Write a narrative account analysing the key events

in relations between the superpowers, 1941-45. You may use the following information in your answer:

The Tehran Conference

The atomic bomb

In 1941, both the USA and the Soviet Union joined the Second

World War on the side of the Allies. With Britain, they made up the

___________________________. This alliance was based on the

fact that both countries were allies against ________________.

This led to the __________ Conference in 1943 which was the first

time the ‘Big Three’ leaders met. The US President,

_______________ got on well with the leader of the Soviet Union,

______________. Stalin achieved most of what he wanted, more

land from P______________ and Britain and the USA agreed to

open up a second front against Germany.

The leaders met again in Yalta in February 1945 when they were

close to defeating ______________. They managed to reach a

number of agreements including dividing ___________ and

_________ into four zones. They also agreed that ___________

Europe would be part of the Soviet sphere of influence but that

free elections would be held there. However, they could not agree

on r______________ from Germany or P___________. After

Germany had surrendered they met again at _____________.

However, by now Roosevelt had died and his replacement,

_____________ was determined to get tough with the Soviet

Union and this increased tensions with Stalin. At the start of the

conference the USA tested the ____________ ________. This

led to even more distrust between Truman and Stalin as Stalin was

angry that the USA had kept the bomb _________ and it made him

feel ___________ about the strength of the USA. Although they

did agree on the division of Germany and Berlin into _____ zones,

they still disagreed over Eastern Europe as Truman was angry that

the Soviet Union had kept their troops there. Stalin, however, felt

he had the right to have influence over Eastern Europe and saw it as

an important b________ z_____.

As a result of this conference, tensions rose between the USA and

Soviet Union, and an _____ ________ began between as Stalin

tried to develop his own nuclear weapons. He also made sure that

there were C____________ governments installed in countries in

Eastern Europe.

Write a narrative account analysing the key ways

in which the Cold War developed, 1945-47. You may use the following information in your answer:

The Potsdam Conference

The Marshall Plan

Tensions began at the Potsdam Conference because…

After the Potsdam Conference, tensions continued to rise because

of Stalin’s paranoia about the West so he tried to strengthen the

Soviet Union by… (what he did regarding the atomic bomb and

Eastern Europe)

This increased Truman’s suspicions of Stalin because…

Then, in 1946, the Long Telegram and Novikov Telegram (as well as

Churchill’s Iron Curtain speech) increased tension by…

This led to the Truman Doctrine which…

The Truman Doctrine led to the Marshall Plan which…

This increased tensions further with Stalin who reacted by…

As a result, Europe was divided into two sides, the West financially

allied to the USA, and the East controlled by the Soviet Union.

Write a narrative account analysing the key events

in Berlin, 1945-49. You may use the following information in your answer:

Bizonia

The Berlin Airlift

In 1948 the Soviet leader, Stalin, became worried that the Soviet-occupied sector in East

Berlin was being threatened by the actions of the Western powers. He was particularly

concerned that the economic help being given to Western Germany such the Marshall Plan

and the founding of an economic business area in West Berlin called Bizonia would be a

threat to Soviet control. Stalin felt particularly threatened by the introduction of a new

currency into Bizonia in June 1948. As a direct response, on June 15 1948, the USSR sealed

off land and supply routes to West Berlin in an attempt to force the West stop their economic

aid and perhaps even to handover West Berlin. This became known as the Berlin Blockade.

However, in response to this the USA and Britain launched what became known as the Berlin

Airlift. During the crisis planes delivering food and fuel landed in Berlin every minute to

provide West Berliners with goods being blockaded. Stalin hoped that the USA and Britain

might abandon the Airlift during the winter of 1947/48 but the pilots continued their

dangerous mission. The Airlift continued for almost a year until June 1949 when its success

led to the USSR abandoning the Blockade. As a result of the crisis West Berlin became seen

as an important symbol of western power and influence and it encouraged the Western

powers to consider supporting western Germany as an independent state. As a result of the

Berlin Crisis, West Germany was established in May 1949 and the Soviets responded in

October 1949 by establishing East Germany.

This answer would get full marks because:

It sequences the events in the correct chronological order

It makes links

1 At the Conferences

in Yalta and Potsdam,

it was agreed

6 Truman did not want to allow West Berlin

to become Communist because…

So he...

2 There were

disagreements over how

each country ran their

zones and the USA and

UK untied their zones in

1947 to create Bizonia.

This made Stalin feel

even more ganged up on

and he refused to

cooperate with the

West.

