Wrap Thesis Shaffie 2006

7/24/2019 Wrap Thesis Shaffie 2006

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A Thesis Submitted for the Degree of PhD at the University of Warwick

h ttp ://g o .w a r w ick.a c.u k/w r ap /411 3

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j

British Colonial Policy on Social \Yelfare in lalaya:

Child Welfare Services 1946-1957

by

!"iah Shaffie

# thesis s!$1nitted in f!lfil%ent of the re&!ire%ents for the de'ree of

(octor of Philoso)hy in Social Wor*

+ *t!$er ,6


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.issin' )a'es are !navaila$le


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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Content

/0S 2 #B/3S

/0S 2 03S

/0S 2 #BB380#02S

/2SS#Y

#C2W/3(3.3

(3C/##02

#BS#C 4

;l

..#$%

;l\

(ata #nalysis E-?

.ethodolo'ical 0ss!es that 3%er'ed fro% the St!dy E5

0rchi(al wor/ in alayia and )*

E5

0cceibility3 a(ailability and contraint of data in the )*............ E6

0cceibility3 a(ailability and contraint of data in alayia E7

0dminitrati(e and technical ie in alayian archi(e.. -1

4ote on the inter(iew........................................................ -

5ther contraint in(ol(ed.................................................... -/l

Concl!sion 95

CHAPTER

"ALAYA

0ntrod!ction 97

eneral (escri)tion 9E

he Bac*'ro!nd of Colonial #d%inistration 1

he 0%)act of British Colonisation ltl0

6hefiormation oif a plralociety............................%%%%%%%%%%%%%%..

1


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Content Paoe

111

$$$


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Content

6he ocial ytem ...

Health444444444444444444444444444444444444 # $$$ GGGGGGGGGGGG #% # $$ # $$$ GGGGGGG # $$$$$ GG

9dcationGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG# $$$ GGG #% # $$$$ # $$$

6he role of indi(idal and (olntary agencie in health and

Paoe

113

11-+

115

edcation................................................................................. 116

he Ha)anese 2cc!)ation

1

(isc!ssion2222222222222222222222222222222222222 0 0 222 0 22222222222222222222222222 122

6he economic importance of2alaya........................................ 822

6he 9mergency and ethnic dit!rbance................................... 123

Concl!sion222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222 0 ....................... 1,5

CHAPTERSSOCIAL WELFARE SERVICES

0ntrod!ction

he Be'innin' of the State


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Content Paoe

CHAPTER&

COLONIAL DEVELOP"ENT AND 'VELFARE POLICY

0ntrod!ction 155

# e= Colonial Policy: (evelo)%ent and \8elfare156

6he end of the ency.................................................. 17

Children depri(ed of a normal home life..

171

Colonial Princi)les 172

Colonial (evelo)%ent and Welfare #cts 174

Concl!sion 1,

CHAPTER (

CHILD "#$% FARE SERYICES) PART I

0ntrod!chon 1S4

!ost War 55 I6t&$t.'lrt::-11 $ss!es

0S4

!he 5!phan.IIIIIII IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII


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Content Paoe

\4


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Content

alntrition.......................... ................ # $$$$ GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG# $$ #%

Services Provided $y the (SW 4

Creche and infant?child welfare centre ...................................

ent children ...

Repatriation of detainee ...

;agrancy ....................................................................... .

Children of prioner ......................................................... .

:eper ettlement .............................................................. .

Reettlement...

1mmzgratzon .................................................................... .

lSCSSl2n44444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444

Concl!sion

CHAPTERS

CHILD WELFARE SERVICES) PART II

0ntrod!ction

he (evelo)%ent of Children


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Content

.alacca H!$ilee Boys< Do%e4

Clb etablihment............................................................

70 ....1

Clb admiion 2222222222222222222222222 0 2222222222222222 2B2

Clb adminitration and maintenance ...........................

Serendah Boys< Do%e I School

Home etablihment G # $$$$$$$$$$$$$$ GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG 2B

Home admiion............................................................... 2B

Home adminitration and maintenance..................................... 2B"

6raining and edcation......4 2BE

Selan'or Children


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Content

800


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Content Paoe77

:egal pro(iion in colonial territorie....................................... ::8

:egal pro(iion inalaya...... ,57

/e'islation 0nvolvin' Children in K\0alaya ,59

i tai +8FBB, :8-

Children and Gong eron 5rdinance +CG5, +8F7,... &2"2

lace of #afety Rle +8FE, :&&

0doption 5rdinance +8F2,... :0,

rainin' of Social Welfare Wor*ers ,71

Colonial principle of training............................................... 272

6raining need................................................................. 27

6raining in the U;............................................................. ,E1

6raining inalaya............................................................ 2

(isc!ssion 2 F

Concl!sion ,9>

CHAPTER+OCONCLUSION OF THE STUDY

0ntrod!ction :t00

.id'ley


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\F


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Content Pa!e

6he etent of diffion......................................................... F +l

#do)tion of Colonial Welfare 0deas and Practices >1

#da)tation of British Welfare 0deas and no=led'e >1,

elfare matter................................................................ B1,

6raining of wor/er...

B1>

B1-?eflections on the esearch Process >15

/i%itations of the St!dy >16

0%)lications of the St!dy >1E

#ocial welfarepro(iion......................................................... >1E

;olntary bodie and ocial welfareer(ice.............................. >19

Child welfare er(ice andpolicy........................................... B2E

Welfare and Protection of Children in .alaysia B22

!t!re St!dies >,7

inal e%ar*s B2F

B0B/02#PDY >>1

#PP3(0C3S >5E

15


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/0S 2 #B/3S

a$le 1.1

a$le ,1

a$le >1

a$le 41

a$le 51

a$le 5,

a$le 5>

a$le 61

a$le 6,

a$le 6>

a$le 71

a$le 74744a$le E1

a$le E,

a$le ,.3

0 a$le E4

a$le 91

a$le l

nacce)ta$le and acce)ta$le ter%inolo'ies

eat!res of resid!al and instit!tional %odels of social=elfare ...............................................................

Phases and sites of field=or*

!%$ers of children in .alaya $et=een -14 years old in

1947IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII

#rea Welfare 2fficer and State elief 2fficer

d!ties

he (SW relocation

S!%%ary of cases dealt =ith $y Children


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LIST OF FICRES

F,-./e

i'!re ,1

i'!re 41

i'!re 4,

i'!re 51

i'!re 71

2vervie= of .id'ley


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/0S 2 #BB380#02:\S

# Based on .alay /an'!a'e +


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DC2 Di'h Co%%issioner


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LOSSARY

0dat erpatih .atrilineal e'eri Se%$ilan 1\/llay c!sto%ary la=

@awi #ra$ic al)ha$et !se in .alay =ritin'

*ampong # villa'e

adraah ? %odernist 0sla%ic school

afa/at # %ethod =hich called !)on all fa%ily %e%$ers to %eetto'ether io disc!ss Ntny )ro$le% at hand and col*ctively

decide on the $est =ay to tac*le the)ro$le%

i tai an !n%arried Chinese fe%ale do%estic servant =hose

a'e =as less than ei'hteen years

/im #n ad%inistrative !nit \8ithin a district

enghl Dead%en ad%inistrative head of a m?..8m or s!$district

lace of afety #ny instit!tion a))ointed !nder Section 3/E +a of theCYP2 +1947 that is an or)hana'e hos)ital ho%e

instit!tion

ondo/ ?


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\t8


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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

his thesis has evolved into its )resent for% thro!'h the *ind assistance of %any )eo)le

and =itho!t their s!))ort this &!est =o!ld have seen no end 0 a% inde$ted to r. #

Withnall one of the s!)ervisors d!rin' %y first year )artic!larly for her '!idance and

enco!ra'e%ent d!rin' the !)'radin' )rocess o =ords co!ld tr!ly eL)ress %y endless

'ratit!de to %y s!)ervisors (r 8 White of the School of Dealth and Social St!dies

and Prof C Steed%an of the Distory (e)art%ent niversity of War=ic* for their

)ainsta*in' s!)ervision as $ vent!red thro!'h %y &!est to reach Athe end of the

t!nnelA heir caref!l co%%ents criticis%s and s!''estions =ere of 'reat val!e to %e

.oreover =itho!t the scholarshi) 'ranted $y @abatan er/hidmatan 0wam

alayia and f%ancial assistance fro% niversity tara .alaysia +. the )ro'ress

of the st!dy =o!ld not have $een realised +the st!dy =o!ld not have $een co%)leted

ot for'ettin' the Socio-3cono%ic and eneral Plannin' esearch nit of the Pri%e

.inister


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De0+a/at,on

0 certify that this is %y o=n =or* and it has not $een s!$%itted for a de'ree at

another !niversity

)55$


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#BS#C

he )!r)ose of this st!dy is to ill!strate the eLtent to =hich colonial =elfare ideas and

)ractices sha)ed social =elfare in .alaysia =ith )artic!lar reference to child =elfareservices 0n )artic!lar the st!dy eL)lores the sco)e in =hich social =elfare services =asesta$lished and develo)ed $y the colonial 'overn%ent the de'ree of the colonial'overn%ent


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CD#P31

02(CC02

2 D3 SC(Y

he

St!dy

(avis (olin' and Nainal +, contend that the colonial

'overn%ent d!rin' the i%%ediate )ost-=ar )eriod co%$ined efforts


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=ar co-o)erative

efforts< +(avis et al.3 ,: 9 he 'overn%ent %ade s!ch

coo)erative efforts $eca!se of the a$sence of a traditional syste%

!)on =hich the colonial 'overn%ent co!ld rely on


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the for%ation of the l\/llayan nion +\0 in 1946 she \\ lS a se)!ate colony

S%'a)ore l%ly H2inedJ\ talaysia in Rl+l and then se)arated fro% the $tter in 1965

+see Cha)ter -1


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Chaplt'r 4

he s!$Oect of Distory and

(evelo)%ent of Social Welfare Services is one of the core s!$Oects

in the Social

Wor* Pro'ra%%e desi'ned s)ecifically to i%)art *no=led'ea$o!t the co!ntry this )ro'ra%%e =as offered at the (e)art%ent of Social Wor* in

the ac!lty of D!%an and Social (evelo)%ent> Co%)ared to the other !niversities in .alaysia . is the only !niversity thatoffers a )ro'ra%%e

core co!rse for the Bachelor


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5.apter I

history of social =elfare fro% vario!s )ers)ectives s!ch as the state


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he researcher


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Chapter 1

co%%ent is th!s indicative of a 'a) in the literat!re )ertainin' to children


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St!dy #i%s

he c!rrent st!dy has three overarchin' ai%s:

