WORLD WAR II

CHAPTER 24: WORLD WAR LOOMS

FASCISM CREATES TWO LEADERS• Fascism: type of government

emphasizing loyalty to the state and obedience to its leader

• Similar to Communism b/c:• Rule by one• Denied individual rights• State was supreme

• Unlike Communism b/c:• Believed in separate social classes• No clearly defined theories• Made up of middle and upper classes• Fascists = nationalists; Communists

=internationalists

BENITO MUSSOLINI• Newspaper editor• 1919 became leader of Fascist Party• Black Shirts – followers who acted as

his militia• Ran a campaign of terror on Italian

Commies

• Oct. 1922 30,000 Fascists marched to Rome demanding he be made leader• King Victor Emmanuel III said OK

• Mussolini now Il Duce, or the Leader legally

ADOLF HITLER• Little known leader, born in Austria• Fought in WWI for Germany• 1920 joined, and led, political

group, National Socialist German Workers’ Party• A.k.a. Nazi Party

• Nazism: German brand of fascism supported by middle and lower classes

• Swastika: symbol (crooked cross)• Brown Shirts: private militia• Der Führer: Hitler’s title (the leader)

ADOLF HITLER (cont)• 1923 arrested and jailed after trying to

seize Munich• Mein Kampf: book Hitler wrote in prison

• Aryan: German race (especially blond hair/blue eyed) – superior to all, esp. Jews

• Need to conquer other areas

• Jan. 1933 Hitler becomes Chancellor legally• President thinks Hitler could be used as a

puppet• Hitler created a totalitarian state

•Opponents banned•SS (Shutzstaffel) protection squad created•Gestapo German secret police created

ADOLF HITLER (cont)• Wanted total control over everyone

• Burned books• Hitler Youth and League of German Girls• Censored churches• HUGE waves of anti-Semitism (we’ll get

to this more in depth later)

WORLD DRIFTING TOWARDS WAR

• 1931 Japan takes Manchuria• League of Nations condemned Japan, so

Japan withdrew from the League• League did nothing

• May 1936 Mussolini goes after Ethiopia • Again, League did nothing

• July 7, 1937 Japan invades China• And again, League did nothing

SIDE TRACK BONUS QUESTION

• Why do you think the League of Nations, among other western European nations (i.e., Great Britain, France) did NOTHING?

ANSWER: because they would do ANYTHING to keep peace and not start another war.

WORLD DRIFTING TOWARDS WAR• Hitler Defies the Treaty of Versailles

• March 7, 1935 Hitler took back Rhineland – the buffer zone/industrial gem between France and Germany

• Great Britain and France’s reaction appeasement, or giving in to an aggressor (Hitler) in order to keep peace

• EFFECT: Hitler saw he could get away with it, so sped up his military and territorial expansion

• Nov. 1936 Axis Powers – Japan, Germany, and Italy – formed

GERMANY

FRANCERHINELAND

• Through this, U.S. chooses isolationism: the belief that political ties to other countries should be avoided

• Nov. 5, 1937 Hitler announces his plan to expand the Third Reich

• March 1938 Hitler annexes Austria• France and Great Britain did NOTHING!

WORLD DRIFTING TOWARDS WAR

HITLER GOES FOR SUDETENLAND

• Sudetenland: area in Czechoslovakia that used to be German land (many Germans)

• Sept. 1938 Hitler demanded that Czechs give it back to Germany

• Sept. 29, 1938 Munich Conference – meeting b/t Great Britain, France, Germany, and Italy• RESULT: Britain and France say Hitler can

take back Sudetenland if he respects Czechs new borders (appeasement)

• 6 months later…Hitler invades Czechoslovakia

SIDE TRACK BONUS QUESTION #2

• What major country (that probably should have been there) was not at the Munich Conference?

