World War IIWorld War II

Chapter 29Chapter 29

The US Prepares For WarThe US Prepares For War

Lend-Lease ProgramLend-Lease Program FDR declares that the US must become “the arsenal FDR declares that the US must become “the arsenal

of democracy”of democracy” The US would lend or lease weapons to “any country The US would lend or lease weapons to “any country

whose defense was vital to the United States”whose defense was vital to the United States” 50 Billion was spent on this program over the course 50 Billion was spent on this program over the course

of the warof the war Benefited Britain and the USSRBenefited Britain and the USSR

• USSR practicing USSR practicing scorched-earth policyscorched-earth policy after Hitler invades after Hitler invades on June 22, 1941on June 22, 1941

German AggressionGerman Aggression

German subs would travel in groups of 10-15 German subs would travel in groups of 10-15 called wolf packscalled wolf packs Sunk 2.3 million tons of British shipping in only 5 Sunk 2.3 million tons of British shipping in only 5

weeksweeks American ships were targetedAmerican ships were targeted

May 1941 - merchant ship the May 1941 - merchant ship the Robin MooreRobin Moore September 1941 - destroyer September 1941 - destroyer GreerGreer October 1941 - destroyer October 1941 - destroyer KearnyKearny October 1941 - destroyer October 1941 - destroyer Reuben JamesReuben James

In response, America arms merchant ships and In response, America arms merchant ships and extends draft by 18 monthsextends draft by 18 months

The Atlantic CharterThe Atlantic Charter

6 main points issued by FDR6 main points issued by FDR 1. No territorial expansion1. No territorial expansion 2. No territorial changes without the consent of the 2. No territorial changes without the consent of the

inhabitantsinhabitants 3. Self-determination for all people3. Self-determination for all people 4. More free trade4. More free trade 5. Cooperation for the improvement of other nations5. Cooperation for the improvement of other nations 6. The disarming of all aggressors6. The disarming of all aggressors

• This charter became the basis for the United NationsThis charter became the basis for the United Nations

Japanese ActionJapanese Action

Japan needed oil to continue running their war Japan needed oil to continue running their war machinemachine

Japan forced the Vichy government to give it Japan forced the Vichy government to give it military bases in Indochina (Vietnam and military bases in Indochina (Vietnam and CambodiaCambodia

General Hideki Tojo becomes Premier of Japan General Hideki Tojo becomes Premier of Japan in October 1941in October 1941

US breaks the Japanese diplomatic codeUS breaks the Japanese diplomatic code The US was expecting an attack, but thought it was The US was expecting an attack, but thought it was

coming in the Philippinescoming in the Philippines

Japanese ActionJapanese Action On November 25 a large fleet leaves a Japanese On November 25 a large fleet leaves a Japanese

bases heading toward Pearl Harborbases heading toward Pearl Harbor 7:55am December 7, 1941, Japanese bombers 7:55am December 7, 1941, Japanese bombers

strike the American naval base of Pearl Harbor strike the American naval base of Pearl Harbor on Hawaii on Hawaii 170 planes were destroyed170 planes were destroyed 2,400 people were killed (68 were civilians)2,400 people were killed (68 were civilians)

FDR “a date that will live in infamy”FDR “a date that will live in infamy” The following day, the US declared war on JapanThe following day, the US declared war on Japan When Hitler heard the news, Germany and Italy When Hitler heard the news, Germany and Italy

declared war on the USdeclared war on the US

America Readies Their War America Readies Their War MachineMachine

By 1944, the US was producing as much war By 1944, the US was producing as much war material as all the Axis countries combinedmaterial as all the Axis countries combined 76,000 tanks76,000 tanks 300,000+ planes300,000+ planes 2.5 million machine guns2.5 million machine guns 64,000 landing craft64,000 landing craft 6,500 naval ships6,500 naval ships

The The Selective Service ProgramSelective Service Program provided 16.5 provided 16.5 million men to the armed forcesmillion men to the armed forces Mostly single men under 30Mostly single men under 30

