World War IIWorld War II

1939-19451939-1945

US entry in 1941US entry in 1941

Causes of War in EuropeCauses of War in Europe

• Failure of the Treaty of Versailles to bring Failure of the Treaty of Versailles to bring lasting peace.lasting peace.– Germany felt it was unfair, punished them.Germany felt it was unfair, punished them.

• Dictators in Germany, Japan, and Italy Dictators in Germany, Japan, and Italy promoted fanatical national pride, called promoted fanatical national pride, called fascism.fascism.

• Terrible worldwide depressionTerrible worldwide depression– Hit Germany especially hard because of WWI Hit Germany especially hard because of WWI

war reparations.war reparations.

Causes of War in EuropeCauses of War in Europe

• Fascist and Nazi aggression, and the Fascist and Nazi aggression, and the failure of the League of Nations to act.failure of the League of Nations to act.– EuropeEurope

•1935 Mussolini invaded Ethiopia.1935 Mussolini invaded Ethiopia.

•1936 Hitler took Rhineland.1936 Hitler took Rhineland.

•1938 annexed Austria, appeasement – Hitler 1938 annexed Austria, appeasement – Hitler got Sudetanland (part of Czech.)got Sudetanland (part of Czech.)

•1939 Hitler took the rest, and invaded Poland.1939 Hitler took the rest, and invaded Poland.– Britain and France declared war two days later.Britain and France declared war two days later.

Japanese Aggression leads to Japanese Aggression leads to war in Asia…war in Asia…

• 1931 – Japan invaded Manchuria.1931 – Japan invaded Manchuria.– US issued the Stimson Doctrine – refused to US issued the Stimson Doctrine – refused to

recognize territory taken by force.recognize territory taken by force.

• 1933 – League condemned Japanese 1933 – League condemned Japanese aggression, Japan withdrew from League.aggression, Japan withdrew from League.

• 1936 – Rome-Berlin-Tokyo Axis1936 – Rome-Berlin-Tokyo Axis• 1937 – Japan invaded mainland China – 1937 – Japan invaded mainland China –

this was the beginning of WW II in Asia this was the beginning of WW II in Asia (two years before it began in Europe.)(two years before it began in Europe.)

Japanese AggressionJapanese Aggression

• 1937 – Japan bombed and sank an American gunboat 1937 – Japan bombed and sank an American gunboat (Panay) and attacked three Standard Oil tankers.(Panay) and attacked three Standard Oil tankers.– Apologized and paid reparationsApologized and paid reparations– Private boycott of Japanese goodsPrivate boycott of Japanese goods

• 1940 – Tripartite Pact with Germany and Italy 1940 – Tripartite Pact with Germany and Italy pledging to declare war on any nation that declared pledging to declare war on any nation that declared war on them.war on them.

• 1941 – Japan signed non-aggression pact with 1941 – Japan signed non-aggression pact with Soviets, and established a protectorate over all of Soviets, and established a protectorate over all of French Indochina.French Indochina.– FDR froze Japanese assets, put an embargo on oil to Japan, FDR froze Japanese assets, put an embargo on oil to Japan,

put armed forces of Philippines under command of put armed forces of Philippines under command of MacArthur. MacArthur.

• 1941 – Japan attacked Pearl Harbor.1941 – Japan attacked Pearl Harbor.

US Enters the WarUS Enters the War

• Japanese bomb Pearl Harbor – Dec. Japanese bomb Pearl Harbor – Dec. 7, 19417, 1941

A Date That Will Live in A Date That Will Live in InfamyInfamy• Yesterday, 7 December 1941-a date which will live in infamy-the United Yesterday, 7 December 1941-a date which will live in infamy-the United

States of America was suddenly and deliberately attacked by naval and air States of America was suddenly and deliberately attacked by naval and air forces of the Empire of Japan. forces of the Empire of Japan.