• ANSWER: Czechoslovakia they had no say in the agreement

NAZIS & SOVIETS ARE FRIENDS…

• Aug. 23, 1939 USSR and Germany signed nonaggression pact – promised never to attack each other• Secretly planned to also conquer Poland

and divide it in 2

• Sept. 1, 1939 Germany attacks Poland

• Sept. 3, 1939 Britain and France declare war on Germany• BEGINNING OF THE SECOND WORLD WAR

TWO SIDES•AXIS POWERS:

•Germany•Italy•Japan

•ALLIED POWERS:•France•Great Britain•USSR•United States

•NOTE#1: countries enter war at different times

•NOTE #2: these countries are the “main players.” More were involved.

HITLER’S LIGHTNING WAR

• Blitzkrieg: Germany’s military strategy involving fast-moving airplane from their air force (Luftwaffe) and tanks from their army (Wehrmacht), followed by massive infantry• A.k.a., the Lightning War

• Destroyed Poland, esp. Warsaw• Western ½ fell to Germany, eastern ½

fell to the USSR

EERIE CALM• For months, the French and British

troops waited for war on the Maginot Line (French/German border)

• “The Phony War” Allied troops marched towards Germany b/c they were bored

• April 9, 1940 Hitler invaded Denmark and Norway (get closer to Britain)

• May 1940 Hitler strikes Luxembourg, Holland, and Belgium (get closer to France: done in 10 days)• “The Phony War” was over

FRANCE• May 26, 1940 Germans trap French

on a peninsula (Brits help out)• June 10, 1940 Italy enters war and

attacks France• June 22, 1940 France surrenders• Vichy France: southern part of

France used as a puppet gov’t for the Axis

• Charles de Gaulle: French general – fled to London and started making plans to get France back• THE POINT? The French fought back

GREAT BRITAIN• Winston Churchill: P.M. of Britain

• “We shall never surrender.”

• Fight for Britain an air battle• RAF – 2900 planes v. Luftwaffe – 4500

planes

• Sept. 7, 1940 – May 10, 1941 Battle of Britain: Nazis attacked Britain especially big cities like London

• RESULTS: Hitler called off attacks• LESSON LEARNED: Hitler’s advances

could be stopped

SIDE TRACK BONUS QUESTION #3

• Next, we are going to learn about the Shoah, which is considered one of the most important events in WWII. Question is, what is the Shoah?

• ANSWER: The Holocaust Shoah is the Hebrew word for it

LEADING UP TO THE HOLOCAUST

• Holocaust: massive slaughter of civilians, especially Jews

• Nazis promoted anti-Semitism• Jews were blamed for the economic

problems of the country after WWI and during the Depression

• Anti-Semitism had been going on for centuries in Germany, and Europe, before the Holocaust

LEADING UP TO THE HOLOCAUST• 1933 law states Jews cannot hold

public office• 1935 Nuremberg Laws: deprived

Jews of their natural rights• Nov. 9, 1938 Kristallnacht – “Night

of the Broken Glass”• Nazis attacked Jews and destroyed their

homes and businesses• EFFECT: signaled beginning of

elimination of the Jews• Ghettos – segregated Jewish areas –

were created in Polish cities

THE “FINAL SOLUTION”

• Final Solution: Hitler’s plan of genocide – killing of an entire people• Jews (especially), Poles, Russians,

Gypsies, homosexuals, insane, and disabled

• Hitler did this b/c he was impatient that Jews weren’t dying fast enough

THE “FINAL SOLUTION”

• Hitler sent SS from town to town to hunt down Jews• SS took Jews to isolated spots and killed

them in mass graves

• Took other Jews to concentration camps where they’d work as slaves

MASS EXTERMINATION• Early 1942 Final Stage

• Death camps built with gas chambers for mass murder 6000 per day

• Auschwitz: largest death camp

NUMBERS

• 6 million Jews died in death camps and Nazi massacres

• Most of the Jews were either from Poland or the Soviet Union

http://www.cbsnews.com/sections/i_video/main500251.shtml?id=2274705n

U.S. IN…SORT OF• Summer 1941 U.S. begins

supplying the Allies• Hitler attacks these ships with his

Kriegsmarine (Navy) U-boats• Sept. 4, 1941 U-boats attack U.S.

