Writing paraphrases

Writing Paraphrases

Academic WritingLecturer: Chhim KimlyClass A102E,Semester 1Year 3

CICIFaculty of Arts, Humanities and Languages

Department of English

Group 2:1. Men Sopanha2. Uy Phanha3. Men Ratha

Contents

1. What is paraphrasing?

2. Why to paraphrases

3. How to paraphrases

Conclusion

Reference

Overview

In this unit, we will learn:

▪ Different forms of avoiding plagiarism

▪ The basic guide in paraphrasing

▪ Different techniques in paraphrasing

1.What is paraphrasing?

▪ A paraphrasing is a restatement of the meaning of a text or passage using other words.

▪ “Paraphrasing involves changing a text so that it is quite different from the source, while retaining the meaning.”

Bailey (2006)

Men Ratha

▪ Paraphrasing is the way that we use our own word to report someone else’s material.

▪ When paraphrasing, it is important to keep the original meaning and to present it in a new form.

1.What is paraphrasing?(Con.)

Men Ratha

▪ Paraphrases can be longer or shorter than the original source.

▪ When paraphrasing sources it is important to:

keep the original meaning in the source,

change the phrasing found in the original source (not just change a couple of words),

always referenced correctly (to acknowledge you are using others’ work).

1.What is paraphrasing?(Con.)

Men Ratha

2. Why to paraphrases

▪ Paraphrases is used to change the style or the language used in

an original by your own understanding.

▪ Show your own ideas on an essential information or ideas

expressed by someone else, presented in a new form.

▪ A more detailed restatement than a summary, which focuses

concisely on a single main idea.

▪ To avoid plagiarism.

Men Sopanha

For general

2. Why to paraphrases (Con.)

Men Sopanha

▪ To show about the understanding of each student.

▪ To demonstrate that they understand what they have read.

▪ To avoid overusing quotations.

▪ To make their text ‘flow’ better.

For student

▪ As an alternative to a direct quotation.

▪ The quotation is too long

▪ The quotation does not provide enough meaning or point of view that you wish for.

▪ To support claims in, or provide evidence for, your writing.

▪ Paraphrase and summary are indispensable in argumentative papers because they allow you to include other people’s ideas without cluttering up your paragraphs with quotations.


When should you paraphrase?

Men Sopanha


The Similarity of Paraphrasing and Summarizing

Men Sopanha

• Does not match the source word for word

• Must be attributed to the original source

• Both involve taking ideas, words or phrases from a source

and crafting them into new sentences within your writing.

• Whether paraphrasing or summarizing, credit is always given

to the author.


The Differences of Paraphrasing and Summarizing

Paraphrasing Summarizing

Involves putting a passage from a source into your own words

Involves putting the main idea(s) into your own words, but including only the main point(s)

Changes the words or phrasing of a passage, but retains and fully communicates the original meaning

presents a broad overview, so is usually much shorter than the original text

Men Sopanha

You can learn to express important ideas in your own words.

A paraphrasing could more flexible in the future.

Sometime you can use fewer words than the words in the

original source.


Men Sopanha

Advantages of using paraphrasing:

You can accidentally change the original meaning to be

wrong.

Sometimes direct quotations of original author can be clear

and well expressed than yours.


Men Sopanha

Disadvantages of using paraphrasing:

3. How to paraphrases

Uy Phanha

Rules for paraphrasing:

The paraphrase must be equally or largely in your own words, except for standard (in the subject area) terms and technical phrases for which there is no acceptable substitute.

A paraphrase must have a reference in the same way as a quotation, including the page number(s) or the text you have paraphrased in whole or part.

3. How to paraphrases (con.)

Uy Phanha

Rules for paraphrasing: (con.)

A paraphrase does not have quotation marks unless part of the paraphrase is a direct quotation.


Uy Phanha

Following are some techniques you can use to help you paraphrase :

1. Change a word from one part of speech to another

Original: Medical professor John Swanson says that global changes are influencing the spread of disease.

Paraphrase: According to John Swanson, a professor of medicine, changes across the globe are causing diseases to spread (James, 2004).