1 to deter%ine the social )olitical and econo%ic circ!%stances that tri''ered

the e%er'ence of social =elfare services in .alaya d!rin' the )eriod of

1946-1957

11 to analyse the British colonial develo)%ent and =elfare )olicy d!rin' the

)eriod of 1946-1957

111 to eLa%ine the British colonial )olicy on child =elfare services in .alaya

d!rin' the )eriod of 1946-1957

heoretical ra%e=or*

his st!dy eLa%ines social =elfare )ractices for the .alayan )o)!lation d!rin' British

colonialis% $t investi'ates the a))lication of colonial ideas and )ractices of social

=elfare d!rin' the )eriod of 1946-1957 and the =ay in =hich these ideas and )ractices

=ere diff!sed in the )rovision of =elfare !rther%ore this st!dy ai%s to eLa%ine the

colonial 'overn%ent a))roach to =elfare in )artic!lar child =elfare services instit!ted

in .alaya d!rin' the )eriod of st!dy

.id'ley +19E4a 19E7a 19E7$ 1995 a scholar of hird World social =or*

social )olicy and social =elfare )oints o!t the lac* of research on the ori'ins of social

=elfare social =or* and social )olicy in the develo)in' nations .id'ley


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Chapter 1

'overn%ent to=ards social =elfare )rovisions and the Adiff!sion theoryA +.id'ley

19E4a 19E7a 19E7$ 1997 =hich eLa%ines the eLtent of the a))lication of colonial

social =elfare ideas and )ractices for%s the '!idin' fra%e=or* for this st!dy and is

disc!ssed f!rther in Cha)ter , he c!rrent st!dy also disc!sses the eLtent to =hich the

state shares the res)onsi$ility of child =elfare =ith other a'encies that is %issionaries

and vol!ntarr$odies

T1e Pe/,o2 Un2e/ St.

.alaya =as a British colony fro% 17E6 !ntil 1941 =hen it then ca%e !nder Ha)anese

occ!)ation =hich lasted !ntil 1945 0n 1945 it =as r!led once a'ain $y the British !ntil

its inde)endence in 1957 +see Cha)ter 4 he st!dy enco%)asses a ti%e )eriod of

a))roLi%ately t=elve years fro% 1946 to 1957 =hich the researcher refers to as the

)eriod of transition to inde)endence $eca!se this =as an era in =hich .alaya

eL)erienced a chan'e in the co!rse of 'overn%ental ad%inistration Within this )eriod

the $asic str!ct!re of the social =elfare syste% in .alaya =as laid do=n $y the colonial

ad%inistrators he British d!rin' this ti%e faced a different sit!ation =ithin .alaya

fro% =hat they had )revio!sly eL)erienced )rior to the Ha)anese occ!)ation +see

Cha)ter 4 he British no= had the res)onsi$ility of tac*lin' the iss!es of the

after%ath of the =ar +(avis eta?.3 , h!s the researcher =o!ld li*e to eLa%ine

=hether the colonial 'overn%ent


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he year 1946 is si'nificant for this st!dy $eca!se a)art fro% %ar*in' the

$e'innin' of the British re-occ!)ation of .alaya after World War =o the (SW =as

esta$lished in .alaya as a %aOor 'overn%ent a'ency a!thorised to )rovide social

=elfare services he 1946-1957 ti%e fra%e also covers a si'nificant develo)%ent in

social )olicy =ith re'ard to childrenJ for instance child le'islation and ed!cation have

their ori'ins in the early t=entieth cent!ry +see Cha)ters 4 and 9 he circ!%stances of

the co!ntry


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Chapter 1

+a in any case of a )erson e%)loyed or en'a'ed to ta*e )art % any )!$lic

entertain%ent a )erson !nder the a'e of siLteen yearsJ and

+$ in the case of a transferred child a fe%ale !nder the a'e of fo!rteen yearsJ and

+c in other cases a )erson !nder the a'e of fo!rteen years (!"1 CYP2 +1947

Section , +1

0n the #do)tion 2rdinance +195, the ter% AchildA refers to an

!nder the a'e of t=enty-one and incl!des a fe%ale !nder that a'e =ho has $een

divorced< +#do)tion 2rdinance +195,

hro!'ho!t this st!dy the ter% AchildA %eans a )erson !nder the a'e of siLteen

years +CPW3/17947 =ho needs )rotection and care for hisher =elfare has no

)arent +is an or)han or '!ardian or =hose )arent or '!ardian is !nfit to eLercise care

and '!ardianshi) or =ho has $een the victi% of a n!%$er of offences s!ch as

a$andon%ent ill treat%ent ne'lect a))ears to $e destit!te or =ho has $een !sed for

$e''in' or receivin' al%s +CPW3/17947J PP31 CYP2 +1947J C2 E,E5 $t

also enco%)asses any child livin' in children


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Child welfare

his st!dy foc!sses on children across all ethnic 'ro!)s +.alays Chinese and 0ndians

and 'enders Within the st!dy the ter% Achild =elfareA relates to those services for

children rendered $y the (SW after the Second World War fro% the )ers)ectives of

social =elfare health and ed!cation $t enco%)asses the services )rovided in three

children> 0t also

refers to trainin' for social =elfare =or*ers

1&


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Chapter 1

Definite child welfare policy

he ter% Adefinite child =elfare )olicy


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11 o =hat eLtent did the colonial 'overn%ent intervene in child =elfare services

in .alayaT

iii Was there a definite )olicy of child =elfare dra=n !) $y the colonial

'overn%ent for .alaya d!rin' the )eriod of 1946-1957T

By tac*lin' these &!estions the %ain iss!es in children


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Chapter 1

#s indicated in the title the foc!s of this thesis in on the years 1946-1957 his

is the *ey )eriod in the co%%ence%ent and eL)ansion of British colonial =elfare

)rovisions in .alaya o !nderstand the esta$lish%ent and develo)%ent f!lly it is

necessary to loo* at the $ac*'ro!nd of .alaya aro!nd and d!rin' this )eriod h!s

Cha)ter 4 investi'ates the develo)%ent of social =elfare services =ithin this )eriod 0t

ill!strates the de%o'ra)hy early history and the social str!ct!re of .alaya his

cha)ter also eL)lains the i%)act of colonisation on )olitical and econo%ic str!ct!re and

the si'nificant chan'es that affected social =elfare )rovision

Cha)ter 5 centres on the $e'innin' of state =elfare )rovision =ithin .alaya

he %ain co%)onent of this cha)ter is to el!cidate the reasons for esta$lishin' the

Chinese Protectorate and the /a$o!r (e)art%ent $t also o!tlines the esta$lish%ent of

the (SW he cha)ter also disc!sses )ost-=ar social =elfare )olicy and constraints to

=elfare =or* faced $y the (SW d!rin' its esta$lish%ent years

he Colonial 2ffice in /ondon =as res)onsi$le for the )lannin' and

develo)%ent of =elfare )olicy in its colonies his is eLa%ined in Cha)ter 6

)artic!larly =ithin the )ost-=ar )eriod he disc!ssion centres on the esta$lish%ent of

the Social Services (e)art%ent in the Colonial 2ffice Colonial Social Welfare

#dvisory Co%%ittees +CSW#C Child and Yo!th Welfare S!$-Co%%ittee +CYWSC

and the Colonial (evelo)%ent and Welfare #ct as a %echanis% for i%)le%entin'

social =elfare in the colonies

he detailed analyses of child =elfare services =ithin the )eriod of 1946-1957

are divided into three )arts and are )resented =ithin three *ey cha)ters +7 E and 9

Part 0 +Cha)ter 7 eLa%ines child =elfare services arisin' fro% the end of the Second

19


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Cr...:.:#ller I

World War Based on the availa$ility of %aterials collected other

serJices )ro\Iided $y the (SW are also eLa%ined Part 00 +Cha)ter

E concentrates on the 'ro=th and develo)%ent of children


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:


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Chapter&

CD#P3,

3803W 2 3/#3( /03#3

0ntrod!ction

Colonial ad%inistration involved a relationshi) =ith the colony that i%)lied the

eListence of ad%inistrative le'islative and social control +.acPherson 19E, .alaya

eL)erienced colonialis% that stretches $ac* to the siLteenth cent!ry Colonialis% is an

a))ro)riate and !sef!l conteLt for the analysis of historical )rocesses lin*ed to the

'ro=th of social =elfare services in .alaya Do=ever it is not the intention of this

cha)ter to eL)o!nd !)on .alaya


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Chapter&

social =elfare in colonial .alaya 0ss!es in child =elfare =hich

constit!te the central foc!s of this st!dy =ill $e )resented $efore the

cha)ter concl!sion

S

ocialWelfare

$n %ost 3n'lish-s)ea*in' co!ntries- the Canada e= Nealand

#!stralia and the nited States- the ter%s social =elfare and social

service ca%e into eListence shortly $efore the o!t$rea* of the irst

World War follo=in' earlier notions of charity and correction

)hilanthro)y and )oor relief +Cha%$ers 19E6J /ei$y 1995J

raha% and #l-rena=i ,1 (e$ate on the relationshi) $et=een


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social =elfare and other disci)lines still contin!es +Nastro= ,

evertheless it is a))ro)riate =ithin the c!rrent st!dy to )rovide a

conce)t!al definition of the ter% Asocial =elfareA $eca!se

!nderstandin' of its characteristics is necessary to ena$le analysis of

its develo)%ent

he ter% =elfare has $een defined fro% different )oints of

vie= and at different levels of a$straction $n its si%)lest %eanin'

)artic!larly a%on' lay)eo)le it refers to so%ethin' in the for% of

%oney food or clothin' that is 'iven to !nfort!nate )eo)le +Sa!$er

19E>: 1E4 and is ne'atively associated =ith )overty he

definition of

J

S*id%ore hac*eray and arley +1994J eor'e and Pa'e 1995J

Nastro= , he ter% is often conf!sed and so%eti%es !sed


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synony%o!sly =ith the ter%s Asocial =or*A and Asocial )olicyA 0n

fact social =elfare has a $road definition coverin' a variety of

o$Oectives in the =ide

22


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Chapter 2

areas of social services $t incl!des


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ot only are the AneedsA and Asit!ationsA different $!t they aredifferently seen this )eriod has =itnessed the e%er'ence and 'ro=thof those for%s of state intervention =hich $y c!sto% and co%%on

a))roval have co%e to $e called Athe social servicesA he servicesthe%selves develo)ed in sco)e and ran'e the ter% Asocial serviceA hasco%e to $e a))lied to %ore and %ore areas of collective )rovision forcertain AneedsA

