Every report is read four times by an examiner and each time, it will be marked on one of the following criteria: Task Achievement (TA) Coherence and Cohesion (CC) Lexical Resource (LR) Grammatical Range and Accuracy (GRA)

• Single line graph/Double line graph• Bar graph (Single, Double or Triple bar graph)• Pie chart• Table• Process• Picture/Map

Types of graphs for report

Line GraphsIn this graph we deal with variables which increase ,decrease , fluctuate or stay constant over a period of time.

A) Verbs and nouns for describing trends and changes•Verbs and nouns show direction of change

•Adjective and adverbs show the degree of changeTrend Verbs Nouns

·rise (rose-risen) [to/by]·increase [to/by]· go (went-gone) up [to/by]· climb [to/by]·grow (grew-grown) [to/by]

· boom· surge· soar· rocket [to/by]

·a rise [of]· an increase [of]· a growth [of]· an upward trend· a boom· a surge

·fall (fell-fallen) [to/by]· decline [to/by]· decrease [to/by]· dip (dipped) [to/by]· drop (dropped) [to/by]· go (went-gone) down [to/by]· plummet [to/by]· plunge [to/by]· dive [to/by]·Deteriorate· slump [to/by]

· a fall [of]· a decline [of]· a decrease [of]· a drop [of]· a reduction· a slump· a plunge

do (did) not changeremain/stay + stable/steady/static/unchanged [at]maintain the same level

· no change

Position

· stood at/was· level (levelled) off [at]·plateau (plateau) [at]· level (levelled) out [at]· stabilize [at]· peaked [at]· reached

· a leveling off [at]· a plateau [at]· reached a high/peak of· reached a low of

ConstantChange

·fluctuated [around]·Be unpredictable·Be erratic

· a fluctuation

B) Adjectives and adverbs for degree of change:

Very extensive change

dramatic dramaticallyhuge n/aenormous enormouslytremendous tremendously

Degree Adjective Adverb

Extensive change

substantial substantially

considerable considerably

significant significantly

remarkable remarkably

Average change

noticeable noticeably

marked markedly

moderate moderately

Degree Adjective Adverb

Small change

slight slightly

small n/a

minimal minimally

C) Adjectives and adverbs for speed of change:

Quick change

rapid rapidlyquick quicklysharp sharplyswift swiftlysteep steeply

Speed Adjective Adverb

Slow change

steady steadilygradual graduallyslow slowly

Unexpected change

sudden suddenly

unexpected unexpectedly

abrupt abruptly

Try to show good command of English grammar by using both noun and verb forms•London show a significant increase in the cost of homes.(Noun)•The cost of homes in London increased significantly(Verb)For future trends:PredictionsExpectationsAnticipations showForecasts reveal [that] it will drop dramatically.Estimates indicateEvaluationsCalculations

It is

predicted expected anticipated forecast estimated evaluated calculated

that gold prices will drop dramatically

It isIt is

predicted expected anticipated forecast estimated evaluated calculated

Gold prices are

to drop dramatically

1. First event:At/In the beginning, At first,In the first year,In the first month,In 1999,In January,In the first year, 1999, In the first year (1999),2. Middle events:…and……but…However, Nevertheless,Then, Next,After this/that, Following this/that, Afterwards,This is followed by + <n/n.p>…following which……after which……which is followed by… + <n/n.p>…until…after which……until…following which……until…when……before… + <sentence or n.p.>during/over the next…years…years later,3. Final event:Finally, Ultimately,

– For Trends:relatively rather almost– For Values:Roughly Almost AboutApproximatelyAround Just just below just aboveA little/slightly more thanA little/slightly less than

The line graph compares the percentage of people in three countries who used the Internet between 1999 and 2009.It is clear that the proportion of the population who used the Internet increased in each country over the period shown. At a glance much larger percentage of Canadians and Americans had access to the Internet in comparison with Mexicans, and Canada experienced the fastest growth in Internet usage.In 1999, the proportion of people using the Internet in the USA was about 20%. The figures for Canada and Mexico were lower, at about 10% and 5% respectively. In 2005, Internet usage in both the USA and Canada rose to around 70% of the population, while the figure for Mexico reached just over 25%.

By 2009, the percentage of Internet users was highest in Canada. Almost 100% of Canadians used the Internet, compared to about 80% of Americans and only 40% of Mexicans

èComparison BarCharts

•More + noun +than : More males than female chose the t.v•Adjectives+-er+ than: The price of an apartment was lower in 1946 than 1999.•Fewer +noun+than: Fewer females than males chose tv.•More/ less+ adjectives+ than: The tv was more popular among males than females.•The most/least +adjective : The most popular form of communication was the internet.•The + adjective +- est: The fastest means of communication is emailing.•As many….as: As many males as females chose the computer.•Not as many….as :Not as many males as females chose the radio.

Adverbs in comparison:•Slightly more…than..•Considerably more….•Many more•Substantially more•Significantly more•Far more•Much more•Nearly as many …as

Figure Alternative Expressions0 Non off / … Failed to Register Anything5% Only a minority / a small proportion a twentieth 10% A tenth / only one in ten20% A Fifth / less than a Quarter25% A Quarter / one in four30% Slightly more than a quarter / nearly a third of40% Two Fifth of / somewhat less than a half50% Half60% Almost Two third / More than half70% Nearly three quarters75% Three Quarters / A clear majority80% Four Fifths / A very Sizeable majority95% The vast majority1 – 5 A few – only a few10 A small number101 – 105 Just over a hundred

How would you define majority, few & Many in percentages.

Majority normally means more than Fifty PercentageFew and many are normally used with numbers rather than percentages ; a small percentage of people could still refer to a large number of people.Adjactive Usage ExampleHefty / Massive Use for Big Numbers A hefty 90 % of.Modest Use for Percentage 15 –

40 %A modest 20% of.

Mere / Tiny Use for Small numbers A mere 10% of.Over Whelming Use with the word

majority An overwhelming Majority of.

Small Use with the word minority

A small minority of.

Using ‘double’ ‘treble’ ‘-fold’ & times :

DoubledEg : - The number of un employed people doubled between 2005 & 2009

Twice as …as/compared to’Eg : - There were twice as many unemployed people in 2009 as in 2005 Twice as many people were unemployed in 2009 compared to 2005.

Two FoldEg : - The number of unemployed people increased two fold between 2005 & 2009 There was two fold increase in the number of unemployed people between 2005 & 2009 Four timesEg : - The figure in 1998 was four times the 1996 figure