America Readies Their War America Readies Their War MachineMachine

At peak strength:At peak strength: Army - 8 million + Army - 8 million + Navy - 3 million +Navy - 3 million + Marines - 500,000 +Marines - 500,000 +

The “GI” - stood for government issueThe “GI” - stood for government issue

Women and African Women and African Americans in the ServiceAmericans in the Service

216,000 women enlisted216,000 women enlisted Most joined the Most joined the Women’s Army Corps Women’s Army Corps

(WAC)(WAC)• Had to be b/n 20 and 49 years oldHad to be b/n 20 and 49 years old• No children under 14No children under 14• Completed at least two years of high school Completed at least two years of high school • They served in separate non-combat divisionsThey served in separate non-combat divisions

1 million AA joined the armed forces1 million AA joined the armed forces AA were segregated during the warAA were segregated during the war

Japanese Americans During Japanese Americans During the Warthe War

Nisei - Americans of Japanese decentNisei - Americans of Japanese decent 17,000 enlisted to fight in the war17,000 enlisted to fight in the war

• 442nd Regiment “Go for Broke” received more 442nd Regiment “Go for Broke” received more decorations than any other American combat decorations than any other American combat unitunit

Japanese Americans sent to internment Japanese Americans sent to internment campscamps The Supreme Court upheld the relocations The Supreme Court upheld the relocations

as a “military necessity”as a “military necessity”

The American WorkforceThe American Workforce

The workforce increased from 46.5 million to 53 The workforce increased from 46.5 million to 53 million by 1944.million by 1944.

Hours per week increased to 45.2Hours per week increased to 45.2 Average weekly wages raised 70%Average weekly wages raised 70% The AFL and the CIO pledged not to strike The AFL and the CIO pledged not to strike

during the warduring the war In 1943 the United Mine Workers went on strikeIn 1943 the United Mine Workers went on strike FDR seized the minesFDR seized the mines Anti-Strike Act - Unions had to give 30 days notice if Anti-Strike Act - Unions had to give 30 days notice if

they were going to strikethey were going to strike

Women Working and FDR vs. Women Working and FDR vs. DiscriminationDiscrimination

4 to 5 million women joined the workforce by 19454 to 5 million women joined the workforce by 1945 They received 60% less than male employeesThey received 60% less than male employees Little or no job securityLittle or no job security Rosie the RiveterRosie the Riveter

FDR issued an executive order banning FDR issued an executive order banning discrimination in the work placediscrimination in the work place This order was enforced by the This order was enforced by the Fair Employment Fair Employment

Practice Committee Practice Committee A large migration of AA north occurredA large migration of AA north occurred Race riots erupted - June 1943Race riots erupted - June 1943

Allocating Materials and Allocating Materials and Controlling the EconomyControlling the Economy

The War Production BoardThe War Production Board Decided which firms would receive the raw Decided which firms would receive the raw

materials to produce finished goodsmaterials to produce finished goods Limited the amount of gas people could buyLimited the amount of gas people could buy Organized nation wide drives for scrap ironOrganized nation wide drives for scrap iron

Farmers increased their production to feed Farmers increased their production to feed the militarythe military Farm prices doubled Farm prices doubled

Allocating Materials and Allocating Materials and Controlling the EconomyControlling the Economy

The Office of Price Administration The Office of Price Administration Fixed rents and set the maximum prices on goodsFixed rents and set the maximum prices on goods Set up the Set up the rationing rationing systemsystem Goods could only be bought with coupons from your Goods could only be bought with coupons from your

rationing bookrationing book All of these measures kept inflation below 30% All of these measures kept inflation below 30%

during the warduring the war US raised the income tax, and taxed those who US raised the income tax, and taxed those who

had been exempthad been exempt 100 billion spent on war bonds100 billion spent on war bonds

America Starts PlanningAmerica Starts Planning

The CommandersThe Commanders General George MarshallGeneral George Marshall

• US Army Chief of StaffUS Army Chief of Staff• People highly respected him People highly respected him

General Dwight D. EisenhowerGeneral Dwight D. Eisenhower• Commander of the European theatre of operationsCommander of the European theatre of operations• Strong supporter of the British during the warStrong supporter of the British during the war

