclave 

communities, historic trains, cultural events and rare oddities.

Computerized data bases are proliferating fast.

In recent years, commercial, cultural, travel and other contacts have proliferated

between Europe and China.

a proliferation of personal computers

 The past two years have seen the proliferation of TV channels.

Many jobs have become extinct with the advent of computers.

 The Tasmanian tiger was declared extinct in 1936.

Nothing could rekindle her extinct passion.

Species in danger of extinction

on the verge/edge/brink of extinction

 They were hunted almost to extinction.

Conservationists are trying to save the whale from extinction.face extinction/be threatened with extinction

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Cultural assimilation

In the social sciences, assimilation is the process of integration whereby immigrants, or

other minority groups, are "absorbed" into a generally larger community. This presumes

a loss of all characteristics which make the newcomers different. A region whereassimilation is occurring is sometimes referred to as a "melting pot".

Picasso assimilated an amazing variety of techniques in his art.

USA has assimilated people from many different countries.

Employers are not allowed to discriminate on the basis of gender.

discriminate against: Caulfield claimed they had discriminated against him because of 

his nationality.

discriminate something from something: It can be difficult to discriminate one sound

from another.

discriminate between: Long-range missile attacks simply cannot discriminate between

military and civilian targets.

indiscriminate disclosure of medical records

he indiscriminate use of chemical fertilizers

indiscriminate in his choice of friends

indiscriminate bombing of enemy targets

 They showed their approval in the time-honoured way (= by cheering, for example).

Cultural heritage

Cultural heritage consists of a nation's historic buildings, collections, monuments, etc.,

that are considered worthy of preservation for the future. Much of such heritage that

consists of smaller objects such as artworks and other masterpieces is stored in

museums and art galleries. Typically, by its nature, such heritage is unique and

irreplacable. It can often form an important component in a country's tourist industry,

attracting many visitors from abroad as well as locally.

Cultural diversity

Cultural diversity is the variety of human societies or cultures in a specific region, or in

the world as a whole.

 There is a general consensus among mainstream anthropologists that humans first

emerged in Africa about two million years ago. Since then we have spread throughout

the world, successfully adapting to widely differing conditions and to periodic

cataclysmic changes in local and global climate. The many separate societies that

emerged around the globe differed markedly from each other, and many of these

differences persist to this day.

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the easy tempo of island life

the exhausting tempo of city life

upset the even tempo of one's existence

Many infectious diseases have been virtually eliminated.eliminate something from something: He has had to eliminate dairy products from his

diet.

Half of the candidates were eliminated after the first round of interviews.

We've eliminated the possibility that someone started the fire deliberately.

Police who interviewed the man are eliminating him as a suspect.

It produces photographs of inferior quality.

inferior to: This design is inferior to the one the German company proposed.

 The hotel has excellent recreational facilities.

 There are plans to improve the restroom facilities at the bus station.

have the facility to do something: The software has the facility to produce high-quality

graphics.

Her sense of alienation from the world disappeared.

Very talented children may feel alienated from the others in their class.

Many immigrants suffer from a sense of alienation.

the materialistic values of American societyDuring the 1980s Britain became a very materialistic society.

So have we become a self-centred society, preoccupied with materialism?

Certain people always want to maintain the status quo.

Cigarette smoking used to be commoner among affluent people.

...the affluent neighborhoods of Malibu

 The diet of the affluent has not changed much over the decades.

cultural/economic/spiritual impoverishment

the impoverished areas of the city

families impoverished by debt

Falling coffee prices have impoverished many Third World economies.

He warned that the breakdown of the family unit would lead to an impoverished society.

He proposed sweeping changes to the business.

trend toward/to: We've seen a trend toward more violent movies this year.

trend in: the latest trends in popular music

 Today's figures continue the upward trend in the stock market.Everyone seems to be following the trend for sleek shiny hairstyles.

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reverse a trend

His designs are setting new trends in women's fashion.

High tides are eroding the coast.