Uy Phanha

2. Use Synonyms

Original: The U.S. government declared that the AIDS crisis poses a national security threat. The announcement followed an intelligence report that found high rates of HIV infection could lead to widespread political destabilization.

Paraphrase: The government of the United States announced that AIDS could harm the nation's security. The government warned the population after an important governmental study concluded that political problems could result from large numbers of people infected with HIV (Snell, 2005).


Uy Phanha

3. Change numbers and percentages to different forms

Original: Minority groups in the United States have been hit hardest by the epidemic. African Americans, who make up 13 percent of the U.S. population, accounted for 46 percent of the AIDS cases diagnosed in 1998.

Paraphrase: The AIDS epidemic has mostly affected minorities in the United States. For example, in 1998, less than 15 percent of the total population was African, but almost half of the people diagnosed with AIDS in the United States that year were African America (Jenson, 2000).


Uy Phanha

4. Change word order

Original: Angier (2001) reported that malaria kills more than one million people annually, the overwhelming majority of them children in sub‐Saharan Africa.

Paraphrase: Every year, more than a million people are killed by malaria, and most of the victims are children who live in sub‐Saharan Africa (Angier, 2001).


Uy Phanha

5. Use different definition structures

Original: Lyme disease is an inflammatory disease caused by a bacteriumtransmitted by ticks (small bloodsucking arachnids that attach themselves tolarger animals). The disease is usually characterized by a rash followed byflu‐like symptoms, including fever, joint pain, and headache.

Paraphrase: Lyme disease‐a disease that causes swelling and redness‐is causedby a bacterium carried by a small arachnid known as a tick. The ticks attach toand suck the blood of animals and humans, transferring some of the Lymedisease bacteria into their hosts and causing symptoms similar to the flu(Wald, 2005).


Uy Phanha

6. Use different attribution signals

Original: “That’s because there are so many different ways the diseases could have arrived,” veterinarian Mark Walters declared in his recent book, Six Modern Plagues.

Paraphrase: According to Mark Walters, a veterinarian who wrote Six Modern Plagues, the disease could have arrived in numerous ways (Peterson, 2004).


Uy Phanha

7. Change the sentence structure, and use different connecting words

Original: Although only about one‐tenth of the world’s population lives there,sub‐Saharan Africa remains the hardest hit region, accounting for 72 percentof the people infected with HIV during 2000.

Paraphrase: Approximately 10 percent of the world’s population resides insub‐Saharan Africa. However, this area of the world has the highestpercentage of AIDS‐related illnesses. In fact, in 2000, almost three fourths ofthe population had the HIV virus (Bunting, 2004).


Uy Phanha

8. Do not change key terms or proper nouns

Original: In the northeastern United States, people are building homes on theedge of woods, where ticks that carry Lyme disease hitch rides on deer. Inaddition, in Africa, hunters bring back the meat of animals that scientiststhink may transmit Ebola, a usually fatal disease that causes massivehemorrhaging in its victims.

Paraphrase: In the United States, residential areas are being built nearwooded areas in the northeast. These areas are also the homes of tickscarrying Lyme disease. Also, according to scientists, hunters in Africa killanimals that may carry the Ebola virus (an often fatal virus that causes massivehemorrhaging) (Yaya, 2004).

Conclusion

▪ A paraphrasing is a restatement of the meaning of a text or passage using other words.

▪ Paraphrasing is used for:

To change the style or the language

Show your own ideas on an essential information

A more detailed restatement than a summary

To avoid plagiarism.

▪ There are 8 techniques for paraphrasing:

1. Change a word from one part of speech to another

2. Use Synonyms

3. Change numbers and percentages to different forms

4. Change word order

5. Use different definition structures

6. Use different attribution signals

7. Change the sentence structure, and use different connecting words

8. Do not change key terms or proper nouns

Conclusion (Con.)

Student Learning Common, Integrating Sources Techniques for Paraphrasing, Schuemann, C., Bryd, P., & Reid, J. (2006). College Writing 4 (1st ed.). USA: Heinle/ELT, a part of Cengage Learning, Inc.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraphrase

http://www.uc.utoronto.ca/paraphrase

https://student.unsw.edu.au/paraphrasing-summarising-and-quoting

Reference

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Writing paraphrases

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