+it%!ss 195E: 4

Conferrin' =ith it%!ss +195E (oyal and o!'h +1991 and 3rs*ine +,, contend

that needs are socially and historically deter%ined differ at different ti%es in different

societies and in different c!lt!res eeds also refer to the sorts of )ro$le%s =hich

)eo)le eL)erience and the res)onse to a )ro$le% has to $e seen in the conteLt of the

society in =hich the )ro$le% occ!rred +S)ie*er 1995 State intervention in the for%

of Asocial servicesA $e'an to develo) in order to %eet certain needs of the )eo)le his

state intervention is disc!ssed later in this cha)ter

his st!dy eLa%ines social =elfare and the role of the state d!rin' the colonial

ad%inistration h!s it involves loo*in' into the history of social =elfare he ter%

Asocial =elfare historyA is s!$se&!ently disc!ssed

Social Welfare Distory

Social =elfare historyQ is a co%)rehensive +/ei$y 1995J Nastro= ,J raha% and

#l-rena=i ,1 and


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%entally handica))ed< and alsoQ


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Chapter&

B!rden +199E and Baldoc* .annin' .iller and 8ic*erstaff +1999 vie= the

tenn Asocial )olicy


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0n the case of Britain Willia% Beverid'e has often $een referred to as the

architect of a A=elfare stateA +Walsh et al.3 , #s a res!lt of the Beverid'e re)ort

re'ardin' )re-=ar and =arti%e conditions of )overty lo= ed!cational standards and

adverse social conditions a =elfare )rovision called Afro% cradle to 'raveA =as

introd!ced in Britain to s!))ort financial F$!rden of fa%ilies =ith children +Br!ce

1966 he econo%ic theories of Hohn .aynard eynes =ho $elieved in econo%ic and

social intervention thro!'h )lannin' =ere =idely ado)ted and )rovided O!stification for

the state intervention in the econo%y and society +eor'e and Pa'e 1995J .id'ley

1995 h!s d!rin' the British colonialis% in .alaya Britain =as )ractisin' a

!niversal a))roach to =elfare in =hich )rovision of $enefits covered every citi"en

Whether or not the British had a))lied a si%ilar a))roach of =elfare )rovision )eo)le in

.alaya )artly constit!tes the foc!s of the c!rrent st!dy

So0,a+ We+4a/e an2 So0,a+ Po+,0

he 19Es sa= a 'ro=in' a=areness a%on' vario!s researchers of international +that is

not necessarily confined to 3!ro)e iss!es in their st!dies incl!din' the develo)%ent of

fra%e=or*s for social =elfare and social )olicy osta 3s)in'-#ndersen


64/420

Chapter 2

their citi"ens< social needs he role of de-co%%odification $ehind

the str!''le of the =or*in'-class to=ards a O!st society is e%inent in

the theory


65/420

+3s)in'-#ndersen 199: ,7 he third re'i%e-ty)e is the


66/420

[email protected] 2

3ast and So!theast #sian Welfare Syste%

Beca!se of their re%ar*a$le econo%ic achieve%ent 3ast and So!theast #sian co!ntries

have attracted considera$le attention When 3!ro)ean scholars $e'an to loo* into 3ast

#sian social =elfare syste%s they fo!nd that 3ast #sian 'overn%ents =ere not

s)endin' very %!ch on =elfare By the 199s several st!dies atte%)ted to analyse 3ast

and So!theast #sian =elfare syste%s +e' /in 1991J Hones 199>J ood%an and Pen'

1996J ood%an White and =on 1997J =on 1997J (olin' and Hones iner ,1

?n atte%)t =as %ade $y ood%an and Pen' +1996 to )lace the 3ast #sian

=elfare syste%s into a =elfare re'i%e %odel a%on' %ainly Chinese-s)ea*in'

co!ntries co%)risin' Sin'a)ore ai=an Don' on' and So!th orea hese

co!ntries are nor%ally referred to as the

$elieves that 3ast #sian =elfare syste%s share si%ilarities =ith conservative-cor)oratist

3!ro)ean =elfare re'i%es $!t she also $elieves that they do so


67/420

=ay the state o)erates and sanctions the eL)ansion of )ro'ra%%es )erceived to o))ose

val!es of %!t!al s!))ort filial )iety social har%ony and hard =or* Uan' 1996

8al!es c!sto%s c!lt!re and $eliefs are still stron' a%on' 3ast #sian )eo)le

and %any still refer to )rivate s!))ort fro% relatives for social services +ood%an

White and =on 1997#dditionally the central role of fa%ily is evident =ithin these

#sian societies +Wal*er and Won' ,5 #sian fa%ilies are an i%)ortant so!rce of

assistance =hich is in the for% of =or* cash and *ind +o!'h ,a and


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Chapter 2

esearch into social =elfare in the 3ast and So!theast #sian re'ion has dra=n

eLtensively on Western a))roaches to characterise and classify the social =elfare

)ro'ra%%e =ithin this re'ion ar'!e that the

state role in .alaysia has $een


69/420

vie= that the =elfare syste% in .alaysia >

State res)onsi$ility can $e identified as confor%in' either to a A)roviderA or to

a Are'!latorA %odel ;=on 1997 0n the re'!lator %odel =on vie=s that the

delivery of social =elfare %ay $e entirely )rivate and for the social =elfare syste% to

$e valid financial reso!rces fro% the 'overn%ent are not a necessary condition $n the

)rovider %odel one =ay for the 'overn%ent to f!nction effectively as a )rovider is $y

i%)osin' heavy taLes on the )eo)le his =ill inevita$ly ca!se the% to de%and efficient

and co%%ens!rate social services $eca!se a 'reat )ortion of their inco%e or assets is

$ein' channelled to=ards the syste% he 'overn%ent has to %ana'e and s!stain its

role as )rovider to %eet the de%ands of the )!$lic =on +1997 stresses that in %ost

co!ntries today social =elfare syste%s contain different co%$inations of the state as

)rovider or re'!lator h!s dra=in' !)on the afore%entioned assertions of eor'e and

Pa'e +1995 .id'ley +1995 and =on +1997J this st!dy intends to eLa%ine =hether

or not the 'overn%ent )layed an i%)ortant role as the %ain )rovider of =elfare in

.alaya =ithin the )eriod of 1946-1957

Social )olicy !ndertoo*


70/420

Chapter&

Scholars have also i%)lied that a si'nificant restr!ct!rin' in social =elfare has

res!lted in a %odification of the state role in social =elfare he develo)%ent of social

=elfare in recent years a%o!nts to a reali'n%ent of a))roaches in =hich the role of the

state has $een retrenched +.id'ley 1997 he chan'in' trend in the state involve%ent

in =elfare is disc!ssed neLt

he State 0nvolve%ent in Welfare

enerally the idea that =elfare co!ld or sho!ld $e the res)onsi$ility of the state $e'an

to e%er'e in 3!ro)e $et=een 1EE and the early 194s (!rin' this )eriod %any

ind!strialised co!ntries )artic!larly in the West =ere conventionally seen as $ein' in a

)eriod of =elfare state advance%ent Bis%arc* laid one of the %ost i%)ortant

fo!ndation stones - the first %ode% social ins!rance sche%e -in er%any in the 1EEs

+eor'e and Pa'e 1995 Social ins!rance =hich =as !s!ally financed thro!'h

co%)!lsory !niversal contri$!tions =as a f!nda%ental feat!re of the =elfare state in

%ost ind!strialised nations 2ther 3!ro)ean co!ntries soon follo=ed introd!cin' social

sec!rity )ro'ra%%es and eLtendin' state )rovision into s!ch sectors as health

ed!cation ho!sin' and )ersonal social services +eor'e and Pa'e 1995 )artic!larly

introd!cin' sche%es li*e %aternity )ay%ents and child allo=ances +.id'ley 1995

he ter% AclassicA =elfare state has often $een !sed =ith reference to the )eriod

fro% 1945 to 1975 4


71/420

nations ollo=in' a )eriod of a$o!t thirty years of relative sta$ility after the Second

World War the =elfare state had $een eL)eriencin' a )eriod of ra)id chan'e =here$y

the role of the state had increased

he de$ate concernin' the eLtent of the state involve%ent and re'!lation of

social =elfare )rovision has also $een the )olitical foc!s in %any Western co!ntries

#))roaches to =elfare )rovision have tended to $e lin*ed to the left-ri'ht s)ectr!% of

)olitical vie=)oints =ith the e= i'ht a))roach to social )olicy $ein' identified as a

)olitically ri'ht-=in' a))roach and adical socialis% as a )olitically left-=in'

a))roach he e= i'ht $elieves that the 'overn%ent involve%ent in re'!latin'

individ!als< lives sho!ld $e avoided he tendency is to differentiate $et=een

individ!als =ho AdeserveA =elfare services and those identified as A!ndeservin'A 2n

the other hand to the radical socialist the state sho!ld )lay the %aOor role in dealin'

=ith social iss!es and )rovidin' s!ita$le social circ!%stances to ens!re that )eo)le


72/420

Chapter 2

So%e co!ntries s!ch as rance S=eden and er%any retain a stron' $elief in

the res)onsi$ility of central 'overn%ent to f!nd and %ana'e $asic =elfare )rovision

and )!$lic !tilities +Dall and .id'ley ,4 $n the case of the for instance the

e= i'ht


73/420

=elfare syste% Do=ever


74/420

Chapter 2

esid!al and 0nstit!tional

So%e acade%ics =ho have researched the 'overn%ent Do=ever : ,

he instit!tional conce)tion of social =elfare E

and social =elfare services are needed as )art of the fa$ric of society it%!ss +1974

$elieved that the state is the %ost effective collective instit!tion for the )rovision of

=elfare in co%)leL societies his vie= advocates that =elfare )rovision $y the state

caters for the )o)!lation as a =hole and ass!%es that econo%ic )olitical reli'io!s and

fa%ilial str!ct!res cannot deal ade&!ately =ith the )ro$le%s of individ!als


75/420

%ode% life and in need of )rotective or thera)e!tic services< +(o=ns .cadden

.icha!d and Costin ,4: 16

0n contrast the resid!al vie= of =elfare E esid!alis% s!''ests that

=elfare services are )rovided only for those =ho cannot )rovide for the%selves and

that fa%ily reli'io!s )olitical and econo%ic instit!tions )ro%ote the 'eneral =elfare

s!ally )olicies and )ro'ra%%es $ased on this latter conce)tion see the 'overn%ent as