3 Stalins paranoia

increased in March

1948 when

7. Stalin could

not…

Because…

4 Stalin became even

more worried in June

1948 when the allies

introduced a new

currency, the

Deutschmark, into

Trizonia without

consulting him.

8 This resulted in the end of the Blockade in

May 1949 because…

This resulted in…

5 This made Stalin

want to force the

West out of Berlin

because…

So he…

Write a narrative account analysing development

of the arms race, 1945-57. You may use the following information in your answer:

Hiroshima

ICBMs

The Arms Race began in July in 1945 when the USA tested their

atomic bomb. Then in August 1945…

Stalin reacted by…

The USA wanted to stay ahead of the Soviet Union so…

This meant that the USA and Soviet Union both had destructive

nuclear weapons and also large supplies of conventional weapons and

a large military. Even though this cost a lot of money, both side

wanted to be ahead in the arms race so…

This resulted in…

This meant that…

The H-

Bomb was

1,000 times

more

powerful

than the A-

Bomb

The ICBM

could fire a

nuclear

missile

4,500 km.

Write a narrative account analysing events in

Hungary, 1956

Put these events in order

At the same time as the protests in Hungary, Britain and France

carried out an illegal invasion of Suez in Egypt (this was called the

Suez Crisis). The USA and UN were both distracted so took no

action over Hungary.

In 1955, Rakosi had become the leader of Hungary, again. He was

hated for being a brutal dictator who used violence against his people

to stay in power. His economic policies were also unsuccessful

leading to poor living standards. In July 1956, Khrushchev orders

that Erno Gero (another hardline Communist) replaces Rakosi as

leader.

The image of Stalin’s destroyed statue worries Khrushchev. He

sends in Soviet troops and tanks who enter the capital city,

Budapest, to restore order. They open fire, killing 12 and wounding

more than 100.

Nagy replaces Gero as leader.

With no help from the West, Hungary is quickly taken back under

Soviet control. The Soviet Union orders that the ‘hardline’

Communist Janos Kadar replaces Nagy leader. Kadar promises Nagy

safe passage out of the country, but he is kidnapped and taken to

Romania where he is executed in 1958.

Khrushchev cannot allow Hungary to leave the Warsaw Pact.

200,000 Soviet troops and 6,000 tanks return to Hungary. The

Hungarians fight back leading to bitter fighting, but they are no

match for the Soviet troops. 20,000 Hungarians and 7,000 Soviet

troops are killed. 200,000 Hungarians become refugees.

Nagy has talks with Khrushchev who agreed to remove Soviet tanks

from Hungary. He was also told by the US Secretary of State that

Hungary ‘can count on us’. This made Nagy feel confident to propose

reforms including.

Free elections

Free speech and press.

Free trade with the West.

Hungary to leave the Warsaw Pact.

Hungary to become a neutral country (not part of the Communist

East or Capitalist West).

Hungarians hoped that with Rakosi no longer leader, they would have

more freedom. This does not happen. There are protests

throughout Hungary about life under Soviet control. The protests

demand free elections, a free press and the withdrawal of Soviet

troops. They also re-bury victims of Rakosi’s repression. Statues of

Stalin are torn down.

Explain the importance of the creation of NATO

for the development of the Cold War, 1949-55

The creation of NATO was important in worsening relations between the East

and West and increasing Cold War tensions because:

It increased Stalin’s suspicions of the West because

In 1955, West Germany joined NATO which worried the Soviet Union even

more so they established the Warsaw Pact. This meant that there were two

opposing military alliances. This increased tensions because

Write a narrative account analysing the key events

tensions over Berlin, 1958-63. You may use the following information in your answer:

Khrushchev’s ultimatum over Berlin

The Berlin Wall

Explain two consequences of the Cuban Missile

Crisis.

Write a narrative account analysing the key events

in Czechoslovakia, 1968-9 You may use the following information in your answer:

The Prague Spring

The Brezhnev Doctrine

Explain the importance of the Soviet invasion of

Afghanistan for relations between the USA and

Soviet Union

The Soviet Union’s invasion of Afghanistan was important because it

worsened relations. The USA had been looking for a reason to end

D___________ and this allowed them to do this. President

C_______ ordered the Senate to not ratify ______ 2 and he made

the C__________ D_________ which said that the USA would

take m___________ a_________ to protect its interests in the

Persian Gulf. He also placed s_________ on the Soviet Union and

the USA secretly sent m________ and w________ to the

Mujahideen (who the Soviet Union was fighting against in

Afghanistan). Relations also worsened when the USA organised a

b__________ of the Moscow Olympics in 1980 and persuaded over

60 other countries to do the same. They then held their own

L_________ G_______ instead. This humiliated the Soviet Union

and they retaliated by boycotting the Los Angeles O________ in

1984.