America Starts PlanningAmerica Starts Planning

The first big decisionThe first big decision Defeat Hitler, then concentrate on JapanDefeat Hitler, then concentrate on Japan

• There was fear that Germany could defeat the There was fear that Germany could defeat the Soviets and send all oh their troops against BritainSoviets and send all oh their troops against Britain

• With Germany defeated, the other Allies could join With Germany defeated, the other Allies could join forces and defeat Japanforces and defeat Japan

The second major decisionThe second major decision Only accept a complete unconditional Only accept a complete unconditional

surrendersurrender

ConvoysConvoys

Convoys - Convoys - Groups of merchant ships, Groups of merchant ships, troop carriers, and protective escort shipstroop carriers, and protective escort ships

By January 1942, German wolf packs By January 1942, German wolf packs were hunting from New Foundland to New were hunting from New Foundland to New OrleansOrleans

In five months, they sunk over 382 shipsIn five months, they sunk over 382 ships Brown outs and tighter patrols help lower Brown outs and tighter patrols help lower

the number of losses suffered by the number of losses suffered by American forcesAmerican forces

StalingradStalingrad

The Soviet scorched-earth policy prevented the The Soviet scorched-earth policy prevented the Germans form living off the land as the Germans form living off the land as the advanced deeper into Russiaadvanced deeper into Russia

German armies turned toward Stalingrad to take German armies turned toward Stalingrad to take the oil fields therethe oil fields there

They besieged the city for 3 months and failed to They besieged the city for 3 months and failed to take it.take it.

By November, the Soviets launched a counter-By November, the Soviets launched a counter-attack and surrounded the German army by attack and surrounded the German army by December December

StalingradStalingrad

By December, the German army was By December, the German army was surroundedsurrounded

February 2, 1943, 91,000 German soldiers February 2, 1943, 91,000 German soldiers surrendered.surrendered.

Soviet losses totaled 1.25 million people, Soviet losses totaled 1.25 million people, civilian and militarycivilian and military

This is the turning point of the warThis is the turning point of the war Russia moves steadily westRussia moves steadily west

Allies Start in AfricaAllies Start in Africa

Stalin wanted the US to enter the war quickly to Stalin wanted the US to enter the war quickly to take pressure off the Eastern fronttake pressure off the Eastern front

The US responds with The US responds with Operation TorchOperation Torch An all-out invasion of western North AfricaAn all-out invasion of western North Africa Allies land in Casablanca, Oran, and Algiers on Allies land in Casablanca, Oran, and Algiers on

November 7-8November 7-8 By mid-May 1943, General By mid-May 1943, General Erwin RommelErwin Rommel, the , the

Desert Fox, and his Desert Fox, and his Afrika KorpsAfrika Korps are defeated by are defeated by Allied forcesAllied forces

The Allies move easily into SicilyThe Allies move easily into Sicily

The Italian CampaignThe Italian Campaign

The King of Italy had arrested Mussolini and had The King of Italy had arrested Mussolini and had prepared to hand over Italy to the Alliesprepared to hand over Italy to the Allies

Hitler was one step ahead and sent German Hitler was one step ahead and sent German troops to stabilize the Italian fronttroops to stabilize the Italian front

It would take 18 months for American forces to It would take 18 months for American forces to drive the Germans out of the Italian peninsuladrive the Germans out of the Italian peninsula

Mussolini would be recaptured by Italian Mussolini would be recaptured by Italian partisanspartisans on April 28, 1945 on April 28, 1945 He was shot and hung in MilanHe was shot and hung in Milan

Allies Invade FranceAllies Invade France

From October 1943 - May 1944, the From October 1943 - May 1944, the Americans bombed Germany by day, and Americans bombed Germany by day, and the British bombed them by nightthe British bombed them by night

By June 1944, the Allies owned the skies By June 1944, the Allies owned the skies by a number of 30 to 1by a number of 30 to 1

It was now time to prepare for It was now time to prepare for Operation Operation OverlordOverlord