)layin' an i%)ortant $!t %ini%alist role in =elfare )rovision 0n other =ords a)art

fro% seein' the fa%ily as the a))ro)riate so!rce of assistance for %ost contin'encies

the state is re'arded as a last resort )rovider as co%)ared to vol!ntary or'anisations or

)rivately f!nded instit!tions Whilst vol!ntary or'anisations carry a lar'e share of the

$!rden of social =elfare 'overn%ental ad%inistration deals %ostly =ith certain social

)ro$le%s s!ch as cri%e delin&!ency and )rostit!tion he resid!al vie= of social

=elfare i%)lies that the %ain )riority of )olicy is to assist Av!lnera$le 'ro!)sA or the

needy s!ch as the )oor or %ainly lo=-inco%e 'ro!)s =hich re&!ire a concentration of

reso!rces !)on the% =hereas the instit!tional vie= i%)lies that in the event of a crises

the res)onsi$ility to assist rests =ith the state

esid!alis% th!s e%)hasises the )rovision of )ro'ra%%es and services only

after the )ri%ary 'ro!) that !s!ally f!nctions is no lon'er ca)a$le of f!nctionin'

+(o=ns eta?.3 ,4 $n the field of child =elfare for instance traditional child =elfare

services s!ch as child )rotective services and foster care 9


76/420

only after the fa%ily syste% has $ro*en do=n and are therefore classified as resid!al

services< +(o=ns eta?.3 ,4: 16

it%!ss +1974 considered =elfare services in the conteLt De inte'rated

Wilens*y and /e$ea!L


77/420

Chapter

co!ntries incl!din' .alaysia #dditionally Wilens*y and /e$ea!L$e ada)ted to de)ict +=hat i$) the nat!re of =elfare arran'e%ents in ca)italist society> +.air 1944J Dardi%an and .id'ley 19E,$

/i%ited re%edial social =or* services residential care and )oor-la= ty)e social

assistance )rovisions =ere introd!ced in %any colonies +.id'ley 19E1 19E4$ he

'ro=th of !r$an n!isances s!ch as $e''in' O!venile delin&!ency and destit!tion

44


81/420

Chapter 2

occasioned a res)onse fro% the colonial 'overn%ents that so!'ht to s!))ress these

)ractices rather than a%eliorate their root ca!ses U.id'ley 19E4$ Concern a$o!t

'ro=in' cri%e and va'rancy a%on'st yo!th in !r$an areas led to the esta$lish%ent of

)ro$ation services and the $!ildin' of O!venile co!rts re%and ho%es and refor%atories

in the 194s +.id'ley 19E1R

Reidal

So%e researchers +e' odney 197,J Dod'e 197>J .id'ley 19E1J 19E7$J 199J

.acPherson 19E,J 19E7$J Dardi%an and .id'ley 19E,aJ Dar)er 1991 sho= that

social )olicies and =elfare services in the colonies =ere li%ited in sco)e and =ere

characterised $y a resid!al nat!re .id'ley


82/420

.id'ley +19E7$ 1995 clai%s that colonial 'overn%ent =as %ore )ri%arily

concerned a$o!t la= and order =ithin the colonised co!ntry and the eL)loitation of the

co!ntry


83/420

Chapter 2

the develo)%ent of social =elfare instit!tionsthro!'h the eLchan'e of infor%ation and vie=s

$et=een )olicy %a*ers or the ado)tion of the=elfare )olicies or )ractices of one co!ntry $y )olicy%a*ers in anotherJ it %ay res!lt in the discernin'ada)tation of forei'n eL)erience or the !ncriticalre)lication of alien =elfare)olicies

+.id'ley

19E4a: 17

.id'ley


84/420

different =ays

he role of diff!sion in trans%ittin' social )olicies has never

$een )ro)erly assessed +.id'ley 19E4


85/420

Chapter 2

and =orthy of e%!lation< +.id'ley


86/420

colonial .alaya =ere ori'inally !r$an-$ased hos)ital-centred and elitist servin' first

British officers and other colonists he first hos)ital =as $!ilt to serve the needs of the

British officers and their troo)s hose at a distance fro% 3!ro)ean settle%ent =hose

illnesses =ere least li*ely to affect colonial econo%ic life or the health of others had

little acces to %edical and hos)ital services +.anderson 1996

# fe= st!dies atte%)t to re%ar* on the develo)%ent of social =elfare in the

colonial co!ntries )rior to the Second World War +!rnivall 1941J .air 1944 or

eLa%)le !rnivall


87/420

Chapter 2

on-'overn%ental or'anisations +2s =hich are active in social =elfare in

3ast #sia and in Don' on' for instance deliver vario!s =elfare services ran'in' fro%

child and yo!th centres to instit!tions for )eo)le =ith %ental health )ro$le%s and

residential centres hese 2s have roots in the colony


88/420

19E1J !"iah 199, and social history iss!es +#"%ah ,1 s!ch as the .alay society

in 'eneral +e' !llic* 19E7J hoo 1991 or the social lives of the 3!ro)ean

co%%!nity +B!tcher 1979 in .alaya and the socio-econo%ic i%)act of the Ha)anese

occ!)ation +ratos*a 199E

here have $een atte%)ts to deal =ith colonial ad%inistration and )olicy in

relation to =elfare a%on' econo%ic and )olitical iss!es +e' ate 1979J .ahani

,> evertheless historical st!dies dealin' =ith colonial )olicy and its infl!ence on

social =elfare in .alaya have received very little attention fro% scholars +Sayed

ah%an 199EJ (avis et al.3 ,

/ocal and forei'n scholars =ho st!died .alaya =ithin the sa%e )eriod of st!dy

+1946-1957 =ere concerned =ith or foc!ssed %ore on )olitical iss!es in .alaysia

#%on' these )olitical vie=s =ere to na%e a fe= .alay nationalis% +off 1967J the

Co%%!nist ins!r'ency d!rin' 194E to 196 +Cl!tter$ac* 1967J atna% 1967J and the

str!''le for inde)endence $et=een 1945 and 1957 +hon' 19E4 Stoc*=ell +1979 and

2on' +, )rovide a si'nificant )ict!re of British colonial )olicy in relation to ethnic

)olitics a%on' .alays and Chinese /eon' +1999 eLa%ines socio-econo%ic and

)olitical deter%inants that sha)ed the develo)%ent of the la$o!r %ove%ent and trade

!nionis% in colonial .alaya $et=een 19> and 1957

Several scholars )resented $rief sections on social =elfare =hich descri$e

vario!s iss!es s!ch as health la$o!r and ed!cation +Hones 195>J Central 2ffice of

0nfor%ation 1957J ennedy 196,J ate 1979 or eLa%)le SW Hones

=or* =hich foc!ses on the develo)%ent of )!$lic ad%inistration in .alaysia has

li%ited covera'e of social =elfare he Central 2ffice of 0nfor%ation +1957 also


89/420

Chapter

$riefly disc!sses =elfare of the $lind children


90/420

#!thority ai%s to sho= ho= the colonial

instit!tion develo)s and contin!es to eL)and into the )resent )ost-colonial sit!ation She

ar'!es that social =or* in .alaysia $e'an =ith the colonial )rovisions of services for

estate and %inin' =or*ers )artic!larly the Chinese and the 0ndians after the Second

54


91/420

Chapter 2

World War She tries to eL)lain in $rief so%e of the le'islation

and )rotection in relation to =elfare services to =or*ers

#ccordin' to her the colonial 'overn%ent introd!ced the

first social =elfare services in .alaya in 1E77 to the Chinese

=or*ers and to the 0ndian =or*ers in 1EE4 She descri$es the

=elfare of the i%%i'rant =or*ers !ntil the year 194> =hen the

#dvisory Co%%ittee on Social Welfare for the colonies =as

esta$lished She also eL)lains $riefly the services rendered $y the

(SW and the or'anisation of the .inistry of Social Welfare

#ltho!'h her =or* hi'hli'hted so%e si'nificant as)ects of the

earliest social =elfare services =ithin .alaya she failed to s!))ort

her research thro!'h the !se of archival so!rces in her st!dy

ai +19E7 concentrates on the develo)%ent of health

services and intensively analyses the evol!tion of the str!ct!re and

f!nctions of health instit!tions and )ro'ra%%es in .alaya and

Sin'a)ore in the colonial and )ost-colonial )eriods +1E67-

196 ai


92/420

c!rrent st!dy $eca!se as .air +1944 clai%s health is one as)ect

of colonial =elfare services 0n fact ai


93/420

Chapter&

acco!nt of decolonisation it is an eLercise in So!theast #sian social history< +Dar)er

1991: ,

#ltho!'h Dar)erJ Steed%an 1995 Before 19 children needin' care in Britain =ere loo*ed after

$y the Poor /a= +Dol%an 19EE or $y vol!ntary or'anisations s!ch as Barnardo


94/420

stressed $y lennerster +1975: 79 =ho notes that in Britain


95/420

Chapter 2

he i%)act of $o%$in' and evac!ation had dra%atically eL)osed certain chronic

social )ro$le%s s!ch as child )overty and %aln!trition Certain iss!es )ertainin' to

child care =ere hi'hli'hted $y the =ar eL)erience or eLa%)le Dendric* +1994

esta$lishes that the =ar ca!sed:

the disinte'ration of %any fa%ilies as a res!lt of a$sent fathers $lit"ed

ho%es dead relatives de%o'ra)hic %ove%ent into hostile co%%!nities

ille'iti%acy and the str!''le to re$!ild relationshi)s on the ret!rn to

nor%ality the evac!ation eL)erience de%onstrated =hat a))eared to$e the eLtraordinary tenacity and resilience of the fa%ily as %others and

children 'rad!ally ret!rned fro% the rece)tion areas to their old ho%es2Dendric* 1994: ,,1

he =ar ca!sed si'nificant chan'es concernin' de)rived children as over three %illion

children had $een evac!ated overn%ent officials )ost!lated that

children =ere seen as $ein' of $oth body and mind' 2Dendric* ,>: 5 #ltho!'h the

evac!ation )rocess in Britain =as socially si'nificant : 6

(!rin' this )ost-=ar )eriod Bo=l$y +195, in his )rofo!ndly infl!ential theory

of A%aten1al de)rivationA ca!tions that children =ho =ere o!tside their fa%ilies =ere

5E


96/420

hi'hly )ro$a$le to $eco%e either e%otionally dist!r$ed andor cri%inal delin&!ents