destroyer• U.S. Navy “unofficially” at war with

Germany

PACIFIC CAMPAIGN• Dec. 7, 1941 Japanese attack Pearl

Harbor• Led by Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto –

greatest naval strategist in Japanese history

• Destroyed nearly the entire U.S. Pacific fleet in 2 hours

• Dec. 8, 1941 U.S. declared war on Japan

Franklin Delano Roosevelt, President of the United States, gave a speech to Congress about the attack.

CHAPTER 25: THE U.S. IN WWII

WAR IN NORTHERN AFRICA• Sept. 1940 Mussolini

goes after British controlled Egypt

• Brits fight back and push out Italy

• General Erwin Rommel: German general who helps Italians fight war in Africa• A.k.a., the “Desert Fox”• Pushed Allies back and took

major port city of Tobruk

NORTH AFRICA CAMPAIGN• Allies have two generals

go and win it back• General Bernard

Montgomery: British• General Dwight Eisenhower:

American

• Operation Torch: Eisenhower’s plan to invade Morocco and Algeria to trap Rommel• RESULT: Rommel’s Afrika

Korps smashed by May 1943

SOVIETS V. NAZIS

• June 22, 1941 Operation Barbarossa: German blitzkrieg invasion of the USSR

• Went after Leningrad and Moscow• Leningrad destroyed• Moscow saved b/c of reinforcements and

Russian winter

SIDE TRACK BONUS QUESTION #4

• What other major leader in World History lost his battle with Russia due to its crude winters?

• ANSWER: Napoleon during WWII, the Soviets also used the scorched-earth policy like the Russians did against Napoleon

PACIFIC CAMPAIGN• At first, the Japanese had a wave of

victories• At peak, Japan controlled over one million

miles of land and 150 million people

• Jan. 1942 Japan took Philippines, a U.S. territory

• Bataan Death March: brutal transfer of American & Filipino POW’s by the Japanese in 1942

“I was questioned by a Japanese officer who found out that I had been in a Philippine Scout Battalion. The [Japanese] hated the Scouts….Anyway, they took me outside and I was forced to watch as they buried six of my Scouts alive. They made the men dig their own graves, and then had them kneel down in a pit. The guards hit them over the head with shovels to stun them and piled earth on top.” - Lieutenant John Spainhower

PACIFIC CAMPAIGN• Allies Turn the Tide

• Doolittle Raid on Tokyo did little to destroy the city, but raised American morale

• June 4, 1942 Battle of Midway: battle b/t Japanese and Americans for the American controlled Midway Island• U.S. destroyed the largest naval force ever

assembled in naval history (done by Yamamoto)

• New type of warfare used airplanes took off from aircraft carriers and did all the fighting

• RESULTS: Americans won and it turned the tide of war in the Pacific against the Japanese

PACIFIC CAMPAIGN• Allies go on the Offensive

• Led by General Douglas MacArthur – commander of the Allied forces in Pacific

• His strategy: island hop, take weak islands, get close to Japan

• Aug. 7, 1942 – Feb. 1943 Battle of Guadalcanal: ended with the Japanese leaving the “island of death”

ON THE ROAD TO VICTORY

• Dec. 22, 1942 Stalin asks Churchill and FDR for help on the western front• Agreed to help, but in different ways

STALINGRAD

• Aug. 23, 1942 Battle of Stalingrad: fought b/t Germans and Soviets

• Feb. 2, 1943 Germans surrendered• 99% of city destroyed• 1 million Russians died

SIDE TRACK BONUS QUESTION #5

• How are the Battle of Stalingrad and the Battle of Midway similar?