It is feared that international institutions may erode national sovereignty.

universal human rights

the universal language of music

 The proposal has not met with universal agreement.

universal health care

a universal electrical adapter

Freedom of expression can be a double-edged sword.

a helpline for victims of domestic violence

Women are still the main victims of domestic violence.

the growing problem of domestic violence (= violence between members of the same

family)

Feminism is a diverse collection of  social theories, political movements, and moral

philosophies, largely motivated by or concerning the experiences of women, especially

in terms of their social, political, and economic situation. As a social movement,

feminism largely focuses on limiting or eradicating gender inequality and promoting

women's rights, interests, and issues in society.

A gender gap is a disparity between genders involving quality or quantity. Though some

gender gaps are controversial, they are not to be confused with sexist stereotypes. A

classic example of a gender gap is the supposed difference in pay between men and

women for the same job responsibilities. Some gender gaps favoring females are

opposed by masculists.

sexual/sex/racial/age discrimination: Ms. Howell claimed she had been the victim of 

sexual discrimination.

discrimination against: discrimination against women

discrimination in: The legislation would outlaw discrimination in employment, housing,

and education.

discrimination on the grounds of (=because of): Discrimination on the grounds of sex or

race is unlawful.

 Try to exercise discrimination when making your choice.

amount to, constitute Racist remarks by an employer to an employee can amount to

unlawful discrimination. | experience, face, suffer (from) Many disabled people suffer

discrimination at work.

A number of enlightened landowners have recently set an example by making land

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available at less than normal market value.

...an enlightened policy / enlightened opinions / attitudes / ideas

household/domestic chores

She sees exercise primarily as an unavoidable chore.My husband and I both go out to work so we share the household chores.

She didn't want to be tied down by a full-time job.

Are you ready to be tied down to a wife and children?

conflicts between parents and offspring

 There's a real personality clash between two of the directors

What percentage of the city's households live in poverty?

a one-/two-/four-person household

household goods/appliances/expenses

 Their total household income is less than $15,000 a year.

small rural communities that rely on agriculture

Patients who have received this treatment do well when they return to the community.

People feel sad about the loss of community.

sense of community: One of the major goals is to develop a sense of community.

 The party places great emphasis on family values.

a movie that is sure to bridge the generation gap

bond between: The experience formed a close bond between us.

bond with: We will work to strengthen our bonds with neighboring countries.

a common bond: These women all lead very different lives, but they share a common

bond.

Racial / social / domestic harmony

harmony between: He had to ensure that there was harmony between the different

organizations.

in harmony with: tribes living in harmony with nature

achieve | maintain, preserve They try to maintain harmony between the two

communities.

Foster, promote The Church tries to promote racial harmony.

a criminal offense/act: It is a criminal offense to threaten someone with violence.

stringent anti-noise regulations

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a stringent ban on smoking

He had to clean up the mess as a punishment.

punishment for: A 1994 law increased punishments for overloaded trucks.

He has cheated people and escaped punishment.It is unlawful for a teacher to inflict corporal punishment on pupils.

Harsh punishment is expected to be meted out to the murderer.

a high/low incidence: Researchers found a high incidence of prostate cancer in this area.

reduce/increase the incidence: The drug has been shown to reduce the incidence of 

thrombosis after surgery.

the increasing incidence of computer-related crime

Abuse of power among senior officials is said to be rampant.

Cholera was rampant in the district.

Inflation is rampant and industry in decline.

Curbs on the use of mountain bikes in the forest are being called for.

 You'd better curb that temper of yours.

Measures to curb the spread of the virus

inhumane prison conditions

inhumane treatment of animals, prisoners, the mentally ill

a new National Biological Survey to protect species habitat and biodiversity

 The mining project threatens one of the world's richest areas of biodiversity.

replacement for: He wasted little time in finding a replacement for me.

If your passport is stolen you should apply for a replacement immediately.

a rare bird in danger of losing its natural habitat

conserve, protect new measures to protect wildlife habitats

damage, destroy, disrupt Development is destroying the animal's native habitat.