Bo=l$y


97/420

Chapter 2

ahn and a%er%an +19E: 6, $elieve that


98/420

19E7J .acPherson 19E7a and


99/420

Chapter&

area in =hich very fe= st!dies have $een cond!cted nfort!nately %!ch of her =or*

=as not derived fro% archival so!rces

St!dies related to colonial )olicy on child =elfare in .alaysia are diffic!lt to

co%e across d!e to the ne=ness of social =elfare iss!es a%on' social science scholars

in .alaysia /ac* of st!dies on children in .alaysian social science research %ay $e

d!e to the fact that researchers are %ore inclined to )!rs!e to)ics =ith %ore availa$le

so!rces and accessi$le data

Con0+.6,on

Within this cha)ter =e have revie=ed relevant literat!re that hi'hli'hts the %eanin' of

the ter%s related to the st!dy Child =elfare is not easily defined and the ter% is

conteLt!al in nat!re $t has to $e )artic!larly considered =ithin the co!ntry


100/420

=elfare )olicy has $een reached in the conteLt of colonial settin's $eca!se for %ost

develo)in' co!ntries a)art fro% social =elfare $ein' a recent idea it is only after the

Second World War that %any territories $eca%e )olitically inde)endent nation-states

$n s)ite of its failin's the state re%ains the sin'le %ost vital )olicy instit!tion

+Dall and .id'ley ,4 Within a =elfare state eLtensive social services are )rovided

$y the 'overn%ent to its citi"ens Do=ever of late there are vie=s that the state sho!ld

intervene less and f!nction %ore as a facilitator of $alanced social develo)%ent

)rovidin' a favo!ra$le conteLt and concentratin' f!nda%entally on s)ecific areas

co%%ens!rate to its role =hich incl!de )rotectin' the )oor and the v!lnera$le

+.id'ley 1997

here is c!rrent trend to refor%!late the role of the state in the conteLt of social

=elfare )rovision =ith the tendency of incor)oratin' the role of )rivate and non

vol!ntary or'anisations and =or*in' to'ether =ith the% to enhance =elfare )rovision to

the )eo)le So%e Western social )olicy thin*ers are considerin' the characteristics and

the 'ro=th of social =elfare =ithin the 3ast and So!theast #sian co!ntries in =hich the

states a))arently s)end less on social =elfare )rovision and *inshi) role in =elfare

re%ains si'nificant

#%on' the %aOor force in the history of develo)in' co!ntries has $een the

i%)act of colonialis% to=ards the =elfare of societies 'overn%ent ad%inistration

+ad%inistrative field econo%ic and social develo)%ent +health and ed!cation #

stri*in' discre)ancy is a))arent $et=een the literat!re )!$lished d!rin' the 194s and

in the early ,s )ertainin' to the idea of social =elfare )rovision in develo)in'

co!ntries With the eLce)tion of .acPherson


101/420

Clzpter B

=elfare in the hird World child =elfare services d!rin' the colonial )eriod have $een

ins!fficiently eL)lored in literat!re and hence a need to identify certain =elfare

)rovisions offered in develo)in' co!ntries is noticea$le

Social )olicy scholars devoted less attention to colonial )olicies and the 'ro=th

of social =elfare in .alaya onetheless Hones


102/420

CD#P3>

3S3#CD .3D2(2/2Y

0ntrod!ction

his cha)ter o!tlines the doc!%entary and &!alitative %ethodolo'y !sed in this st!dy

he follo=in' t=o sections foc!s on historical research %ethod in social =or* and the1

for Phase 000 and Phase 08 eLtensive data collection =as carried o!t at all the sites of

field=or* he researcher decided to search thro!'h the sco)e of ho%es that

acco%%odated children only $t sho!ld $e $orne in %ind that there =ere so%e =elfare

ho%es =here the %aOority of residents =ere a %iL of the elderly and children s!ch as

the Bedon' Welfare Do%e in edah $t =as indeed diffic!lt to identify the residents in

=elfare ho%es $eca!se the reasons for ad%ission into these ho%es incl!ded cases li*e

le)rosy or a father


109/420

Chapter B

Serendah Boys< Do%e =as first r!n $y the Save the Children !nd +SC =hich later

received 'rant-in-aid fro% the 'overn%ent

Phase (!ration Sites of ield=or*

0 2cto$er ,1 - .arch ,, P2

D!ll niversity /i$rary00 H!ne ,,- .alaysia

H!ly ,, #. !ala /!%)!r

States #rchives +Penan'H edahKPerlis

000 #!'!st ,, - .ay ,> P2

hodes Do!se /i$rary2Lford niversityD.C

S2#S08 H!ne ,>- .alaysia

#!'!st ,> States #rchives+edahPerlis

#. !ala /!%)!r

(SW !ala /!%)!r0ntervie= sessionsniversity .alaya/i$rary !ala /!%)!r. /i$rary edah

S. /i$rary Penan'v Se)te%$er ,>

H #!'!st ,4 P2

a$le >1: Phases and sites of field=or*

#nother iss!e the researcher faced =as the scarcity of %aterials re'ardin'

vol!ntary or'anisations in .alaya d!rin' the )eriod of 1946 to 1957 his =as

)artic!larly evident as the )rocess of researchin' ca%e to=ards an end .oreover the

titles of the files )rovided in the /ist of (escri)tive =ere $rief $t needs to $e noted that

the availa$ility of doc!%ents in the files =as very %!ch de)endent on =hether or not

7'2


110/420

the a'encies concerned had sent the% to the archives he safety of the doc!%ents sent

to the archive =as '!aranteed $!t the safety of the doc!%ents *e)t in the ori'inal

offices =as not +#rchive 2fficer +#2 ,> (es)ite this ass!rance not all offices had

sent the doc!%ents to the archive

.ost re)orts in the 0r/ib 4egara alayia +#.1 only $riefly %entioned

children and this %ade the tas* of ac&!irin' eLact data on children rather diffic!lt he

search =as %ade increasin'ly diffic!lt d!e to the fact that iss!es on children =ere

!s!ally s!$s!%ed !nder other headin's s!ch as =elfare of %others and yo!n'

children =o%en and 'irls and fa%ily =elfare #dditionally the records in these files

co!ld not $e relied on since other irrelevant %atters =ere also incl!ded or eLa%)le

the disc!ssion in the %in!tes of %eetin' of the Central Welfare Co!ncil +CWC =ere

%ainly a$o!t:

1 Welfare =ee*-ho= to collect %oney ho= %!ch collectedJ

! Children


111/420

Chapter B

constraints the researcher decided to collect as %any %aterials as

)ossi$le a$o!t children livin' in three chosen children stresses that there is a


112/420

d

i

n

'

d

o

%

:

1 P!$lic ecords 2ffice +P,

and Distorical.an!scri)t Co%%ission

+

D.

C

11 hodes Do!se /i$rary>

niversity of 2Lford

111 2ther li$raries

.

a

l

a

y

s

i

a:

1 #.

11 he (SW eso!rce oo%4


113/420

111. 2ther local !niversity li$raries

,

ro% #)ril ,> the P2 =as Ooined to'etherF =ith the D.C to for% the ational #rchives Do=ever thro!'ho!t this thesis the researcher =ill !se the =ord

P2> Pa)ers of Creech Hones and .ar'ery Perha% for instance incl!de %ore on iss!es)ertainin' to colonial

)olicy fro% the )olitical andecono%ic )ers)ectives

he eso!rce oo% located at the (SW Dead 2ffice in !ala /!%)!r =asesta$lished in ,1 $t is

the )rinci)al so!rce of infor%ation for researchers loo*in' for %aterials in the area

of social =or* and social =elfare in .alaysia $t *ee)s a co%$ination of old and

ne=c!rrent %aterials he old %aterials =ere o$tained fro% its ori'inal )lace in the(SW rainin' 0nstit!te in !ala !$! Selan'or

74


114/420

Chapter B

.ost of the field=or* to cons!lt ori'inal so!rces =as cond!cted in a variety of li$raries

and archives in Britain and .alaysia $et=een ,1 and ,4 as sho=n in a$le >1

he researcher =ent $ac* to .alaysia t=ice to carry o!t data collection he first ti%e

=as fro% > .ay to >1 H!ly ,, and the second =as fro% ,, H!ne to > #!'!st ,>

Distorical records )ertainin' to .alaysia are fo!nd in a$!ndance overseas $!t

they are scattered in several co!ntries +Dassan 19E1%

esearch =or* in the =as

essential for the revie= of historical %aterials since %aOor so!rce doc!%ents reflectin'

'overn%ent )olicies d!rin' the colonial )eriod are %ainly availa$le in the P2 +P2

)a%)hlet6

$o(ernment docment& alaya

here are vario!s .alay state ad%inistrative files of fore%ost si'nificance and

!sef!lness to research relatin' to social =elfare services hese ran'e fro% ro!tine

re)orts re'ardin' de)art%ents co%%ittees and co!ncils ann!al re)orts s)ecial re)orts

corres)ondence %e%oranda letters %in!tes of %eetin's and 'overn%ent 'a"ettes

.ost data =ere derived fro% infor%ation circ!lated %ainly =ithin .alaya s!ch as

district re)orts and de)art%ental )!$lications

or data on =elfare services d!rin' the i%%ediate )ost-=ar )eriod the

researcher loo*ed into the .alayan nion +. files7

the British .ilitary

I he $i''est collections are *e)t in Britain Dolland and Port!'al hey are also fo!nd in 0ndia Ha)an

rance hailand and #!stralia +Dassan 19E1"

Besides the P2 and the hodes Do!se /i$rary the %ost i%)ortant instit!tions that have .alaysianrecords in their holdin's in the are the 0ndia 2ffice ecords and the British /i$rary7 he . Secretariat records %eas!rin' sli'htly %ore than E5 linear feet cover the . )eriod 1946-

194E hey contain in the %ain corres)ondence $et=een Dead of (e)art%entJ esident Co%%issionersJ#ltanJ overnor eneralJ Secretary of State /ondon he =hole )eriod =as of reconstniction

75


115/420

Chapter B

#d%inistration +B.# files and the ederal Secretariat +S files

#dditionaly there =ere files containin' internal doc!%ents 'enerated

=ithin 'overn%ent de)art%ents ran'in' fro% the Selan'or State

Secretariat +SS to the Di'h Co%%issioner


116/420

'overn%ent files =ere destroyed $efore or d!rin' the Pacific War

al%ost all States Co!ncil %in!tes have s!rvived hese SS files

re)resent the %ost co%)leted indeLed collection of 3n'lish and

.alay records in .alaya +P#. , and th!s

faci

lita

ted

the

st!dyE

indin' aids s!ch as accessions lists descri)tive lists of

corres)ondence files and 'eneral indices co%)iled $y the archive

staffs assisted the researcher in locatin' relevant doc!%ents

Do=ever $eca!se of the !nevenness of in-de)th research on so%e

reha$ilitation and reor'ani"ation of and the 'overn%ent de)art%ents and this the%e