Operation OverlordOperation Overlord

June 6, 1944 - June 6, 1944 - D-DayD-Day 176,000 troops176,000 troops 4,000 landing craft4,000 landing craft 600 ships600 ships 11,000 planes11,000 planes It took two years of planning to pull this offIt took two years of planning to pull this off

Operation OverlordOperation Overlord

German Defenses German Defenses 250,000 troops250,000 troops Underwater minesUnderwater mines Tank trapsTank traps Concrete fortifications with multiple gunsConcrete fortifications with multiple guns Canon shot from miles behind the linesCanon shot from miles behind the lines

The Allies tricked the Germans thoughThe Allies tricked the Germans though

The Trick and the SuccessThe Trick and the Success

Americans bombed another location for daysAmericans bombed another location for days The Germans shifted men and equipment to that The Germans shifted men and equipment to that

locationlocation Allied forces were almost wiped out at Omaha Allied forces were almost wiped out at Omaha

BeachBeach Within a month, Within a month,

1 million troops had landed1 million troops had landed 567,000 tons of supplies567,000 tons of supplies 170,000 vehicles 170,000 vehicles

LiberationLiberation

By September 1944By September 1944 France was liberatedFrance was liberated Belgium was liberatedBelgium was liberated Luxembourg was liberatedLuxembourg was liberated Parts of the Netherlands were liberatedParts of the Netherlands were liberated

All of this good military news led to the re-All of this good military news led to the re-election of FDR and VP Harry Trumanelection of FDR and VP Harry Truman

The Battle of the BulgeThe Battle of the Bulge

3 things hurt the Allied advance3 things hurt the Allied advance The Germans held onto the port of Antwerp The Germans held onto the port of Antwerp

longer than expectedlonger than expected The landing at Arnhem in the Netherlands The landing at Arnhem in the Netherlands

failed badlyfailed badly The Germans counter-attacked when the The Germans counter-attacked when the

Allies least expected itAllies least expected it

The Battle of the BulgeThe Battle of the Bulge

December 16, the Germans attacked near December 16, the Germans attacked near the Belgium border at the Ardennes Forestthe Belgium border at the Ardennes Forest

American forces put up a heroic fight at American forces put up a heroic fight at the city of Bastogne, an important the city of Bastogne, an important transportation center in Belgium transportation center in Belgium

The American forces bent, but never broke The American forces bent, but never broke during the two weeks of heavy fightingduring the two weeks of heavy fighting

The Battle became known as the Battle of The Battle became known as the Battle of the Bulgethe Bulge

Meeting at the ElbeMeeting at the Elbe

March 1945, the Allies crossed the Rhine RiverMarch 1945, the Allies crossed the Rhine River April 1945, the Soviets entered the outskirts of April 1945, the Soviets entered the outskirts of

Berlin, driving German forces further into Berlin, driving German forces further into GermanyGermany

April 25, 1945, Allied and Soviet forces meet for April 25, 1945, Allied and Soviet forces meet for the first time at the Elbe Riverthe first time at the Elbe River

Advancing American and Soviet forces uncover Advancing American and Soviet forces uncover the atrocities the Germans tried to concealthe atrocities the Germans tried to conceal

Bye Bye HitlerBye Bye Hitler

April 30th, 1945April 30th, 1945 In an underground bunker in Berlin, Hitler In an underground bunker in Berlin, Hitler

takes his life, and his new wife, takes his life, and his new wife, Eva BraunEva Braun, , takes poisontakes poison

Hitler and Braun’s body are taken outside and Hitler and Braun’s body are taken outside and burned. burned.