Sustainable development refers to the development which provides economic, social and

environmental benefits in the long term. To achieve this, sustainable development must

have regard to the living and non-living resource base, conservation of resources, the

long-term character of the market, and the advantages and disadvantages of alternative

courses of action for future generations. Sustainable development is a wider concept

than sustainable yield, allowing the use of depletable resources in an efficient manner

with an eye to substituting other resources in due course. See also

Pollution can have disastrous effects on the delicately balanced ecosystem.

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 Tougher environmental laws could have negative impacts on economic growth.

impact on: Internet shopping has begun to have a serious impact on the traditional

bookstores.

make an impact: She's an excellent athlete who is already making a real impact in world

competition.

 The weather deteriorated rapidly so the game was abandoned.

deteriorate into: The economic situation could quickly deteriorate into social unrest.

His headache was aggravated by all the noise.

 This speech will only aggravate the existing tensions

Many cities discharge their sewage into the ocean without treating it at all.

 The mercury had been discharged from a local chemical plant.

 This food is contaminated with impurities.

Children are becoming contaminated by the prevailing cynicism of the age

radioactive contamination

 There is already a high level of environmental contamination.

Chopping boards can be a source of cross-contamination.

Some of the most efficient refrigerators consume 70 percent less electricity than

traditional models....plans which will consume hours of time and deplete your cash reserves.

Wars in the region have depleted the country's food supplies.

the depletion of the forests in Uganda

...eco-friendly washing powder...

 Tourism must try to be eco-friendly.

a scarcity of fuel

Old properties in the town have acquired a scarcity value.

...an ever increasing scarcity of water.

instil something in (into) someone: His parents had instilled a lasting love of music in

him.

Morality . . . may be instilled into their minds

All the prisoners on hunger strike had to be force-fed.

Since the US market has now been saturated, drug dealers are looking to Europe.

Heavy rains saturated fields and pastures. The shops were saturated with merchandise from the film.

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 The information given to the press was carefully censored by the Ministry of Defence.

He has been accused of misrepresenting the results of the study.

She was misrepresented in the press as (being) a militant.a gross misrepresentation of the facts

fraudulent activity/behaviour/conduct

 The meeting was hyped up in the media as an important event.

Despite the media hype , I found the film very disappointing.

 The official report into the cause of the fire was labeled a whitewash.

Investigators are accused of whitewashing the governor's record.

a biased report

racially biased attitudes

 The majority of infants are biased towards being social rather than being antisocial.

news reporting that was heavily biased towards the government (against the public)

 The report contained a number of factual errors.

newsworthy events 每每每每每每每每

a committee legislating for equal pay

 The government has promised to legislate against discrimination.

Council services are subject to close scrutiny to ensure their efficiency.

public/congressional/judicial scrutiny: The company's accounts are mainly hidden from

public scrutiny.

His theory wouldn't bear scrutiny

scrutinize all the documents relating to the trial

government/public expenditure

 The budget will certainly include increased expenditure on education.

Budget cuts have drastically (severely) curtailed training programs.

the country's continuing desire for political and military hegemony 每每

an attempt to destabilize the government

 The conflict had a seriously destabilizing effect on the region.

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nuclear armaments

a nuclear arms race

kill sb in self-defence

an act of self-defence

pursue/operate/implement a policy: The new president is expected to pursue a pro-

environmental policy.

...the vicious circle of poverty

Many people get caught / trapped in a vicious circle of dieting and weight gain

the transition toward democracy

a threat to democracy

new/emerging/fledgling democracies

fight for | establish | restore The military regime has promised to restore democracy

soon.

...improvements in the country's infrastructure...

 Two hundred years ago our forefathers established this nation

He claims to be a direct descendant of the last king

a priceless work of art that must be kept for posterity (collective noun for decendants)

plant trees for the benefit of posterity

a nation enriched by the profits from tourism

soil enriched with fertilizer

an insular attitude

It never ceases to amaze me how the business world continues to trivialize the world's

environmental problems.

 These proposals are for discussion, they're not carved in stone. (informal)

 The motto is that 'work is something you do, not something you travel to'. (about

telecommute)

A spokeswoman for the charity blamed donor fatigue for the drop in contributions.

 Too many requests for aid can cause compassion fatigue.