=as reflected in these records +Satina% !ndatedE

he #. has )rod!ced a fe= indices he S ecord ro!) of 0ndeL contains a

list of the S 2ffice

files dated fro% 19>5 !ntil 1957 he files are divided into t=o 'ro!)sJ the ftrst'ro!) holds !) to >4 $oLes containin' flies dated 1941-194E and the second 'ro!)

holds !) to 5E $oLes containin' flies dated1949-1957

76


117/420

Chapter B

states< (SW and d!e to lac* of file indices and inco%)lete or destroyed file series data

for so%e states in .alaya =ere dealt =ith ina %ore 'eneral %anner in this st!dy

$o(ernment docment& )*

0n /ondon the P2 ho!ses Colonial and orei'n 2ffice files )l!s s!ndry other )ri%ary

so!rce %aterials Colonial 2ffice files reveal a %ore 'eneral o!tloo* concernin' the

decisions to ad%inister an e%)ire .ost often /ondon


118/420

Chapter B

,1 esearchin'

ne=s)a)ers is th!s essential since it can handle a vast &!antity of

infor%ation directly $ased on daily =ee*ly or %onthly activities $t

also


119/420

r

i(

a

t

e

p

a

pe

r

(!rin' visits to #. and the hodes Do!se the researcher also

too* the o))ort!nity to loo* into )rivate )a)ers .aterials in s!ch a

collection varied nor%ally consistin' of $oo*s %a'a"ines

ne=s)a)ers fil%s files )hoto'ra)hs )rivate and official

corres)ondence articles diaries etc +Dassan 19E1 Do=ever in the

researcher


120/420

78


121/420

Chapter B

or/ing with the reorce

he collection of data in this st!dy involved searchin' for $oth )ri%ary and secondary

so!rce doc!%ents Secondary so!rces incl!ded $oo*s Oo!rnals dissertations and

theses he st!dy also incor)orated oral history +intervie=s Both the secondary

so!rces and intervie=s )rovided val!a$le s!))le%entary %aterials for the st!dy his

=as indeed a la$orio!s tas* involvin' !se of a s!$stantial $ody of data 'arnered fro% a

=ide ran'e of so!rces

Pri%ary so!rces co%)rised a variety of official archive %aterials ran'in' fro%

official doc!%ents to )eriodicals 'overn%ent doc!%ents ne=s)a)ers and )rivate

)a)ers of =hich %ost =ere in 3n'lish

#d%inistrative records of the 'overn%ent social a'ency can $e !sed for data

collection +Da*i% 199> in research he !se of ad%inistrative records and doc!%ents

as the %ain so!rce of data can )rovide val!a$le infor%ation a$o!t the history of an

i%)ortant 'overn%ent social a'ency or social =elfare instit!tion +Pad'ett 199E as

=ell as individ!als 'ro!)s and co%%!nities +/eashore and Cates 19E5 o!r ty)es of

reso!rce %aterials =ere eLa%ined incl!din' ad%inistrative files of the .alay state

'overn%ents British colonial doc!%ents conte%)orary ne=s)a)ers and )rivate

)a)ers

he researcher


122/420

Chapter B

%aterial and co%)are %aterials o$tained fro% other reso!rce centres

in order to eL)and the data $nother =ords as Dill +199>: 67 )oints

o!t archival research is


123/420

he researcher had to follo= certain re'!lations to cond!ct

research in .alaysia as set !) $y the Socio-3cono%ic and eneral

Plannin' esearch nit +S3P of the Pri%e .inister


124/420

Chapter B

hatred en%ity or conte%)t $et=een or to=ards any ethnic or reli'io!s 'ro!)< +3P

1999 o a$ide $y the re'!lations %entioned a$ove the researcher had to $e %indf!l of

not !sin' or analysin' the data in a =ay that co!ld aro!se racial senti%ent a%on' the

different ethnic 'ro!)s evertheless this does not %ean that !se of research =ithin

ethnic 'ro!)s in .alaysia is )ro$le%atic as lon' as the researcher is )artic!larly

ca!tio!s =hen disc!ssin' iss!es relatin' to each ethnic 'ro!)

(!e to the hi'hly $!rea!cratic nat!re of .alaysian 'overn%ent a'encies an

a))lication for% for cond!ctin' this st!dy to'ether =ith the research )ro)osal =as

s!$%itted to the S3P t=o %onths $efore the first field=or* +see a$le >1 Phase

00 he researcher o$tained )er%ission =as iss!ed a esearch Pass and =as re'istered

as an a!thori"ed researcher $y the #. 2n co%)letin' her st!dy the researcher is

re&!ired to s!$%it three co)ies of her final re)ort to the S3P he re'!lation also

states that sho!ld it $e dee%ed necessary the researcher is re&!ired to )resent and

disc!ss the findin's to the S3P

Do=ever in relation to accessi$ility of archival %aterials in the no s!ch

for%ality =as i%)osed eLce)t that )roof of identity or =ritten re&!est =as re&!ired in

advance he researcher then had to fill in a))lication for%s $efore she =as 'iven a

eader Pass

1nter(iew eion +oral hitory,

Distorical data %ay $e derived fro% oral intervie=s +raha% and #l-rena=i ,1

he $est historical research st!dy is $ased on an eL)loration of )ri%ary so!rces that

)rovide the eLact =ords of the =itnesses or first recorders of an event +St!art 19EE 0n

E1


125/420

Chapter B

fact as St!art +19EE f!rther ar'!es de)endence on archive data $linds

the researcher to inacc!racies %is)erce)tions o%issions and $iases

of the colonial state 0ntervie=s often )rovide the researcher =ith

data not availa$le in =ritten so!rces =hich are of hel) in fillin' so%e

'a)s !rther%ore thro!'h intervie=s the researcher o$tained

f!rther evidence to s!))ort the archival %aterials $y co%)arin' each

)iece of evidence =ith all other )ieces and deter%ined the eLtent of

a'ree%ent

# researcher %!st have a$ility to assess the a))ro)riateness

of a )artici)ant in contri$!tin' to the st!dy Seid%an +1991

e%)hasises that the %aOor criterion for this a))ro)riateness is =hether

the s!$Oect of the researcher


126/420

they =anted to say a%)lify facts or add details so as to %a*e their

story interestin' as =as the case =as =ith one of the infor%ants

0n this st!dy the researcher identified five )artici)ants =ho

=ere *ey )eo)le =ho had )ersonal eL)erience of =or*in' at the (SW

d!rin' the British colonial )eriod he )artici)ants co%)rised three

fe%ale and t=o %ale res)ondents hey =ere chosen fro% a list of

na%es of )ersons re'arded as )ioneers of social =or* in .alaysia

)rinted in a )!$lication $y the .alaysian #ssociation of Social

Wor*ers +.#SW +!ndated 0 6ribte to ioneer Gear of

#ocial or/ alayia in conO!nction =ith the 3th anniversary of the

.#SW he res)ondents< $ac*'ro!nd of eL)eriences and

&!alifications is 'iven in #))endiL > #nother )artici)ant an

eL)erienced officer at the

82


127/420

Chapter B

#. =as also intervie=ed to find o!t a$o!t the accessi$ility of

archival %aterials he researcher =as =ell a=are of the very ti'ht

sched!le of so%e of the )artici)ants and at one ti%e a tele)hone

intervie= =as even cond!cted1

enerally d!rin' all intervie=s the )artici)ants =ere 'enero!s ini%)artin'

*no=led'e and sharin' vie=s and o)inions )ertainin' to their

eL)eriences of social =elfare services and social =elfare =or* d!rin'

the colonial )eriod his data co!ld not )ossi$ly have $een collected

if the st!dy had $een carried o!t thro!'h other %ethods he

intervie=s )rovided data =hich eLtended the researcher


128/420

V #rchive 2fficer

#emi-trctred

inter(iew

# se%i-str!ct!red intervie= sched!le +see #))endiL > desi'ned $y

the researcher =as !sed to '!ide her in foc!sin' on relevant iss!es

d!rin' the intervie=s hree of the intervie=s =ere carried o!t

d!rin' office ho!rs in the )artici)ants< offices and t=o =ere carried

o!t in the )artici)ants< residence constit!tin' the li*ely sit!ation in

=hich intervie=s can occ!r as )ointed o!t $y BlaLter eta?. +,1

he intervie=s lasted fro%

1J or instance intervie=in' a )erson s!ch as 3L-Welfare 2fficer +3W2 4challen'ed the researcher


129/420

Chapter B

one ho!r to one and a half ho!rs .ost intervie=ees conversed in a

%iLt!re of 3n'lish and .alay

#ll the intervie= sessi2ns =ere a!dio ta)ed and f!lly

transcri$ed =hich$enefited the researcher even tho!'h transcri$in'

the intervie=s =as ti%e-cons!%in' he transcri)tion allo=ed the

researcher to relia$ly =or* =ith the =ords of the)artici)ants

#dditionally recordin' of the intervie=s =as $eneficial $eca!se

the researcher had the ori'inal data

(ata#

n

al

ys

i

s

#c&!irin' data 1n historical research is not an easy tas* 'iven


130/420

that it involves syste%atic o$Oective data collection and analysis

Content analysis is the a))roach !sed to analyse doc!%ents +Pad'ett

199E in this st!dy When a))roachin' or eLa%inin' a so!rce a%on'

the &!estions that the researcher al=ays $ore in %ind =ere =ho

=rote this doc!%ent and for =hat )!r)oseT and ho= does this

doc!%ent relate to the )revio!s oneT +Dill 199>J Hones 1994J

Hordanova ,J BlaLter eta!.3 ,1

Processin' the data involved collectin' classifyin' eval!atin' andinter)retin'

the %aterials availa$le he researcher had to select and identify the

necessary %aterials and so!rces to $e analysed he researcher strove to

foc!s on so%e of the lin*in' events to eL)lain the circ!%stances

relatin' to the develo)%ent of social =elfare services for children

#%on' the events =ere the i%)acts of British colonialis% the

after%ath of the War the re-esta$lish%ent of British colonial

ad%inistration and the road to inde)endence hese events

clarified ho= the colonial 'overn%ent too* res)onsi$ility


131/420

E4


132/420

Chapter B

in res)onse to those chan'es $y for%!latin' social =elfare servicesfor children in