• ANSWER: both were major turning points in the war they both put the Axis Powers on the defensive and the Allies on the offensive

INVASION OF ITALY• July 10, 1943 180,000 Ally soldiers

land on Sicily• Sept. 3, 1942 Italy surrenders• Mussolini timeline:

• Fired• Arrested• Restored to Il Duce• Gets run out of Italy• Gets found by Italian opponents of him• April 29, 1945 gets executed, and

then hung in Milan town square

SIDE TRACK BONUS QUESTION #6

• Next, we are going to learn about Operation Overlord, which is considered one of the most important events in WWII. Question is, what is Operation Overlord?

• ANSWER: D-DAY

D-DAY• Operation Overlord: invasion of

Normandy that was the greatest land and sea attack in history

• June 6, 1944 D-Day• Allies held beach head and won

were able to push through German lines in France

BATTLE OF THE BULGE• Germany is getting advanced on

both fronts• Hitler decides to go with a

counterattack on the western front• Dec. 16, 1944 Battle of the Bulge:

held on an 85-mile front in the Ardennes Forest• Allies got surprised, but eventually won

the battle

GERMANY’S UNCONDITIONAL SURRENDER

• March 1945 Allies take Berlin• Apr. 29, 1945 Hitler makes final

address to country• Blames Jews for war, generals for losses,

and tells Germany he’s going to commit suicide

• May 1, 1945 Hitler and his wife, Eva Braun, kill themselves

• May 7, 1945 Eisenhower accepts unconditional surrender from Germany

• May 8, 1945 V-E Day: Victory in Europe Day – war over in Europe

VICTORY IN THE PACIFIC

• Fall 1944 U.S. got Philippines back and are making their way towards Japan

• Oct. 23, 1944 Battle of Letye Gulf: destroyed Japanese navy and now they only have Japanese army and kamikaze – suicide pilots – left to fight

VICTORY IN THE PACIFIC • March 1945 U.S.

takes Iwo Jima• Huge losses, but

getting close to Japan

• June 22, 1945 U.S. took Okinawa• Bloodiest land

battle in the war, but again, closer to Japan

SIDE TRACK BONUS QUESTION #7

• What was the Manhattan Project?

• ANSWER: Find out on next page

JAPANESE SURRENDER• Manhattan Project: creation of the

atomic bomb, or A-bomb• Truman used it b/c it was speculated

that if the troops invaded Japan, it’d cost ½ million lives

• Truman warned the Japanese, but they ignored him

• uh-oh…

JAPANESE SURRENDER• Aug. 6, 1945 U.S. drops A-bomb on

Hiroshima• 73,000 dead

• Aug. 9, 1945 U.S. drops A-bomb on Nagasaki• 37,500 dead• NOTE: radiation killed many more

• Sept. 2, 1945 Japanese surrender to MacArthur

• WWII IS COMPLETELY OVER!

AFTERMATH IN EUROPE

• 40 million dead 2/3 civilians• Cities, towns, countryside destroyed• Millions left homeless• Nuremberg Trials: int’l military

tribunal putting Nazi war criminals on trial• Many either executed or killed selves

AFTERMATH IN JAPAN• U.S. took occupation of Japan

• MacArthur in charge

• Made it a constitutional monarchy (like Great Britain)

• Demilitarized Japan left with only police

AFTERMATH IN THE U.S.• We are out of the Great Depression

• 1.2% unemployment

• Largest mass migration in U.S. History• Millions went to CA between 1941-1944

• GI Bill of Rights – created in 1944• Gave education and training for veterans; many

used it to attend college (still exists)

• Civil rights movements began to take place• Internment (confinement) camps – 110,000

Japanese Americans were relocated to remote prison camps• After the war, the Japanese Americans fought

the injustice; every Japanese American sent to a relocation camp received $20,000 (under REAGAN!!)

WHAT THE FUTURE HOLDS• Enemies became friends and friends

became enemies

• Japan and U.S. allies after WWII

• USSR and U.S. enemies after WWII