May 7, 1945, General Eisenhower accepts the May 7, 1945, General Eisenhower accepts the unconditional surrender of Germanyunconditional surrender of Germany

May 8 is May 8 is V-E Day (Victory in Europe)V-E Day (Victory in Europe)

Japan SteamrollsJapan Steamrolls

Japanese overrun Hong Kong, French Japanese overrun Hong Kong, French Indochina, Malaya, Burma, Thailand, the Dutch Indochina, Malaya, Burma, Thailand, the Dutch East Indies, Guam, the Wake Islands, and two East Indies, Guam, the Wake Islands, and two islands in the Aleutian chain in Alaska islands in the Aleutian chain in Alaska

Douglas Mac Arthur Douglas Mac Arthur and 36,000 troops hold off and 36,000 troops hold off Japanese forces for 4 months in the Philippines Japanese forces for 4 months in the Philippines before having to evacuate the islandbefore having to evacuate the island Mac Arthur said “I shall return”Mac Arthur said “I shall return”

Witty Slide TitleWitty Slide Title

Spring of 1942, Japan was on the doorstep of Spring of 1942, Japan was on the doorstep of India and the Pacific coast of the US was India and the Pacific coast of the US was threatened threatened

The US sent bombers to raid TokyoThe US sent bombers to raid Tokyo Why?Why?

American and Australians stop a Japanese American and Australians stop a Japanese attempt to take Australia in May ‘42attempt to take Australia in May ‘42

June ‘42, the Japanese suffer a critical defeat at June ‘42, the Japanese suffer a critical defeat at MidwayMidway This defeat turned the Japanese fleet back from This defeat turned the Japanese fleet back from

HawaiiHawaii

LeapfroggingLeapfrogging

Japan was protected by 3,000 miles of Japan was protected by 3,000 miles of water and hundred of fortified islandswater and hundred of fortified islands

Mac Arthur decided to leapfrog around the Mac Arthur decided to leapfrog around the islandsislands Attack only selected islands and allow the Attack only selected islands and allow the

Australian and New Zealander forces to clean Australian and New Zealander forces to clean up the restup the rest

This island hopping strategy was very This island hopping strategy was very effectiveeffective

Guadalcanal and the Guadalcanal and the PhilippinesPhilippines

American offensive begins in August ‘42American offensive begins in August ‘42 The US lands on Guadalcanal in the The US lands on Guadalcanal in the

Solomon IslandsSolomon Islands All transport ships were sunk by the Japanese All transport ships were sunk by the Japanese

after troops landedafter troops landed American Naval forces defeats the Japanese American Naval forces defeats the Japanese

navy and forces their army to leave navy and forces their army to leave GuadalcanalGuadalcanal

Guadalcanal and the Guadalcanal and the PhilippinesPhilippines

The Japanese fought a tough battle at the The Japanese fought a tough battle at the Battle of the Philippine SeaBattle of the Philippine Sea The Japanese suffered huge losses to their The Japanese suffered huge losses to their

navy that they would never recover fromnavy that they would never recover from Mac Arthur went back to the Philippine Mac Arthur went back to the Philippine

mainland and said “I have returned.”mainland and said “I have returned.” KamikazeKamikaze

New PresidentNew President

FDR has a stroke and dies on April 12, FDR has a stroke and dies on April 12, 19451945

Harry Truman took officeHarry Truman took office

The BombThe Bomb

Iwo Jima and OkinawaIwo Jima and Okinawa Two islands the Japanese fought fiercely to Two islands the Japanese fought fiercely to

defend, but would end up losingdefend, but would end up losing Many were worried that the defense of Japan Many were worried that the defense of Japan

it self would be brutal.it self would be brutal. ““a million American lives and half that number a million American lives and half that number

of British”’ - Churchillof British”’ - Churchill Luckily, the US was working on the Luckily, the US was working on the

Manhattan ProjectManhattan Project

The BombThe Bomb

Dr. J. Robert Oppenheimer Dr. J. Robert Oppenheimer put together put together the first atomic bomb in Los Alamos, NMthe first atomic bomb in Los Alamos, NM

July 16, 1945 at 5:30 am it was exploded July 16, 1945 at 5:30 am it was exploded in the desertin the desert

July 26, 1945, the US warned Japan that July 26, 1945, the US warned Japan that they would be faced with “prompt and utter they would be faced with “prompt and utter destruction” if they did not surrender. destruction” if they did not surrender.