.alaya i%)le%entedthro!'h the (SW

#nalysis of the data =as carried o!t $y siftin' thro!'h files and

se)aratin' the% accordin' to s)ecific the%es s!ch as early social

=elfare services colonial =elfare )olicy services for children and

)olicy to=ards children !rther%ore the researcher needed so%e

*no=led'e of 'overn%ent ad%inistration and related events in the

)eriod of st!dy h!s the researcher searched for and not only !sed all

)ertinent %aterials $!t tried to $e i%a'inative =ith re'ard to

infor%ation that %i'ht a))ear in so!rces accordin' to the research

&!estions !nder st!dy +/eashore and Cates 19E5

enerally the researcher or'anised her findin's $y !sin'

the%atic and chronolo'ical )resentation +St!art 19EE: >5E Several

researchers have e%)loyed a historical %ethod +ai 19E7J Dar)er

1991J /eon' 1999J 2on' , !sin' a chronolo'ical a))roach +ai

19E7 and a the%atic a))roach +Dar)er 1991 in their st!dies


133/420

3%)loyin' the strate'y of ill!strative style as s!''ested $y .ay

+1997 the researcher =as a$le to select data that co!ld ill!strate

'eneral the%es and s!))ort s)ecific eLa%)les

.ethodolo'ical 0ss!es that 3%er'edfro% the St!dy

0rchi(al wor/ in

alayia and )*

$t sho!ld $e noted that co%)arin' reso!rce centres $et=een .alaysia

and is li*e co%)arin' Athe land =ith the s*yA +a .alay )rover$

since one has to loo* at vario!s an'les to find si%ilarities and

differences 3ach co!ntry has its o=n =ay of *ee)in' their records

safe its o=n history of or'anisational set !) and %ana'en1ent syste%s

$n

E5


134/420

Chapter B

the case of the #. esta$lish%ent )rior to the Second World War no action =as ta*en

to for%!late a syste%atic )rocess of esta$lishin' the archives #fter the s!rrender of the

Ha)anese the 'overn%ent =as o$li'ed to concentrate its attention on %any )ressin'

iss!es connected =ith reha$ilitation and later =ith the 3%er'ency #s a res!lt the

esta$lish%ent of the archives =as delayed he =ides)read destr!ction of official

doc!%ents all over .alaya d!rin' the Ha)anese occ!)ation f!rther contri$!ted to the

i%)ression that the archival iss!e =as of lo= )riority +P#.,

Whilst %ost of the reso!rce centres in the are searcha$le via online

catalo'!es ena$lin' doc!%ents to $e ordered $efore a visit to the site the #. is only

O!st %ovin' to=ards this .aterials sent over to the #. after 1997 are $ein'

electronically entered into the syste% Do=ever the )ro'ress of co%)!terisation for

older %aterials is sli'htly delayed $eca!se the archive staffs have to )hysically identify

the contents of each file +#2 ,> =hich is very ti%e cons!%in'

0cceibility3 a(ailability and contraint of data in the )*

#s )revio!sly indicated )rivate )a)ers =ere also loo*ed into Do=ever the )rivate

)a)ers in the are located at vario!s li$raries and are not centralised at one archive as

the researcher discovered =hen she =anted reso!rces a$o!t colonial officers< )rivate

I)a)ers listed in the catalo'!e availa$le at the Distorical .an!scri)t Co%%ission

+D.C

.!ch of the %aterials in the Colonial 2ffice records in P2 =ere or'anised

accordin' to co!ntry and the relevant record series for the co!ntry re&!ired =ere

relatively easy to deter%ine Do=ever this =ay of or'anisation =as not of %!ch hel) to

86


135/420

the researcher $eca!se =hen loo*in' for A.alayaA as a co!ntry several 'eneral records

=ere )resented he researcher then so!'ht to cross chec* =ith vario!s na%es and

s!$Oect searches !sin' AcolonialA as the *ey=ord and then the )eriod aro!nd 1946 to

1957 he researcher accessed records !sin' the Colonial 2ffice +C2 indeL shelved

=ith the C2 catalo'!es or $y searchin' the na%e of the co!ntry in online catalo'!es

o the researcher the online catalo'!e altho!'h not necessarily co%)rehensive =as a

!sef!l %eans of searchin' for $oth s!$Oect series and advisory co%%ittee records

he P2 also holds records of the British 'overn%ent relatin' to the British

3%)ire hese constit!ted an inval!a$le reso!rce for the st!dy of British )olicy on

.alaya and the $roader history of British )olitical social and econo%ic )olicies

Do=ever the availa$ility of the %an!scri)ts de)ended on colonial officials =ho =rote

a$o!t %atters considered to $e vital fro% their o=n )ers)ective


136/420

+1946-57 the %ost relevant lists =ere the /ist of #ccession 1957-1967 and the /ist of

#ccession 196E Do=ever at the s!''estion of the archive staff the researcher had to

loo* at the c!rrent lists +lists after 196E as =ell or altho!'h the state archive offices

=ere $!ilt %!ch later this does not %ean that the earliest records of the state can $e

fo!nd at the #. Dead&!arters in !ala /!%)!r $t de)ended as )revio!sly

indicated lar'ely on =hether or not the office or the 'overn%ent a'encies =ho =ere

re&!ested to send the old records as soon as the ?C> =as esta$lished in 1957 had

co%)lied on ti%e So%e de)art%ents sent their records later than the stated date =hile

so%e had sent older records s!ch as fro% the 194s to'ether =ith those fro% a %!ch

later date for eLa%)le in 197 h!s records dated aro!nd the 194s can also $e fo!nd

a%on' those fro% the 197s #nother iss!e is that the contents of the /ist of #ccessions

are al=ays %iLed !) d!e to their not $ein' chronolo'ically arran'ed +#2 ,>

Contents of the o)ened files 'enerally concerned the %in!tes of %eetin's letters

and %e%os nfort!nately so%e of the %in!tes of %eetin's =ere fo!nd to $e

inco%)lete %issin' or e%)ty +e' (SW ,911

or instance the researcher co!ld not

access the #nn!al e)ort of .alaya 1957 =hich res!lted in a red!ction in the a%o!nt

of data es)ecially =hen analysin' the contin!ity of the re)ort #nother eLa%)le the

free %eals for school children iss!e =as re)orted in the %in!tes of %eetin's fro% 1946

to 195> $!t the re)orts after that )eriod =ere not in the file Do=ever no )artic!lar

reason =as 'iven $y the archive staff for it $ein' %issin' h!s the researcher decided

11 #ccordin' to the /ist of (escri)tion the file (SW ,9 entitled Selan'or Children


137/420

Chapter B

not to rely on these %in!tes $eca!se of %issin' )a'es or they are not arran'ed %

order1

0n one case d!rin' the second field=or* data collection in .alaysia +see a$le

>1 Phase 08 so%e of the files fro% the Kederal #ecretariat *mplan *eda 8LL-

8F7 co!ld not $e $orro=ed $eca!se they =ere in the )rocess of $ein' $ar-coded =hich

constit!ted a f!rther constraint to the accessi$ility of data1>

#nn!al re)orts of de)art%ents re)resent the %ost i%)ortant so!rce of reference

$eca!se they record in detail all activities and statistics a$o!t the or'anisation !nder

st!dy (!rin' the )eriod of st!dy ederation of .alaya #nn!al e)ort +.#

eListed $!t its content =as sli'htly different fro% that of the de)art%ent ann!al re)ort

he .# stated concisely all the activities and statistics fro% vario!s 'overn%ent

a'encies incl!din' the (SW Do=ever the researcher only %ana'ed to 'et hold of the

#nn!al e)ort of the (SW since its esta$lish%ent in 1946 to 194E e)orts $et=een

the years 1949-1957 =ere not availa$le So%e of the (SW# fo!nd in #etiaaha

*erajaan +S file =as inco%)lete ca!sin' a 'a) in the re)ort 0nevita$ly the

researcher had to rely only on the .# for data d!rin' the )eriod of 1949 !ntil

195714

1,(!rin' the ti%e of data collection the %aterials at P2 =ere chronolo'ically arran'ed Pa)ers in the

file =ere $o!nd !sin'


138/420

here =ere a n!%$er of 'a)s in the doc!%entation of .alaysian history ca!sed

in )art $y =hite ants +ter%ites the cli%ate and also destr!ction of files that too* )lace

d!rin' the Ha)anese occ!)ation =hen lar'e &!antities of official doc!%ents )rinted

re)orts and other records =ere destroyed #dditionally %any records have $een

destroyed and da%a'ed $eca!se of )oor stora'e conditions 18 his f!rther O!stifies =hy

the )eriod $e'innin' in 1946 =as chosen in the )resent st!dy

$n the British colonial ad%inistrative str!ct!re the SS =as one of the %ost

i%)ortant re)ositories of doc!%ents $t contained co%%!nications =ith hi'her

a!thorities state-level disc!ssion iss!es and )erha)s %ost i%)ortantly a lar'e a%o!nt

of local details re)orted $y the districts %!ch of =hich =as trans%itted to the Di'h

Co%%issioner or if at all in s!%%ary to /ondon he SS files are one of the %ost

fr!itf!l so!rces a social or econo%ic historian can !se Do=ever the SS did not only

hold or contain %aterials a$o!t a )artic!lar stateJ it also at ti%es incl!ded re)orts of

other states #ltho!'h the #nn!al e)ort of the Settle%ent of .alacca 1949 and of

other states eListed as =ell these collections =ere re'retta$ly $adly da%a'ed d!rin' the

Ha)anese occ!)ation eLce)t for those of the states ofedah and Selan'or or eLa%)le

files co%)lete =ith card s!$Oect indeL and re'ister $oo*s fro% 199 to 194, can still

$e fo!nd in edah +P#., !ndated

15

(!rin' his to!r to .alaya in 1957 D Bla*iston an archive eL)ert fro% the P2 of /ondon fo!ndthat 'overn%ent files =hich for%ed the $!l* of the records of %ost de)art%ents =ere only rarely *e)tin

asatisfactory condition .any =ere da%a'ed $y da%) insects and rats and old files =ere often rele'ated

to the floor of co%)any storeroo%s =ith old tyres and scra) iron 8al!a$le records =ere fo!nd collectin'

d!st and scattered in attics 'ara'es and alon' corridors of the 'overn%ent offices #t that ti%e there