He's suffering from physical and mental fatigue. The aeroplane wing showed signs of metal fatigue.

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 The roads out of Cornwall were heavily congested (=very congested) .

Parking near the school causes severe traffic congestion.

 The development of the project was seriously impeded by a reduction in funds.Bad weather is hindering the search for survivors.

Production was hindered by lack of materials.

Poverty reduction or poverty alleviation is the weak form of poverty eradication. Two

types of  poverty are recognised - income poverty and non income poverty.

deprived (not having the thing essential for a comfortable life) children in the inner cities

a deprived childhood

people living in deprived areas

 The perpetrators (someone who does something morally wrong or illegal) of racially

motivated violence must be punished.

We will do everything in our power to bring the perpetrators to justice.

More banks are now installing surveillance cameras.

Former factories (the slum district) were being demolished, and the whole site

redeveloped.

planning policies designed to limit the growth of urban sprawl

the most heavily urbanized regions

a period of rapid urbanization.

sightseeing, museum visits, and other pleasant diversions

 Two prisoners created a diversion to give the men time to escape.

Improved safety measures in cars can be counterproductive as they encourage people to

drive faster.

Many children show signs of anxiety and depression after a divorce in the family.

She suffered a lot from depression after the death of her husband.

 The country is sliding into a depression.

suffer from insomnia

Pressures on natural resources will increase as we face a population explosion.

It's so pretentious of her to greet everyone in French.an ostentatious display of wealth (derogative)

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sedentary (每每每) life/job/lifestyle etc

每 health problems caused by our sedentary lifestyles

respect for racial and cultural identitythe desire to maintain a distinct cultural identity

plans to homogenize the various school systems 每每每

 Television has helped to create a global village.

blatant sexism in the selection of staff 

It is sexist to say that women are less intelligent than men.

Why shouldn't a woman have a job after years of child-rearing?

She seems to have a strong maternal instinct

He felt a particular attachment to his father's family.

Regional firms need to lose their attachment to their regions to succeed.

She felt she had been mistreated by the police.

 The animals used in the movie are in no way mistreated.

broaden/expand your horizons: Traveling has really helped to expand her horizons.

School trips give children firsthand experience not available in the classroom.

second-hand accounts of mass killings

 The monks secluded themselves from the rest of society.

New scientific discoveries are quickly commercialized.

Christmas has become so commercialized

Housing Shortage: housing affordability,

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A new arms race in the region would upset the delicate equilibrium between the opposing factions.

in equilibrium: a situation in which supply and demand are in equilibrium

Political equilibrium

a meeting of local conservationists (environmentalist)

environmentally friendly packaging

eco-friendly

new laws to conserve wildlife in the area

We must conserve our woodlands for future generations.

 To conserve electricity, we are cutting down on our central heating.

 The society works to preserve the district's historic buildings.

beautifully/perfectly/carefully preserved: a beautifully preserved frescoIt's important that these traditions are preserved.

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Our goal is to preserve the dignity and independence of our patients.

the reuse of waste materials

In several countries public pressure for recycling plastics is greater than the pressure to reuse paper.

Copper, brass and aluminium are separated and remelted for reuse.

 Japan recycles 40% of its waste.

recycled paper/glass

Old sheets can always be recycled for children's costumes.

re-usable plastic containers.

We need to work together to elevate the position of women in society.

Hormone treatment was shown to elevate cancer risk.

A shortage of funds is preventing the UN from monitoring relief.

stretch something to the limit: City funds were stretched to the limit.

Deforestation is destroying large areas of tropical rain forest.

 The air has been contaminated by exhaust fumes.

Industrial sewage continues to contaminate our beaches.

poisonous gases/plants

the poisonous spread of urban sprawl

toxic chemicals/substances/fumes/gases 每  Toxic chemicals were spilled into the river.

每 a highly toxic pesticide

 The metal has a relatively low toxicity to humans.

the toxic effects of alcohol

Caring for young children can exhaust you physically and mentally.

We need to exhaust all possibilities before we give up.

We are in danger of exhausting the world's oil supply .

Biota is the plant and animal life of a region or area or geological period. The biota of the Earth is known as

the biosphere.

