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World War II · “involved” in World War II before the Pearl Harbor attack and the Congressional...
Transcript of World War II · “involved” in World War II before the Pearl Harbor attack and the Congressional...
World War II
US Conflict with Japan SWBAT:
•explain events that led to conflict between Japan and the US
Do Now: What is the difference between isolationism and neutrality?
Japan & US Conflict • How did the US practice
discriminatory immigration policies toward Japan?
• The US also implemented state & local restrictions against Japanese Americans
Japan & US Conflict • Japan’s ambitions led to an invasion
of China in 1937, violating the Open Door Policy
Japan & US Conflict • The Panay Incident, 1937-
Japanese planes bombed & sank American gunboat, Panay, stationed in China
- several Americans killed - Japan apologized & paid damages, but hostility grew
Japan & US Conflict • Japan allied with Germany & Italy in
1937
- AKA “Rome-Berlin-Tokyo Axis”
Japan & US Conflict
• Japan annexed French Indo-China (Vietnam) in 1940
Japan & US Conflict • Japan attacked Pearl Harbor on
December 7, 1941 “a day that would live in infamy” - FDR
Timeline • 1935- “Cash-and-Carry”-
Congress prevented any loans to nations at war; sale of any goods were on a “cash-and-carry” basis
Timeline • 1935-1937: US passed Neutrality Acts
- US would withhold weapons, loans, and $ from any nation at war
(what idea does this exhibit?)
- US citizens traveling on ships belonging to nations at war, did so at their own risk!
Timeline • 1937- 94% of population wanted to
remain neutral • 1939 (start of WWII)- Americans had
3 different views: 1. US should fight with allies 2. US should provide aid, NOT
soldiers to allies 3. US should remain strictly neutral
Timeline • 1940- American
Government began to quietly prepare:
1. Built more planes
2. More $ to Navy
3. Began Manhattan Project- development of the atomic bomb
Timeline
• 1940- Peacetime enlistment- men 21-35 had to register for 1 year of military service
• 1940- FDR wins 3rd term as President
Timeline - FDR proposed (Congress passed 1941)
the Lend-Lease Act: The President has the power to sell, transfer, lend, lease arms & equipment to “any country whose defense the President deems vital to the US” Britain & China; also placed an embargo (bans) & sanctions on the sale of oil, gasoline & scrap iron to Japan
US became “Arsenal of Democracy”
Timeline • 1941- Germany began attacking
American vessels - Regardless, Americans wanted to
avoid war - 12/7/41: Japan bombed Pearl Harbor - FDR declared war the following day - 3 days later Italy & Germany declared
war on the United States
Knowledge Check • What event in the nation’s history
caused the government to be wary of America’s involvement in ocean trade & travel?
“Four Freedoms” • FDR, now opposed to
isolationism more than ever, explained the “four freedoms” of mankind, which became the justification behind US participation in WWII
Wrap Up • In what sense was the United States
“involved” in World War II before the Pearl Harbor attack and the Congressional declaration of war in December 1941?
WWII: Home Front
SWBAT: •Explain moral issues that grew
from minorities' wartime experiences
Do Now
• What groups found themselves in completely different roles once the US entered WWII?
Minorities on the Home Front
WOMEN - Served roles in the military at home bases, WAC- Women’s Army Corps - Filled industry positions men had before going to war - “Rosie the Riveter” Trend in women working outside the home -Happy to work, gained confidence, created new opportunities to earn $ & independence -Had to leave jobs for returning veterans
Rosie the Riveter Song
Minorities on the Home Front AFRICAN AMERICANS
- Great Migration met discrimination & inequality in the North “Double V” - Increase in membership of civil rights organizations - Employment in war industries (Exec. Order 8802) - Limited to support roles in segregated military units Tuskegee Airmen, few integrated units
Minorities on the Home Front
MEXICAN AMERICANS -Bracero program- Mexicans to work on US farms discriminated against & faced inequalities, but had equal rights under the law -Zoot Suit Riots- sailors & police looked for & attacked Mexican-American youths in LA -Good enough to defend the country, but not good enough to live here
Minorities on the Home Front
NATIVE AMERICANS
- Brought closer to mainstream American life - Served as “code-talkers” to transmit messages: Japanese could not decipher NA’s language - Employed in war industries, many chose not to return to their reservation when the war ended -Code Talkers Documentary I (9 min)
Minorities on the Home Front JAPANESE AMERICANS
- Faced anti-Japanese sentiment - Japanese on West Coast forced to leave homes imprisoned in US military zones guarded by troops (Exec. Order 9066) - Korematsu v. US: US Supreme Court upheld forced evacuation as “reasonable” in wartime -Nisei Soldiers fought honorably for the US in WWII - 1988- given payment for losses during internment
Your Task… • What moral/ethical issues grew from minorities' wartime
experiences? • How did WWII alter lives of women on the Home Front? • How do FDR’s “Four Freedoms” contrast to the treatment of
minorities during WWII? • How would you explain why membership of the NAACP grew
during the war years? • How did the US defend its internment of Japanese Americans?