• The United States was at peace with that nation and, at the solicitation of The United States was at peace with that nation and, at the solicitation of Japan, was still in conversation with its Government and its Emperor Japan, was still in conversation with its Government and its Emperor looking toward the maintenance of peace in the Pacific. Indeed, one hour looking toward the maintenance of peace in the Pacific. Indeed, one hour after Japanese air squadrons had commenced bombing in Oahu, the after Japanese air squadrons had commenced bombing in Oahu, the Japanese Ambassador to the United States and his colleague delivered to Japanese Ambassador to the United States and his colleague delivered to the Secretary of State a formal reply to a recent American message. While the Secretary of State a formal reply to a recent American message. While this reply stated that it seemed useless to continue the existing diplomatic this reply stated that it seemed useless to continue the existing diplomatic negotiations, it contained no threat or hint of war or armed attack. negotiations, it contained no threat or hint of war or armed attack.

• It will be recorded that the distance of Hawaii from Japan makes it obvious It will be recorded that the distance of Hawaii from Japan makes it obvious that the attack was deliberately planned many days or even weeks ago. that the attack was deliberately planned many days or even weeks ago. During the intervening time the Japanese Government had deliberately During the intervening time the Japanese Government had deliberately sought to deceive the United States by false statements and expressions of sought to deceive the United States by false statements and expressions of hope for continued peace. hope for continued peace.

• The attack yesterday on the Hawaiian Islands has caused severe damage The attack yesterday on the Hawaiian Islands has caused severe damage to American naval and military forces. Very many American lives were lost. to American naval and military forces. Very many American lives were lost. In addition American ships have been reported torpedoed on the high seas In addition American ships have been reported torpedoed on the high seas between San Francisco and Honolulu. between San Francisco and Honolulu.

FDR’s War Message FDR’s War Message ContinuedContinued• Yesterday the Japanese Government also launched an attack against Malaya. Yesterday the Japanese Government also launched an attack against Malaya. • Last night Japanese forces attacked Hong Kong. Last night Japanese forces attacked Hong Kong. • Last night Japanese forces attacked Guam. Last night Japanese forces attacked Guam. • Last night Japanese forces attacked the Last night Japanese forces attacked the • Philippine Islands. Philippine Islands. • Last night Japanese forces attacked Wake Island. Last night Japanese forces attacked Wake Island. • This morning the Japanese attacked Midway Island. This morning the Japanese attacked Midway Island. • Japan has, therefore, undertaken a surprise offensive extending throughout the Pacific area. The Japan has, therefore, undertaken a surprise offensive extending throughout the Pacific area. The

facts of yesterday speak for themselves. The people of the United States have already formed their facts of yesterday speak for themselves. The people of the United States have already formed their opinions and well understand the implications to the very life and safety of our nation. opinions and well understand the implications to the very life and safety of our nation.

• As Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy I have directed that all measures be taken for our As Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy I have directed that all measures be taken for our defense. defense.

• Always will we remember the character of the onslaught against us. Always will we remember the character of the onslaught against us. • No matter how long it may take us to overcome this premeditated invasion, the American people in No matter how long it may take us to overcome this premeditated invasion, the American people in

their righteous might will win through to absolute victory. their righteous might will win through to absolute victory. • I believe I interpret the will of the Congress and of the people when I assert that we will not only I believe I interpret the will of the Congress and of the people when I assert that we will not only

defend ourselves to the uttermost but will make very certain that this form of treachery shall never defend ourselves to the uttermost but will make very certain that this form of treachery shall never endanger us again. endanger us again.

• Hostilities exist. There is no blinking at the fact that our people, our territory, and our interests are Hostilities exist. There is no blinking at the fact that our people, our territory, and our interests are in grave danger. in grave danger.

• With confidence in our armed forces-with the unbounded determination of our people-we will gain With confidence in our armed forces-with the unbounded determination of our people-we will gain the inevitable triumph-so help us God. the inevitable triumph-so help us God.

• I ask that the Congress declare that since the unprovoked and dastardly attack by Japan on Sunday, I ask that the Congress declare that since the unprovoked and dastardly attack by Japan on Sunday, 7 December, a state of7 December, a state of war has existed between the United States and the Japanese Empire. war has existed between the United States and the Japanese Empire.

US Declares War on Germany US Declares War on Germany and Italyand Italy• On the morning of 11 December, the Government of Germany, On the morning of 11 December, the Government of Germany,

pursuing its course of world conquest, declared war against the pursuing its course of world conquest, declared war against the United States. United States.

• The long-known and the long-expected has thus taken place. The The long-known and the long-expected has thus taken place. The forces endeavoring to enslave the entire world now are moving forces endeavoring to enslave the entire world now are moving toward this hemisphere. toward this hemisphere.

• Never before has there been a greater challenge to life, liberty, Never before has there been a greater challenge to life, liberty, and civilization. and civilization.

• Delay invites greater danger. Rapid and united effort by all of the Delay invites greater danger. Rapid and united effort by all of the peoples of the world who are determined to remain free will peoples of the world who are determined to remain free will ensure a world victory of the forces of justice and of righteousness ensure a world victory of the forces of justice and of righteousness over the forces of savagery and of barbarism. over the forces of savagery and of barbarism.

• Italy also has declared war against the United States. Italy also has declared war against the United States. • I therefore request the Congress to recognize a state of war I therefore request the Congress to recognize a state of war

between the United States and Germany, and between the United between the United States and Germany, and between the United States and Italy. States and Italy.

How did U.S. policy change How did U.S. policy change from isolation to neutrality to from isolation to neutrality to total involvement?total involvement?• Hoover – U.S. should not enter into firm Hoover – U.S. should not enter into firm

commitments to preserve the security of commitments to preserve the security of other nations. (isolationism)other nations. (isolationism)– Viewed peace conferences and treaties as moral Viewed peace conferences and treaties as moral

efforts and opposed using economic sanctions efforts and opposed using economic sanctions against aggressors. Thought this would lead to against aggressors. Thought this would lead to military involvement.military involvement.

– Actively pursued friendly relations with Latin Actively pursued friendly relations with Latin America – took a “good will” tour. Ended America – took a “good will” tour. Ended interventionist policies of Taft and Wilson in the interventionist policies of Taft and Wilson in the region. region.

• FDR continued Hoover’s efforts in Latin FDR continued Hoover’s efforts in Latin America – pursued a good neighbor America – pursued a good neighbor policy.policy.

• Worldwide depression led to the rise of Worldwide depression led to the rise of dictatorships in Italy in the 1920s and dictatorships in Italy in the 1920s and Japan and Germany in the 1930s.Japan and Germany in the 1930s.– Their aggression made isolationists in Their aggression made isolationists in

America more determined to avoid war at all America more determined to avoid war at all costs.costs.

NeutralityNeutrality

• Congress adopted a series of Neutrality Congress adopted a series of Neutrality Acts (signed reluctantly by FDR) to ensure Acts (signed reluctantly by FDR) to ensure that the US would stay neutral if war broke that the US would stay neutral if war broke out in Europe.out in Europe.– Neutrality Act of 1935 – president could Neutrality Act of 1935 – president could

prohibit all shipments of arms and could forbid prohibit all shipments of arms and could forbid citizens to travel on ships of belligerent citizens to travel on ships of belligerent nations.nations.

– Neutrality Act of 1936 – forbade extension of Neutrality Act of 1936 – forbade extension of loans and credits to belligerents.loans and credits to belligerents.

– Neutrality Act of 1937 – forbade shipment of Neutrality Act of 1937 – forbade shipment of arms to opposing sides in civil war in Spain.arms to opposing sides in civil war in Spain.

America First CommitteeAmerica First Committee

• 1940 – after WW II had begun – 1940 – after WW II had begun – isolationists were alarmed at FDR’s pro-isolationists were alarmed at FDR’s pro-British policies.British policies.

• Formed the AMERICA FIRST COMMITTEE Formed the AMERICA FIRST COMMITTEE to mobilize public opinion against the to mobilize public opinion against the war.war.– Speakers like Charles Lindbergh traveled the Speakers like Charles Lindbergh traveled the

country warning against the folly of getting country warning against the folly of getting involved in a second war in Europe.involved in a second war in Europe.

Agreement with British and Agreement with British and French policy…French policy…

• As the British and French decided to As the British and French decided to “appease” Hitler, the U.S. went along “appease” Hitler, the U.S. went along with their policy.with their policy.

U.S. response to aggression U.S. response to aggression

• FDR recognized the dangers of Fascist FDR recognized the dangers of Fascist aggression, but was limited by the fact aggression, but was limited by the fact that most Americans favored isolation.that most Americans favored isolation.

• 1937 speech after Japan invaded 1937 speech after Japan invaded Manchuria – urged democracies to act Manchuria – urged democracies to act together to “quarantine” the aggressor.together to “quarantine” the aggressor.

• Public reaction was negativePublic reaction was negative

PreparednessPreparedness

• While arguing for neutrality, FDR was While arguing for neutrality, FDR was able to press for security – Congress able to press for security – Congress went along with arms buildup.went along with arms buildup.

• Late 1938 US increased military and Late 1938 US increased military and naval budgets by nearly 2/3.naval budgets by nearly 2/3.

• Isolationists accepted this, thinking it Isolationists accepted this, thinking it would be used to protect against would be used to protect against possible invasion of the Western possible invasion of the Western Hemisphere.Hemisphere.

Changing U.S. PolicyChanging U.S. Policy

• As war broke out in Europe, most As war broke out in Europe, most Americans became alarmed at the news of Americans became alarmed at the news of Nazi tanks, planes, troops conquering one Nazi tanks, planes, troops conquering one nation after another.nation after another.

• FDR believed British survival was FDR believed British survival was necessary to US security.necessary to US security.

• He began chipping away at Neutrality He began chipping away at Neutrality Laws.Laws.

• By 1940 most Americans accepted that By 1940 most Americans accepted that U.S. defenses must be strengthened , but U.S. defenses must be strengthened , but direct aid to Britain was widely debated.direct aid to Britain was widely debated.

CASH and CARRYCASH and CARRY

• 1939 – FDR persuaded Congress to 1939 – FDR persuaded Congress to adopt a less restrictive Neutrality adopt a less restrictive Neutrality Act.Act.

• Belligerent could buy U.S. arms if it Belligerent could buy U.S. arms if it used its own ships to carry them and used its own ships to carry them and paid cash.paid cash.

• Technically this was a neutral policy, Technically this was a neutral policy, in practice it strongly favored Britain.in practice it strongly favored Britain.

Selective Service Act 1940Selective Service Act 1940

• FDR persuaded Congress to enact a FDR persuaded Congress to enact a law for compulsory military service law for compulsory military service without actually naming Germany as without actually naming Germany as a potential enemy.a potential enemy.

• Provided for registration and training Provided for registration and training of 1.2 million troops.of 1.2 million troops.

• Isolationists opposed this peacetime Isolationists opposed this peacetime draft, but were now outnumbered.draft, but were now outnumbered.

Destroyers for Bases DealDestroyers for Bases Deal

• September 1940 – British under assault by September 1940 – British under assault by German bombing raids.German bombing raids.

• German subs threatened the seas.German subs threatened the seas.• FDR could not sell US destroyers to the FDR could not sell US destroyers to the

British without alarming isolationists.British without alarming isolationists.• Cleverly arranged a trade.Cleverly arranged a trade.• Britain got 50 older destroyers (still Britain got 50 older destroyers (still

serviceable) in exchange for giving the US serviceable) in exchange for giving the US right to build bases on British islands in right to build bases on British islands in the Caribbean.the Caribbean.

Arsenal of Democracy…Arsenal of Democracy…

• December 1940 – FDR’s fireside chat December 1940 – FDR’s fireside chat – worried about German conquest of – worried about German conquest of most of Europe, threat to US security most of Europe, threat to US security and future democratic governments and future democratic governments everywhere. Ready to end everywhere. Ready to end appearance of neutrality and give appearance of neutrality and give material aid to the British.material aid to the British.

Four FreedomsFour Freedoms

• January 1941, FDR addressed Congress January 1941, FDR addressed Congress and proposed lending money to the British and proposed lending money to the British for the purchase of US war materials.for the purchase of US war materials.

• Justified this policy as a defense of “four Justified this policy as a defense of “four freedoms”.freedoms”.