 The mining project threatens one of the world's richest areas of biodiversity.

a new National Biological Survey to protect species habitat and biodiversity

Effluent (waste liquid/sewage) from the factory makes the river unsafe for swimming. The effluent from the factory was dumped into the river.

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 The situation is very grave and appears to be deteriorating.

 The report expressed grave concerns about the safety of meat production.

in grave danger (of): The peace process is in grave danger of collapsing.

Rocks and minerals are inorganic.

inorganic fertilizers

the discovery of massive springtime reductions in ozone over Antarctica

She's serving life for acting as an accomplice to murder.

 The jail has 500 inmates. ◆ He was attacked by a fellow inmate.

an escaped convict

a convicted murderer

a series of childhood traumas

Some soldiers never recover from the trauma of battle.

He continues to suffer emotional trauma.

His son's death was the most traumatic event in Stan's life.

 Their leaders were arrested and imprisoned.

youths imprisoned for minor offences

 The judge was lenient with her as this was her first offence.

 The new program is aimed at rehabilitating local heroin addicts

Prison does not rehabilitate most criminals.

a series of felonies 每每每每每每每 * be convicted of felony

Alfred beat his children for even the smallest misdemeanour.

youthful misdemeanours

What we are seeing is disregard of the law.

 This decision shows a blatant disregard for the current residents.

He was traumatized by his war experiences.

Many young children are traumatized by the divorce of their parents.

have artistic/criminal/suicidal tendencies

 The prisoners were subjected to inhuman treatment.inhumane treatment of animals / prisoners / the mentally ill

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the anti-vivisection lobby

...a fierce opponent of vivisection.

 The operation will have to be done under anaesthetic (=using anaesthetic) .Eye surgery is often performed using a local anaesthetic (=one that only affects a particular area of your

body) .

 You will need to have a general anaesthetic (=one that makes you completely unconscious) .

 The two men were caught poaching (每每) lions on government land.

每每每每

每每

What distinguishes Homo sapiens from every other living creature is the mind.

Weapons of this type are a threat to the survival of humanity.

Mankind has always been obsessed by power.

每每

 The illness had impaired his ability to think and concentrate.

Loud noise can impair your hearing.

 Today's attack has seriously impaired attempts to achieve peace in the area.

Britain was accused of undermining international efforts to reduce pollution. Their trading position has been seriously undermined by the minister's remarks.

 They had spoken secretly to reporters in an effort to undermine the leadership.

Cuts in funding could jeopardize this vital research work.

large-scale military offensives which could jeopardize the UN peace process

 The security of the whole operation has been jeopardized by one careless person.

Western India was devastated by a huge earthquake.

Mary's sisters were devastated by her disappearance.

每每

implication (effect) of: We need to consider the financial implications of these changes.

have implications for: We believe that genetically modified crops will have serious implications for the

environment.

implication for: The economic implications for the steel industry will be far-reaching.

serious long-term economic repercussions on the whole country

the endless repercussions of living on credit

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每每

 Jensen feared that his life was in peril.

the perils of air travel

We know the hazards of modern warfare. There must be protection from radiation hazards.

Broken glass is a hazard to bare feet.

每每每

 Jane manifested an unwillingness to sit and talk to Lydia.

Musical talent usually manifests itself in childhood.

the program's manifest weaknesses

a manifest error of judgment

apparent from: The children's poor health was apparent from their physical appearance.

it becomes apparent that: It soon became apparent that the two women knew each other.

for no apparent reason: Emma suddenly blushed for no apparent reason.

apparent to: It should be apparent to any reader that there are several inconsistencies.

每每

Sunshine and moisture are beneficial to living things.

Researchers may find it advantageous to talk with experts in the field.

每每

Overexposure to sunlight can have a detrimental effect on the skin.

每每

A prolonged drought had necessitated the introduction of water rationing.

Increased traffic necessitated widening the road.

He became a citizen in 1978, thereby gaining the right to vote.

Whereas knowledge can be acquired from books, skills must be learned through practice.

 The book is too long but, nonetheless, informative and entertaining.

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