The BombThe Bomb

August 6, 1945 at 8:15:30 am. The Enola Gay August 6, 1945 at 8:15:30 am. The Enola Gay dropped the bomb “little boy” on the city of dropped the bomb “little boy” on the city of HiroshimaHiroshima It killed 71,000 people and injured 68,000It killed 71,000 people and injured 68,000 The city was destroyedThe city was destroyed

August 9, “fat man” was dropped on August 9, “fat man” was dropped on Nagasaki Nagasaki Killing 41K and injuring 40KKilling 41K and injuring 40K

August 14, Emperor Hirohito surrenders, August 14, Emperor Hirohito surrenders, despite opposition from his military leadersdespite opposition from his military leaders The formal surrender was September 2, 1945 The formal surrender was September 2, 1945

aboard the battleship Missouriaboard the battleship Missouri

Postwar PlansPostwar Plans

Cairo Cairo Early November 1943Early November 1943 FDR, FDR, Chiang Kai-shekChiang Kai-shek of China, and Churchill meet of China, and Churchill meet Agree that Korea would become independentAgree that Korea would become independent Taiwan would be returned to ChinaTaiwan would be returned to China

Teheran Teheran Late November 1943Late November 1943 FDR, Churchill, and StalinFDR, Churchill, and Stalin FDR and Churchill promise to open 2nd frontFDR and Churchill promise to open 2nd front Stalin promises to attack Japan after Germany is Stalin promises to attack Japan after Germany is

defeateddefeated

Postwar PlansPostwar Plans

Yalta Yalta February 1945February 1945 FDR, Churchill, and StalinFDR, Churchill, and Stalin Japanese and German leaders will be tried as Japanese and German leaders will be tried as

criminals for their atrocitiescriminals for their atrocities Agreed to set up the Agreed to set up the United NationsUnited Nations US and Britain agree to let Poland be set up US and Britain agree to let Poland be set up

as a Communist stateas a Communist state Stalin promised free elections in Poland, he Stalin promised free elections in Poland, he

liedlied

Postwar PlansPostwar Plans

San Francisco April 1945San Francisco April 1945 50 nations meet to set up UN50 nations meet to set up UN Soviet Union wants all 15 republics represented Soviet Union wants all 15 republics represented

individuallyindividually Ukraine, Byelrussia, and the Soviet Union would have Ukraine, Byelrussia, and the Soviet Union would have

representation in the UN representation in the UN Potsdam Potsdam July 1945July 1945

President Truman was therePresident Truman was there Stalin said no free elections in Eastern EuropeStalin said no free elections in Eastern Europe 6 million Germans would be moved out of 6 million Germans would be moved out of

Czechoslovakia, Hungary, and Poland and into Czechoslovakia, Hungary, and Poland and into GermanyGermany

The UNThe UN

The UN was officially established in June 1945The UN was officially established in June 1945 There was a There was a General Assembly General Assembly for all of the for all of the

nationsnations Security Council Security Council

US, GB, France, USSR, and China would have US, GB, France, USSR, and China would have permanent seatspermanent seats

6 other nations would be elected on a rotating basis6 other nations would be elected on a rotating basis The The Big FiveBig Five had veto power over any council actions had veto power over any council actions

The Occupation of JapanThe Occupation of Japan

US occupation of Japan lasted for six US occupation of Japan lasted for six yearsyears

Japan received freedom of the press, no Japan received freedom of the press, no more secret police, women suffrage, and more secret police, women suffrage, and union rightsunion rights

Farmers were freed from their landlordsFarmers were freed from their landlords September 1951, the UN and Japan September 1951, the UN and Japan

agreed on a peace treaty that ended the agreed on a peace treaty that ended the occupation of Japanoccupation of Japan

War Crimes TrialWar Crimes Trial

1945 and 1946 Nazi leaders were on trial 1945 and 1946 Nazi leaders were on trial in Nuremberg, Germanyin Nuremberg, Germany

Defendants were charged with:Defendants were charged with: Waging aggressive warWaging aggressive war Violating accepted rules of prisoner treatmentViolating accepted rules of prisoner treatment Thousands would be found guilty of war Thousands would be found guilty of war

crimescrimes