Write an introductory paragraph after analyzing the documents:

What factors indicate that the recent victory in the French and Indian War appear to foreshadow the difficult times

ahead in British and Colonial relations?

Introductory paragraph as if you were writing a DBQ or Introductory paragraph as if you were writing a DBQ or Free Response Essay: Needs to have the following Free Response Essay: Needs to have the following

components….components….

Opening statement

Rephrasing the question

Opinion

Introduce your arguments

As the American Revolution saw its first shots fired between the

Americans and the British at Lexington, it is unclear which side

actually fired the shot. The emotions of the times seem to indicate that a conflict and the

possibility of war was inevitable. The question of who fired the first

shot is unclear based on the propaganda, eyewitness accounts

and the biases on both sides. There is no doubt that this shot

heard around the world led to the eventual downfall of British rule and the creation of the United

States.

Do you see the Do you see the following following

components in components in this introductory this introductory

paragraph?paragraph?

Opening Opening statementstatement

Summarize the Summarize the questionquestion

OpinionOpinion

ArgumentsArguments

•Early settlers disliked England•America’s isolation and distance •Weakened England’s authority

•Produced rugged and independent people•Allowed Colonies to govern themselves

(made their own laws and taxes)•Produced a new civilization and culture

“American”

•Early settlers disliked England•America’s isolation and distance •Weakened England’s authority

•Produced rugged and independent people•Allowed Colonies to govern themselves

(made their own laws and taxes)•Produced a new civilization and culture

“American”

Revolution in Thought1607 to 1763

Revolution in Thought1607 to 1763

•Taxation without Representation•Colonial blood shed by British

•Battle of Lexington and Concord•Declaration of Independence

•War and Separation from Great Britain•Writing of the US Constitution

•The New Nation

•Taxation without Representation•Colonial blood shed by British

•Battle of Lexington and Concord•Declaration of Independence

•War and Separation from Great Britain•Writing of the US Constitution

•The New Nation

Revolution in Action1763 to 1789

Revolution in Action1763 to 1789

notes7

1. Taxation differences.

2. England’s Colonial Policies

3. Colonial responses to British laws….

4. Parliament’s response.

5. Boston Massacre----March of 1770

6. Boston Tea Party---Dec. 1773

7. British response

8. Colonial response to the Intolerable Acts

9. Battles of Lexington and Concord---April 19, 1775

10. 2nd Continental Congress

7. Colonial response to the Intolerable Acts•Moderates vs. Radicals

•Negotiate but Militias Militias prepare for war

8. Battles of Lexington and Concord---April 19, 1775

•British attempt to “search and seize” stolen weapons.•First shots of the Revolution in Action

9. British and Colonial responses:•King George declared colonies in rebellion•2nd Continental Congress---May 10, 1775

•Organized the first Continental Army•Appointed George Washington as General

Pass a series of tax laws and have the Colonists help pay back the debtdebt.

Pass a law restrictinglaw restricting Colonists from moving westward into and settling the

Northwest Territory.

Keep British troopsBritish troops in North America to stop Indian attacks and protect the Colonies.

Stop the smugglingsmuggling of Colonials by enforcing the Navigation ActsNavigation Acts with a series

of unrestricted search warrants.

“Once vigorous measures appear to be the only means

left of bringing the Americans to a due submission to the

mother country, the colonies will submit.”

•King of England. King of England.

•Instrumental in ending the Instrumental in ending the French and Indian War in 1763. French and Indian War in 1763.

•Strong supporter of taxing the Strong supporter of taxing the colonies to pay for the debt. colonies to pay for the debt.

•He opposed any compromise He opposed any compromise with the colonial government in with the colonial government in

America. America.

•After loosing of the colonies, After loosing of the colonies, he withdrew his efforts at he withdrew his efforts at

personal government and went personal government and went insane.insane.

George

Real WhigsReal Whigs

Q->Q-> What was the extent of Parliament’sWhat was the extent of Parliament’s authority over the colonies?? authority over the colonies??

Absolute?Absolute? OR OR Limited?Limited?

Q->Q-> How could the colonies give or How could the colonies give or withhold consent for withhold consent for parliamentaryparliamentary legislation when they did not legislation when they did not havehave representation in that body?? representation in that body??