=erl< no 'eneral r!les for the dis)osal of val!eless doc!%ents +Dassan 19E1

9


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Chapter B

0dminitrati(e and technical ie in alayian archi(e

While %ost archives =ere o)ened to the )!$lic on =or*in' days and so%e archives

)rovided eLtended ho!rs andor =ee*end access so%e =ere closed d!rin' local

festivities 0n ter%s of %an)o=er so%e archives did not have s!fficient staff to deal

=ith researchers and to retrieve doc!%ents fro% the re)ository +Da$i$ah 19E7 h!s

the availa$ility of doc!%ents =as restricted to a s)ecified ti%e 0n so%e archives d!rin'

l!nch $rea* ne= a))lications for doc!%ents =ere not acce)ted he constant s=itchin'

of staff on d!ty also affected the a%o!nt of ti%e ta*en to )hotoco)y %aterials

So%e archival instit!tions )laced restrictions on the a%o!nt of records to $e

%ade availa$le or instance researchers =ere restricted to $orro= one $oL or five

ite%s at a ti%e he ti%e ta*en to find )ertinent doc!%ents =as aro!nd > %in!tes +at

P2 and so%eti%es lon'er if the archive


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Both Britain and .alaysia have si%ilar ri'hts of access to archives for their

citi"ens 0n .alaysia !nder the ational #rchives #ct o 44 of 1966 records that are

over ,5 years =hich have $een revie=ed for )er%anent )reservation at the #. are

o)en for cons!ltation to every researcher Do=ever so%e of the records re&!ested $y

the researcher co!ld not $e accessed $eca!se they =ere still recorded AconfidentialA

and $eca!se of certain technical )ro$le%s or instance the #. staff said that they

had 'iven so%e doc!%ents to the res)ective 'overn%ent de)art%ents to certify )!$lic

access nfort!nately the doc!%ents =ere not ret!rned to the #. When the #.

staff tried to find o!t =hat had act!ally ha))ened it =as discovered that the doc!%ents

=ere no lon'er at that office h!s the records of the a'encies are still considered

AconfidentialA and not accessi$le to the )!$lic !ntil they are ret!rnedtransferred $ac* to

the #. +Da$i$ah 19E7J #2 ,>

17

4ote on the inter(iew

he researcher did not strictly follo= the se&!ence of &!estions in the intervie= '!ide

d!rin' intervie=s $eca!se the )artici)ants co!ld not )rovide o$Oective ans=ers =ithin

the fra%e of se%i-str!ct!red &!estions he researcher felt the disc!ssion co!ld $e %!ch

%ore relaLed and the )artici)ants =o!ld $e %ore res)onsive if she )!rs!ed the iss!es

and sit!ations the )artici)ants raised #t the sa%e ti%e the researcher %ade an effort to

foc!s on the iss!es raised d!rin' the disc!ssions as Seid%an +1991: 69 re%inds !s

17 3ven tho!'h there =as a s)ecifi#ct to )reserve the %aterials so%e of the archive staffs =ere not

a=are of its eListence he %aterials intended for )reservation sho!ld have $een selected ftrst $y the

#. Do=ever s!ch a Oo$ =as not assi'ned to anyone

-


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Chaprer B


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intervie=s and =as o$vio!sly $!sy =ith hisher o=n involve%ent % the on

'overn%ental or'anisations +2

5ther contraint in(ol(ed

Cond!ctin' archival field=or* =as ti%e cons!%in' and it did affect )erfor%ance

d!rin' the data collection )rocess #s osh +, s!''ests there is a need to loo* into

this )ro$le% serio!sly since research !sin' )ri%ary so!rces can $e )ainf!lly slo=

Davin' a research assistant =o!ld have hel)ed as ti%e s)ent in $ro=sin' the catalo'!es

or indices co!ld have $een reallocated to other vital =or* s!ch as scannin' the %aterials

fo!nd in selected files $t is =orth notin' that s)endin' a lot of ti%e and o)enin'

h!ndreds of files at the archives did not '!arantee the researcher to ac&!ire as %!ch

data as re&!ired

#ltho!'h %aterials collected fro% the archives =ere a$!ndant the researcher

had to learn =hat historians call the Aslash and $!rnA techni&!e that is %a*in'

decisions as to =hat is relevant and =hat to thro= a=ay a techni&!e !nfa%iliar to %ost

sociolo'ists and social scientists +Steed%an ,> evertheless it =as act!ally a

)ainf!l decision to leave o!t so%ethin' that had $een so diffic!lt to ac&!ire O!st$eca!se

it =as not relevant he researcher also learnt ho= to cross-reference $et=een different

*inds of doc!%ents and so!rces +Steed%an ,> =hich is considered an i%)ortant

ste) in historical %ethod

he researcher antici)ated )ro$le%s =ith the a%o!nt of ti%e this research

de%anded as =ell as the hi'h cost of travellin' )hotoco)yin' and ad%inistrative =or*

involved (!e to ti%e and financial constraints the researcher =as !na$le to visit all

94


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Chapter B

state archives % .alaysia or to )rolon' the search for val!a$le %aterials s!ch as

ne=s)a)ers1E

o $e involved in a social =or* a ne= field for the researcher at . and to

!se historical %ethod to research children


144/420

in their st!dy esearchin' archives has revealed coherent and !sef!l infor%ation that

)rovided ans=ers to &!estions )artic!larly those that confir% the ori'in of an event or a

)heno%enon he historical doc!%ents !sed in this st!dy )rovided s!$stantial data for

Cha)ters 6-9 Before analysis of these doc!%ents is considered =e =ill loo* into the

$ac*'ro!nd of .alaya as the conteLt of the st!dy in the neLt cha)ter

96


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Chapter

CD#P34

.#/#Y#

0ntrod!ction

his cha)ter descri$es a 'eneral acco!nt of .alaya and the society d!rin' )re-colonial

and the colonial )eriod of British ad%inistration1

0t foc!ses on the colonial

ad%inistration and hi'hli'hts the eListence of a %!ltiethnic society d!rin' the British

r!le that res!lted in the ens!ed societal co%)leLity he cha)ter considers the i%)act of

colonisation on the traditional .alay society


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"

$%"UT=

C D 0 &I


147/420

K8en

e/a

+De60/,9t,on

he lIcdcration of .alaya coverin' an area of a))roLi%ately 5E5

s&!are %iles \\as sit!ated in the so!thern section of the ra

Penins!la =hich )rotr!ded fro% the so!th- eastern con1er of #sia

$et=een 0ndia and China $t =as %ade !) of eleven states: Perlis

cdah Penan' Pcra* Sclan'or +=ith the %< ederal Ca)ital erritory

of !ala /!%)!r *la*a Hohor Se%$i ian Pahan'

ercn''an! and clantan located in


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Chapter

Penins!lar .alaysia +see i'!re 41BS and t=o states of Sa$ah and Sara=a* on the

northern coast of Borneo 0sland #$o!t fo!r-fifths of the s!rface ofthe)enins!la is still

covered $y dense tro)ical O!n'le in =hich co%%!nication is rendered diffic!lt $y

%o!ntains and rivers he )rinci)al feat!res of the .alayan cli%ate are co)io!s rainfall

hi'h h!%idity and !nifor%ity of te%)erat!re that rarely varies d!rin' the day $y %ore

than fifteen de'rees +PP. +3 1

he total )o)!lation of .alaya in 1947 =as 49E %illion and it increased to

6,79 %illion in 1957 +.chee 1964>

he total n!%$er of .alay children in the a'e

'ro!) of 6-1, =as a))roLi%ately 4>1 in 1947 he total school enrol%ent for

.alay $oys in 194E =as 1757E =hile 447E7 'irls enrolled in school that sa%e year

+C2 E59,,5,J C2 99716 he fi'!res in a$le 41 sho= the children


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#ccordin' to the 195> re)ort children over siL and $elo= thirteen years of a'e

n!%$ered a))roLi%ately 1141 +PP. > K0R3 8FB,. Do=ever this re)ort only

indicates children $et=een the a'es of 6-1> years h!s the children see%s to )rovide an indication of the n!%$er of children d!rin' the

)eriod of st!dy

T1e Ba0:/o.n2 o4 Co+on,a+ A7,n,6t/at,on

he invasion of .alaya $y several )o=ers na%ely the Port!'!ese the (!tch the

British and the Ha)anese $e'an in the %iddle of the siLteenth cent!ry he fall of the

.alacca S!ltanate to the Port!'!ese in 1511 indicated the $e'innin' of the eL)ansion of

the forei'n )o=ers and their infl!ence in .alaya Do=ever d!rin' this )eriod other

.alay states +Perlis edah elantan Pahan' Pera* eren''an! e'eri Se%$ilan

Selan'or and Hohore =ere ad%inistered $y the nine .alay s!ltanates =hich r!led their

o=n states and indeed %ade .alaya a))ear li*e nine co!ntries +hoo 1979

(irect British r!le =as first esta$lished in the Straits Settle%ents consistin' of

Penan' +17E6 Sin'a)ore +1E19 and .alacca +1E,6 he ta*eover of the

ad%inistration of the .alay states $eca%e even %ore active =ith the si'nin' of the

Pan'*or reaty in 1E74 in Pera* =hich %ar*ed the $e'innin' of direct interference and

eLtension of British r!le in .alaya he chaotic sit!ation in Selan'or e'eri Se%$ilan

and Pahan' f!rther o)ened the )ath for the British to interfere and this led to the

for%ation Iof the .S in 1E96 edah Perlis eren''an! elantan and Hohore =ere

then referred to as the nfederated .alay States +.S By the %iddle of the

1


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Chapter.!

nineteenth cent!ry the British infl!ence had eLtended to .alaya

Sin'a)ore Sara=a* and orth Borneo

#s stated in Cha)ter 1 the o))ort!nity to r!le .alaya

after the Ha)anese s!rrender added ne= res)onsi$ilities for the British

ad%inistration incl!din' re$!ildin' of the British infl!ence after an

a$sence of %ore than three years # ne= te%)orary %ilitary

'overn%ent =as then for%ed the British .ilitary #d%inistration

+B.# =hich o)erated fro% Se)te%$er 1945 !ntil .arch 1946

Do=ever it =as a short ad%inistration d!e to staff inca)a$ility s!ch as

lac* of eL)erience inefficiency and corr!)tion +De!ssler 19E5J .ohd

0sa ,,

he .alayan nion +. =hich =as esta$lished in #)ril

1946 consisted of all nine .alay states and the settle%ents of Penan'

and .alacca called for a constit!tional !nion of .alaya and t

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