Explain another example of internment of a minority group in history. Give an example in in world history, when rights of citizens have been restricted in wartime.
• 4 Corners: MUST be able to defend your answer. - How do you feel about FDR’s decision to intern Japanese Americans during WWII? - How do you feel about the government’s decision to force women from their jobs to make room for men who returned from war?
Why Were Japanese Americans Interned
During WWII?
SWBAT • Explain why Japanese-Americans were
interned during WWII Do Now: Review your homework and timeline with your partner & discuss… • What were some reasons for internment
offered in the newsreel? • How does the newsreel portray
internment? positive or negative? • Who do you think the audience was for this
newsreel?
Activity • In pairs, read the documents and
complete the corresponding sections of the Graphic Organizer
Wrap Up: Complete the questions at the bottom of your Graphic Organizer when you are finished *Use evidence from the documents to support your responses!*
Japanese Internment • Read the “Notice to Japanese Americans”
& answer the questions that follow with a partner
HOMEWORK • Read “Women in the Wartime
Workplace” & “Mother, when will you stay home again?” complete all questions on a SEPARATE piece of paper
• Saturday Evening Post, 1944
Questions: 1. What role does the
child play in the advertisement?
2. What purposes are served by placing the father/husband in the military?
3. How would the wartime experience of the mother/wife contribute to her postwar life according to the ad?
Your Task
• “Japanese Relocation” & answer the questions that follow
• Read “Korematsu v. United States, 1944” & complete questions 1-5
Mobilization for War
SWBAT: Explain how the U.S. mobilized for WWII
Do Now • Explain a current moral issue that has
arisen within our military: - killing civilians in an enemy nation - use of drones - how to treat detained POWs - benefits offered to veterans of war - “don’t ask, don’t tell” (DADT) - women in direct military combat
Mobilization for War • War Productions
Board- converted peacetime industries to war good industries
Ex- Typewriting Machine Guns
Cars Bombers
Mobilization for War • Office of War
Mobilization & Office of Price Administration
- Both regulated labor, fix wages, prices, manufacturing quotas, shipping industry, & rationing
Mobilizing for War • Liberty Ships • Higher taxes • War Bond Campaign
Europe During WWII
Europe During WWII
Allied vs Axis Powers
Allied Powers
• Great Britain
• France
• Soviet Union
• U.S.
Axis Powers
• Germany
• Italy
• Japan
Allied vs Axis Powers • How did the Allies defeat the Axis
Powers? - New weapon emerged which ended
the war changing warfare & global politics forever
European Front
•In 1943, Allied leaders open a second front in the war in Europe
•The operation was code-named Operation Overlord
•General Dwight Eisenhower was the mission commander
• American & British troops would cross the English Channel & invade France
Operation Overlord
Operation Overlord •Involved an elaborate hoax to fool the enemy about where troops would land
•On D-Day, June 6, 1944, the Allies landed at Normandy
• Allies captured the beaches & within a month; 1 million troops landed in France
Operation Overlord
• Hitler launched a counterattack, creating a bulge in the American lines •Americans pushed back, forcing German retreat
Battle of the Bulge
World War II in Europe, 1942–1945
•Allies surrounded Berlin, preparing for assault on Hitler’s capital
• Hitler fell into madness, giving orders that weren’t obeyed & planning attacks that weren’t carried out
V-E Day
•April 1945, Hitler committed suicide Germany surrendered
• New President Harry S. Truman
• With the German surrender, the Allies celebrated V-E Day
• FDR did not live to see the celebrations. He died a few weeks earlier.