In 1980, the US elected R_________ as their new president. He

vowed to win the C_____ W____, partly by winning the arms race.

The invasion of Afghanistan was important for this as it cost the

Soviet Union $8 b________ a year (and led to the deaths of 15,000

Soviet soldiers) and meant that they could not afford to keep up

with the USA. This was one reason for G__________ ‘New

Thinking’ when he became leader in 1985 which eventually led to

improved relations with the USA.

Write a narrative account analysing the key events

of the Cold War, 1981-89. You may use the following information in your answer:

Reagan’s Strategic Defence Initiative

The INF

1981: R__________ becomes the US President.

In the Reagan Doctrine, he calls the Soviet Union

an ‘Evil Empire’ and says that the USA will win

the Cold War by supporting anti-Communist

fighters and spending more money on

w____________.

1983: Reagan announces the Strategic Defense

Initiative (nicknamed ‘S_________ W______’)

1985: G___________ becomes leader of the

Soviet Union. He realises that the Soviet Union

is nearly bankrupt and therefore cannot afford

to compete with the USA in the a_______

r_________. There was also unrest in many

satellite states such as in P___________, where

the group, S________________ was banned for

protesting against the Communist government.

His ‘new thinking’ eventually led to better

relationships with President Reagan.

1987: In Reagan and Gorbachev’s third summit

meeting in 1987 in Washington the agreed the

INF Treaty and they signed it at the Moscow

Summit in 1988. This Treaty agreed to remove

medium range land m_______________ and led

to the destruction of 2,692 weapons by 1991.

1988: Gorbachev announces an end to the

B___________ D____________ which would

allow countries in Eastern Europe more freedom

to decide how they would be governed. This

encouraged people from these countries to

believe that they could make changes to improve

their standard of living and freedom.

1989: Eastern European countries stop being

Communist and the ____________ ________ is

knocked down after Soviet troops stop patrolling

it. This is a symbolic end of the Cold War and

also demonstrates the end of Soviet control over

Eastern Europe and the end of the

W__________ P_________.

Explain the importance of Gorbachev’s ‘new

thinking’ for Eastern Europe.

Explain the importance of the Sinatra

Doctrine for the end of the Cold War.

Gorbachev’s Sinatra Doctrine was important as it allowed Eastern

European countries to decide whether to remain C____________

allies of the S_________ U_________. By making it clear that he

would not stop countries from becoming d__________ and opening

up to the West he allowed Communism to f_____ in Eastern Europe

leading to the fall of the B________ W_____. This was important

as it reduced t_________ between the USA and Soviet Union

because B________ no longer remained a divisive issue between

East and West.

The Sinatra Doctrine was also important as it led to the end of the

B__________ D__________ and the collapse of the W________

P________. Military cooperation ended in early 19___ and the Pact

was formally dissolved in July 19___. This significantly reduced

tension as E________ was no longer d_______ into two armed

camps. Both sides could now agree to the START Agreement which

reduced m_________ stockpiles. The ending Brezhnev Doctrine

was also important as states within the Soviet Union asked for the

i____________ and the government could not use force to keep

them under control. The Soviet Union itself was d__________ in

December 1991, ending the C______ W____.

Do Now

Part A: Whose doctrine?

____________ Doctrine ___________ Doctrine

_____________ Doctrine

_______________ Doctrine

Part B: In what year…

The Cuban Missile Crisis

The building of the Berlin Wall

The Grand Alliance formed

The beginning of the Berlin Blockade and Airlift

The end of the Berlin Blockade and Airlift

The Prague Spring and Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia

The Hungarian Uprising and Soviet invasion of Hungary

The Yalta and Potsdam Conferences

The INF treaty was signed

The Truman Doctrine and Marshall Pan

The Bay of Pigs

The Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan

The Helsinki Accords

SALT 1 was signed

The Long and Novikov telegrams

The Tehran Conference

The fall of the Berlin Wall

The end of the Soviet Union

The U2 crisis (the shooting down of Gary Powers) and the Paris

Summit (which Gorbachev walked out of)

Kennedy’s ‘Ich Bin Ein Berliner’ speech

Gorbachev becomes leader of the Soviet Union

The creation of NATO

The creation of the Warsaw Pact

The creation of Comecon

Khrushchev’s first Berlin Ultimatum