Theories of Theories of RepresentationRepresentation

Theories of Theories of RepresentationRepresentation

• The 13 Colonies were The 13 Colonies were represented under the represented under the principle of principle of “virtual” “virtual” representation.representation.

• It did not matter if the It did not matter if the Colonists did not elect Colonists did not elect members from each colony to members from each colony to represent them in the British represent them in the British Parliament.Parliament.

• Not all citizens in Britain were Not all citizens in Britain were represented either.represented either.

• The British Parliament The British Parliament pledged to represent every pledged to represent every person in Britain and the person in Britain and the empireempire

• Americans resented “virtual” Americans resented “virtual” representation.representation.

• Colonists Colonists governed themselvesgoverned themselves since the early settlerssince the early settlers..

• They had They had direct representationdirect representation by electing colonial assembly by electing colonial assembly members to represent their members to represent their interests.interests.

• Colonists were not opposed to Colonists were not opposed to paying taxes because the paying taxes because the Colonies taxed their citizens.Colonies taxed their citizens.

• If the British Parliament was If the British Parliament was to tax them, they should be to tax them, they should be able to elect a able to elect a representativerepresentative from their colony to represent from their colony to represent their interests in Parliament.their interests in Parliament.

Virtual RepresentationVirtual Representation Actual RepresentationActual Representation

Tax w/out rep

If you have the power to tax, you have the power to take all their wealth

from them.

If there is no checkcheck upon the people who posses the “power to tax” then

they have the power to destroy.

Colonists wanted an “actual” representative elected from them to

address their concerns to Parliament.

The Power to Tax is the Power to Destroy

If a politician wants to have power he needs votes of the people that elect him. He has to live among those people so

he will not use his power to destroy them,

Or, the people may in turn vote him out of power or worse destroy him.

Man’s nature is greedy. Therefore, he cannot be trusted

with unchecked power.Absolute power corrupts,

absolutely.

The Power to Tax is the Power to Destroy

George Grenville’s George Grenville’s Program, 1763-1765Program, 1763-1765George Grenville’s George Grenville’s

Program, 1763-1765Program, 1763-1765

1.1. Writs of Assistance - 1761Writs of Assistance - 1761

2.2. Proclamation Line – 1763Proclamation Line – 1763

3.3. Sugar Act – 1764Sugar Act – 1764

4.4. Currency Act – 1764Currency Act – 1764

5.5. Quartering Act – 1765Quartering Act – 1765

6.6. Stamp Act - 1765Stamp Act - 1765

Northwest Territory

•Proclamation Line of 1763Proclamation Line of 1763: Colonists were not allowed into the Northwest Territory

•Colonists defied order— American DreamAmerican Dream•Writs of AssistanceWrits of Assistance: unrestricted British search warrants to stop Colonial smuggling……

•Continued to smuggle•Quartering ActQuartering Act: 1763:1763: Colonists were to house and feed British soldiers.

•Colonial resentment-why are soldiers here?•The Sugar Act 1764The Sugar Act 1764: First law passed by Parliament to raise tax revenue from colonies

•Increased duty on imported sugar (molasses) from West Indies•Duties lowered after bitter colonial protests

Currency ActCurrency Act: 1763: : 1763: Had to use Had to use British, French and Spanish CoinsBritish, French and Spanish Coins

•Colonists buying more than could sell Colonists buying more than could sell under Mercantile policies, so chronic under Mercantile policies, so chronic shortage of hard currencyshortage of hard currency•What did colonists use for currency What did colonists use for currency besides coins? besides coins? BarterBarter•On the eve of revolution, colonies issue On the eve of revolution, colonies issue paper money of dubious valuepaper money of dubious value•British merchants view paper $$$, British merchants view paper $$$, “worthless”“worthless”•Parliament eventually bans, which is one Parliament eventually bans, which is one more grievance of colonistsmore grievance of colonists

•Americans saw new laws as a strike against local liberties and against the basic rights that all Englishmen were entitled to.•Some colonial legislatures did not fully comply with the Quartering Act•The Sugar ActSugar Act and Stamp ActStamp Act allowed

•For offenders tried in British military courts, without juries, where defendants were assumed guilty unless they could prove otherwise•Violations of principles held dearly by British (and British colonists in America)

•Tax on legal documents, playing cards, newspapers, etc.•A direct tax which went to the British government.

•Paid for debt and British troops in the Colonies.•Colonists hated the Stamp Tax = “taxation without representation”

•British tax collectors were tarred and feathered…..•Stamp Act protests led by the Sons of Liberty…..

Stamp Tax

Stamp Tax

Boycotts: Colonists refused to trade or buy British goods until Stamp Act was repealed.

Protests: Led by the Sons of Liberty up and down the colonies from 1765 to 1766.

Committees of Correspondence: Colonies kept in contact with one another and described British actions through letters exchanged by carriers on horseback.

                         

    

                           

  

                    

      

“If our trade be taxed, why not our lands, or produce, in short, everything we possess? They

tax us without having legal representation.” Samuel Adams

•Sons of Liberty was a secret society formed in protest of

British rule. •They had a large role in the

repeal of the Stamp Act and the Boston Tea Party.

•9 original members which included the leaders Samuel

Adams and Paul RevereSamuel AdamsSamuel Adams

Paul Revere

BritishlawsBritishlaws

Stamp Act Protests: 1765 to 1766

•Between 1765 to 1766, the Sons of Liberty led over 40 protests up and down the

colonial coastline.•Most of the protests are

located in the Middle Colonies up through the New England Colonies.

•Successful in forcing the British Parliament to repeal

the Stamp Act.

•Stamp Act of 1765Stamp Act of 1765

Parliament repeals Stamp Act.

•Declaratory Act, 1766Declaratory Act, 1766declared Parliament had the power to tax the colonies both internally and externally, and had absolute power over the colonial legislatures.

17671767 William Pitt, P. M. & Charles William Pitt, P. M. & Charles Townshend, Secretary of Townshend, Secretary of the Exchequer. the Exchequer.

A Shift from paying taxes for Br. Shift from paying taxes for Br. war war debts & quartering of troops debts & quartering of troops paying col. govt. salaries. paying col. govt. salaries.A He diverted revenue collection He diverted revenue collection from from internal to external trade. internal to external trade.A Tax these imports Tax these imports paper, paint, paper, paint, lead, glass, tea. lead, glass, tea.

A Increase custom officials at Increase custom officials at American ports American ports established a established a Board of Customs in Boston. Board of Customs in Boston.

Townshend Duties Townshend Duties Crisis: 1767-1770Crisis: 1767-1770Townshend Duties Townshend Duties Crisis: 1767-1770Crisis: 1767-1770

1.1. John Dickinson John Dickinson 1768 1768 ** Letters from a Farmer inLetters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania Pennsylvania..

2.2. 1768 1768 2 2ndnd non-importation non-importation movement: movement: ** “Daughters of Liberty”“Daughters of Liberty” ** spinning beesspinning bees

3.3. Riots against customs Riots against customs agents:agents: ** John Hancock’s ship, the John Hancock’s ship, the

LibertyLiberty.. ** 4000 British troops sent 4000 British troops sent to Boston. to Boston.

Colonial Response to Colonial Response to the Townshend the Townshend

DutiesDuties

Colonial Response to Colonial Response to the Townshend the Townshend

DutiesDuties

1768—1770, British soldiers arrived in Boston, MA to maintain order and enforce the taxes the colonists were asked to pay after the French and Indian.

The people of Boston resented the British soldiers and considered them a foreign presence.

1770

High tensions between British and Bostonians over enforcing British

policies.

March 1770, the British shed Colonial blood for

first time blood.

The relationship between the Colonies and England

would never improve

Used as propaganda to convince people of the

colonial cause.

Boston Mass.Boston Mass.

Boston Mass.Boston Mass.

Boston Mass.Boston Mass.

•The 5 Colonists killed at the Boston Massacre would become martyrs for the Colonial cause

•They would be buried in the same cemeteries as Paul Revere and Samuel Adams.

•British soldiers were tried in court and 2 were found guilty of manslaughter.

Tea Act, East India Company

•Made it illegal for the colonies to buy non-British tea and forced the colonies to pay the

tea tax of 3 cents/pound. •The Colonists had to buy tea from the East

India Tea Company----gave them a monopolymonopoly•Colonists claimed it was “taxation without “taxation without

representation”representation”•Sons of LibertySons of Liberty protested against the Tea ActTea Act in

Dec. 1773 by dumping 342 chests of tea into Boston Harbor

Boston Tea Party

•To the British, the Boston Tea Party represented a crucial change

in the relationship with the Colonies, an act of defiance.

•The Colonists refusal to buy tea from the British and dumping it overboard was a “gesture” to the British that the Colonists were

saying, “you can take your tea and stuff it where the sun doesn’t shine”.

Boston Tea Party

Closed the port of Boston from Colonial trade and placed Massachusetts under martial law until

Colonists paid for the tea.

Colonists referred to these as the “Intolerable

Acts”

Exports & Imports: 1768-1783

The Intolerable Act closed the port of Boston from Colonial

trade and placed

Massachusetts under martial

law.

                        

  

•Moderates argue with Radicals whether or not to go to war.•Representatives send a document “Declaration of Rights and Grievances” in 1774 to King George and Parliament•In the meantime, Congress ordered militias to prepare for war.

DOI-2DOI-2

•Colonies send their representatives to

Philadelphia to form a Congress in response to the Intolerable Acts

in 1774•Main goal was to try

and negotiate with King George and

Parliament

                        

  

DOI-2DOI-2

notes8notes8

Moderates RadicalsBen Franklin Patrick HenryThomas Jefferson Paul RevereJohn Adams Samuel Adams

Do we go to war with Great Britain?

Patrick HenryPatrick Henry(1736-1799)(1736-1799) Revolutionary War Revolutionary War orator, radical and orator, radical and

statesman. In a statesman. In a speech urging armed speech urging armed resistance against the resistance against the British. Speech was British. Speech was given in March of given in March of

1775.1775.

PHenry

There is no retreat but in submission and slavery! Our chains are forged! Their clanking may be heard on the

plains of Boston! The war is inevitable and let it come! I repeat it,

sir, let it come.

It is in vain, sir, to extenuate the matter. Gentlemen may cry, Peace, Peace -- but there is no

peace. The war is actually begun! The next gale that sweeps from the

north will bring to our ears the clash of resounding arms!

Our brethren are already in the field! Why stand we here idle?

What is it that gentlemen wish? What would they have? Is life so dear, or peace so sweet, as to be purchased at the price of chains and slavery? Forbid it, Almighty

God!         

I know not what course others may take but as for me:

““Give me liberty or give Give me liberty or give me death”.me death”.

PHenry

1770

Troops2

•After the Boston Tea Party the British send more troops to enforce the Intolerable Acts.

•Colonial militias prepare for war.

Lexington

British attempt to “search and seize” stolen weapons.First shots of the Revolution in Action

•British searching for stolen weapons–

“search and seizure”

•Stopped at Lexington and encountered 56

Minutemen

•Minutemen stood up for what they believed

was their land

SHOT HEARD ‘ROUND THE WORLD

Americans

•90 dead wounded or capturedBritish

•250 dead, wounded, or captured

•Minutemen engage British troops at Concord

Bridge.

•British find some weapons at Concord.

•British return to Boston, 5,000 Minutemen attack

British troops.

                        

  

•Organized first American army called the Continental Army and Organized first American army called the Continental Army and appointed George Washington as our Commanding General.appointed George Washington as our Commanding General.

•Willing to stay part of the empire but King must “redress our Willing to stay part of the empire but King must “redress our grievances”grievances”

•Congress prepares for war…….Congress prepares for war…….

DOI-2

•Came together Came together again after the again after the

battles of battles of Lexington and Lexington and

Concord, May 10, Concord, May 10, 1775.1775.

•Colonial leaders met in Philadelphia, PA to discuss their options in response to the Intolerable Acts.•The decision was to negotiate with King George III and send him a declaration of their willingness to remain British.•BUT, they have grievances (problems) which they want the King and Parliament to address.•AND, they instructed the local militias in each town to begin preparing for war with the MINUTEMEN!

Who would be our first commanding general?

•2nd Continental Congress based their decision on the following:•Political•Economic•Military•Social

George Washington John Hancock

George Washington was chosen based on his qualifications.

•First US Army made up of volunteers, militias and

Minutemen.

•George Washington chosen as the first Commanding

General.

•Not an army of professionals but mostly

farmers.

•Lacked the discipline of a professional army at first….

•Lacked resources, men weren’t paid and some quit after the first few battles.

•2nd Continental Congress lacked $$$$ to supply army…