V-E Day
Allied & Axis Powers, Atomic Bomb
SWBAT:
• Explain why the dropping of the atomic bomb was a controversial decision
Pacific Front
•Battles during the island-hopping campaign were fierce, with high casualties on both sides
•Kamikazes crashed into American ships •Japanese troops fought to the death •An intense bombing campaign leveled much
of Tokyo Still, Japan refused to surrender
War still raged in the Pacific, where the Allies were fighting their way toward Japan
War in the Pacific
• FDR authorized scientists to develop an atomic bomb
•Top secret program, code-named the Manhattan Project
•The bomb tested successfully in N.M., in July 1945
Days later Allies warn Japan to surrender or face “utter destruction” (Up to Truman to decide if & when to use the bomb)
War in the Pacific
• Truman’s priority was to save American lives
• An invasion of Japan could cost up to 1,000,000 American lives
• Japanese refused to surrender
War in the Pacific
Atomic Bomb • Alternatives were
considered before dropping the bombs
• The final decision was to drop the atomic bombs to end the war quickly and avoid more American casualties of war
Why is the decision still discussed & debated today?
• August 6, 1945, U.S. pilots dropped an atomic bomb on Hiroshima • 3 days later, they dropped a second bomb on Nagasaki On August 10, Emperor Hirohito surrendered
HIROSHIMA: AFTER THE BOMB
Model from the Hiroshima Peace Memorial Museum
Atomic Bomb
Hiroshima Nagasaki
Pre-bomb Population 255,000 195,000
Dead 66,000 39,000
Injured 69,000 25,000
Total Casualties 135,000 64,000
Atomic Bomb
Distance From X (In Feet)
Percent Mortality
0 – 1000 93%
1000 – 2000 92%
2000 – 3000 86%
3000 – 4000 69%
4000 – 5000 49%
5000 – 6000 31.5%
6000 – 7000 12.5%
7000 – 8000 1.3%
8000 – 9000 0.5%
9000 – 10,000 0%
Atomic Bomb • Atomic Bomb Damage Radius The world had entered the Atomic Age! • Complete the DBQs, Summary, and
Wrap Up Questions
• The Allies celebrated V-J Day, marking victory in Japan
• US occupied Japan under leadership of Gen. Douglas MacArthur as a democracy
The most costly war in history was finally over
Atomic Bomb
Wartime Diplomacy • Review of WWII Conferences &
complete “Interpreting Events” questions with a partner
Wartime Diplomacy
• Casablanca, 1943- Roosevelt met with Churchill to discuss “victory on all fronts” & “unconditional surrender”
Wartime Diplomacy • Tehran Conference, 1943- Roosevelt &
Churchill meet with Stalin to discuss war strategy and postwar world
Wartime Diplomacy • Yalta, 1945-
Roosevelt, Churchill & Stalin plan division of Germany, & trials of war criminals; Stalin promises to enter war against Japan
Wartime Diplomacy
• Potsdam, 1945- Allied leaders (Truman took Roosevelt’s place) warned Japan to surrender to prevent utter destruction of Japan
Domestic Post-War Policies
• Fair Deal- Truman’s program to promote employment, higher min. wage, more unemployment compensation, & housing assistance
Domestic Post-War Policies • GI Bill of Rights- billions of dollars to
pay for veteran’s benefits (college education, med. treatment, unemployment ins., home & business loans) • End to price controls increase in
prices inflation
Domestic Post-War Policies • Council of Economic Advisors was
established
• Taft-Hartley Act- a set-back for organized labor/unions
- workers wages couldn’t keep up with inflation post-WWII strike
- gave president power to stop any strike in an industry deemed important to nation’s health or safety
Domestic Post-War Policies • National Security Act 1947- est. current
day Department of Defense & CIA • Truman banned discrimination in the
armed forces • Many voters dissatisfied with Truman
b/c of inflation, strikes, actions toward civil rights, & developing cold war
Truman pulls off upset victory over Gov. Thomas Dewey (NY) in 1948 Presidential Election
• What’s wrong with this picture?
Wrap Up • In what sense was the United States “involved”
in World War II before the Pearl Harbor attack and the Congressional declaration of war in December 1941?
• How was the US fighting a 2 Front war?
• How did Truman enhance the civil rights of African-Americans?
• Compare the role of the President in planning the peace after WWI and WWII.
• There were several moral issues that grew out of the war experience. List and Explain 3: