Wrg 11e lecture_ch01

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Chapter 1 Lecture

World Regional Geography

A Developmental Approach

11th Edition

Geography and Development in

an Era of Globalization


Chapter Learning Outcomes

• Define development and list the various ways in which it can be interpreted.• Describe the major economic revolutions and show how they inform our

understanding of development.• Explain population growth through human history and link this to development.• Identify and characterize the major “players” in the globalization process.• Discuss the environmental challenges facing the world today and connect these

challenges to human activities and the development process.• Define “environmental stewardship” and outline this concept in the context of

development.• Describe cultural attributes and processes and how these influence

development.• Evaluate the role of per capita income in the development process and suggest

other measures.• Characterize the actual and potential role women play in development.• Examine the role of different energy sources in sustainable energy futures,

particularly for populations currently without access to electricity.


Map


Development—What’s in a Name?

• More than just an economic component• One of many terms applied to processes

of change, or lack of change, to describe economic and political circumstances of different countries


Development—What’s in a Name?

• Underdevelopment—suggests an absence of characteristics associated with modern economies and societies

• Less developed countries– Avoids negative connotations– More benign/clinical term

• Assumptions– Predominantly drawn from Western, North American/European ideas–May

not work everywhere.– Processes of change are not necessarily synonymous with economic

growth.– Sustainable in the dual sense that changes in human welfare should not

harm future generations.– Particular sensitivity to environmental concerns

• Four components1. People2. Natural environment3. Culture rules4. History remains


Measures of Development

• Industrial production– Manufacturing– Less developed countries (LDCs) portion mostly drawn by Foreign Direct

Investment• Post-industrial production• Energy consumption• Other measures

– Life expectancy– Food supply– Number of calories – Protein supply

• Combined measures–Human Development Index (HDI)–Derived from three variables1. Life expectancy at birth2. Educational attainment3. Income


Where Does Population Change Fit In?

• Dynamic behavior of human populations produce some of the most pronounced and enduring transformations.

• Global population patterns• Predominantly now an urban world• Urban growth is growing exponentially in

the global south.


Population

• Indicators– Population distribution—Spatial distribution of people– Population density—The number of people per unit area– Physiologic density—The number of people per square mile of

arable (farmable) land– Show strong similarities with the past

• Dense population– Indian subcontinent– Eastern China and adjacent areas– Europe—Predominantly urban– Indonesia, Maya Peninsula, Japan, the Philippines, and parts of

the Middle East—pockets of density– Parts of urban areas of Latin America—locally dense areas


Population


World Population Growth


Population Growth: Stages 1 and 2

• Stage 1—Agrarian society with high birth and death rates becomes stable and population slowly grows.

• Stage 2—While cultural customs and birth rates remain high, death rates decline.


Urban Centers


Population Growth: Stages 3 and 4

• Stage 3—Continued urbanization, industrialization, and other economic trends started from Stage 2– Birth rates decline.– Better access to birth control and family planning– Procreation not always seen as a positive in cities.

• Rapid population growth• Better sanitation• Better medical treatment• Greater productivity• Industrialization• Labor specialization• Urbanity

• Stage 4—Rapid population growth rates– Birth rates low– Death rates low– Urbanized population– Educated populace– Population density typically quite high


Malthusian Theory

• Two promises1. Humans tends to reproduce

prolifically/geometrically.

2. The capacity to produce food and fiber expands more slowly, that is, arithmetically. Therefore, population will eventually exceed food supply unless population growth is checked.

• Three stages1. Stage 1—Human needs are not as great as production capacity.2. Stage 2—Production capacity and increased human needs are

roughly equal.3. Stage 3—Population has grown to the point where its needs can no

longer be met.• Assumptions

– Malthus assumed that people would reject birth control on moral grounds.

– He could not foresee the impact of the industrial revolution.


What is Globalization?

• A growing integration and interdependence of world communities through a vast network of trade and communication

• Associated with a wide range of technological, cultural, and economic outcomes affecting our daily lives

• Not a new phenomenon• Response to two major forces

1. Technology change

2. Global capitalism• Free markets• Rule of law


Climate

• Affects ability to produce food and industrial crops required by humans• Two important elements

1. Temperature2. Precipitation

• Average annual precipitation– Tropics– Middle latitudes

• Evapotranspiration rate– Evaporation and plant transpiration as a result of high temperatures– Plant growth is limited.

• Frost-free period– Length of time is important.

• Other controls of climate– Latitude– Marine exposure– Prevailing winds– Atmospheric pressure systems– Elevation


Climate


Precipitation


Vegetation

• Closely associated with climate– Cold climate– Little woody vegetation– Growing season short/subsoil permanently frozen

• Natural vegetation– What would be expected in an area if vegetation succession

were allowed to proceed over a long period without human interference?

– Greatly altered by humankind– Attitudes toward natural vegetation has begun to change

dramatically.• Increasingly mindful that vegetation is significant in many aspects

of life• Related to other components of life, such as soil and air• Forest vegetation especially becoming more mindful with greater

amounts of lumber and paper consumed


Vegetation


Soils

• Nutrients derived both from minerals in the earth and from humus—organic materials added to the soil by vegetation

• Processes– Laterization– Podzolization– Alluvium

• Soil Degradation• Three kinds

1. Soil erosion—Closely associated with loss of protective vegetative cover as a result of deforestation

2. Salinization—Excessive buildup of salts and minerals

3. Chemical contamination• Agricultural insecticides and herbicides• Chemical fertilizers• Sprays to control plant diseases


Water Impacts

• Alluvium—Soil transported and deposited by water.

• Loess—Soil transported and deposited by wind


Centers of Origin


Culture

• Use of land is impacted by behavioral patterns• Kinds

– Inherited culture—A society’s earlier experiences– Diffused culture—Experiences of other societies to which a

society has contact• Culture can be seen as a hierarchy of traits, complexes,

and realms.– Culture complex—A group of traits that are employed together

in a more general activity– Cultural realm—A region in which most of the production

adheres to similar cultural complexes– Cultural hearth—A source area in which a culture complex has

become so well established and advanced that its attributes are passed on to future generations inside and outside the hearth area


Per Capita Income


Agricultural Production

• How land is tilled and food is produced• Surpluses

– Producing more than consumption– Not everyone needs to be involved in food gathering.– Partially led to rise of towns and cities

• 17th century Europe– Technological– Process

• 20th century– Mechanization– Ended the family farm as dominant

• Gave rise to the corporate-owned farm


Agricultural Production


Industrial Revolution

• Mid-18th century• Fundamentally, a shift in the way goods were made• Factories

– Machinery replaced muscle power.– Inanimate energy replaced animate energy.

• Mass production• Volume production• Didn’t happen everywhere

– Europe and North America– Japan, elsewhere later

• Led to other revolutions– Transportation

• Labor displacement


Industrial Production


Per Capita Inanimate Energy Consumption


Other Measures of Development

• Life Expectancy


Development Explanations/Theories

• No real consensus on a dominant theory• Environmental determinism (1920s/1930s)

– The physical environment, especially climate, controls or predestines human behavior.

– Other factors seen as also impacting• Cultural determinism

– A person’s action/range is determined by the culture in which he/she is resident.

– Will differ between cultures• Mercantilism (1600–1700s)

– Trade between colonies and mother countries– Benefits mother countries—exploitative– Colonies provide raw materials.– Mother country makes products and sells back to colonies.



• Neocolonialism– Frequently cited as a reason for continuing uneven

distributions of wealth– Formerly colonial countries still needing to depend on

former colonial rulers/more developed countries• Dependency theory

– Present situation in countries is directly attributable to ongoing perpetuation on inequitable trade relationships of colonial past.

– Variation is core-periphery model.– Core is Western Europe.

• Periphery is Africa, Asia, and Latin America.• Trade relationships work to the disadvantage of less

industrialized regions of the periphery.



• Circular causation– Downward or upward– Have less/produce less– Have more/produce more– Theory is applicable to groups or nations.



• Stages theory• Rostow–Five historical stages

1. Traditional society• Agrarian• Limited savings

2. “Preconditions for takeoff”3. Takeoff

• New technology and capital introduced• Production greatly increased

4. “Drive to maturity”• Urbanization progresses.• Trends toward service economy

5. High mass consumption• Personal incomes high• Abundant goods and services• No need to focus on securing bare necessities of life.

• Lacostian theory• Several cautions on various theories

– Avoid the view that population growth per se causes underdevelopment.– External forces as sole impetus for development are questionable.


The Question of Sustainability

• Sustainable development—How do we “grow” economically without negative consequences on resources? (sustainability)

• Globalization threatens environmental destabilization.– Ties distant places together– Diffusing new technologies faster to distant lands– Encouraging changes that may not fit harmoniously into local

cultures– May produce unintended effects

• Place provides an answer.– Genius loci principle– Locally accumulated knowledge– Norms, customers, and beliefs– Knowledge of the ecosystem


Planning for Sustainability

• Precautionary principle• Sacrifice zones• Creative destruction

– In some ways, a metaphor for globalization.– Razing in order to raise.– Joseph Schumpeter

• Planning for sustainability– Precautionary principle

• Whenever significant change is about to occur, implementation must proceed slowly.

• Proper examination and evaluation of likely impacts– Holistic planning

• Plan in a comprehensive fashion.• Use different analysis.• Notably, have someone as a champion for the ecosystem.


Summary of Chapter

• To apply the geographer’s approach to understanding what development involves within a world region framework

• To understand the revolutionary kinds of change that reshape societies and economies, with special emphasis on globalization

• To identify the growing need to guide change so it is sustainable and beneficial

• Globalization plays an increasingly significant role in the development process, although the blending, culturally transforming effects of globalization should not be overstated.

• Sustainable development should promote change that leads to improved well-being in people’s lives, takes into account the needs of future generations, is based on principles of stewardship, and is compatible with local cultural and environmental contexts.

• Per capita income, agricultural employment, energy use, and other measures are potential indicators of development, but each measure has drawbacks.

Wrg 11e lecture_ch01

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