• US must stand behind those nations that US must stand behind those nations that were committed to freedom of speech, were committed to freedom of speech, freedom of religion, freedom from want, freedom of religion, freedom from want, and freedom from fear…and freedom from fear…

Lend-Lease ActLend-Lease Act

• FDR proposed ending cash and carryFDR proposed ending cash and carry• Permit Britain to obtain all US arms it Permit Britain to obtain all US arms it

needed on creditneeded on credit• Like lending a neighbor a garden Like lending a neighbor a garden

hose to put out a fire…hose to put out a fire…• America First Committee America First Committee

campaigned against thiscampaigned against this• Signed into law in March 1941Signed into law in March 1941

Less and Less NeutralLess and Less Neutral

• Met with Churchill in 1941 to discuss peace Met with Churchill in 1941 to discuss peace objectives for when the war ended. (self-objectives for when the war ended. (self-determination, no territorial expansion, determination, no territorial expansion, free trade) Atlantic Charterfree trade) Atlantic Charter

• July 1941 – US navy would escort British July 1941 – US navy would escort British ships carrying lend-lease materials and ships carrying lend-lease materials and after the American destroyer GREER was after the American destroyer GREER was attacked by German sub FDR ordered navy attacked by German sub FDR ordered navy to “shoot on sight”! US was now fighting to “shoot on sight”! US was now fighting an undeclared naval war on Germany.an undeclared naval war on Germany.

Problems with JapanProblems with Japan

• After Japan joined the Axis powers in 1940, the After Japan joined the Axis powers in 1940, the US cut off exports of steel and scrap iron.US cut off exports of steel and scrap iron.

• After Japan occupied French Indochina, FDR froze After Japan occupied French Indochina, FDR froze all Japanese credits in the US and cut off their all Japanese credits in the US and cut off their access to vital materials such as oil.access to vital materials such as oil.

• Japan tried to negotiate an agreement with the Japan tried to negotiate an agreement with the US – unsuccessful.US – unsuccessful.

• FDR hoped to avoid conflict until forces in the FDR hoped to avoid conflict until forces in the Pacific were stronger.Pacific were stronger.

• Japan hoped to act quickly because of limited oil Japan hoped to act quickly because of limited oil supplies.supplies.

• Dec. 1941 – attack on Pearl Harbor.Dec. 1941 – attack on Pearl Harbor.

US Reasons for Entry…US Reasons for Entry…

• Fear of German aggressionFear of German aggression

• Japanese bombing of Pearl HarborJapanese bombing of Pearl Harbor

Summary of US Reasons for Summary of US Reasons for EntryEntry

• Sympathy for Britain and FranceSympathy for Britain and France– Had already followed “cash and carry” Had already followed “cash and carry”

policy which favored them, allowing policy which favored them, allowing them to buy arms if they used their own them to buy arms if they used their own ships and paid cash.ships and paid cash.

– By 1941 following “lend-lease” allowing By 1941 following “lend-lease” allowing Britain to get what it needed on credit.Britain to get what it needed on credit.

– US navy escorting British ships with US navy escorting British ships with orders to attack all German ships on orders to attack all German ships on sightsight

PeoplePeople

• Hitler – Der Fuhrer – Germany, WW IIHitler – Der Fuhrer – Germany, WW II• Mussolini – Il Duce – Italy, WW IIMussolini – Il Duce – Italy, WW II• Winston Churchill – British Prime Winston Churchill – British Prime

Minister, WW IIMinister, WW II• FDR – US President during WW IIFDR – US President during WW II• Neville Chamberlain – British Prime Neville Chamberlain – British Prime

Minister prior to Churchill, appeased Minister prior to Churchill, appeased Hitler.Hitler.

• Charles de Gaulle - FranceCharles de Gaulle - France

PeoplePeople

• Joseph Stalin – Soviet leader in WW IIJoseph Stalin – Soviet leader in WW II

• Douglas MacArthur – General in the Pacific Douglas MacArthur – General in the Pacific – ordered by FDR to escape to Australia – ordered by FDR to escape to Australia leaving soldiers to the Japanese (Bataan). leaving soldiers to the Japanese (Bataan). Said “I shall return.” He did, two years Said “I shall return.” He did, two years later.later.

• Robert Oppenheimer – scientist who Robert Oppenheimer – scientist who headed the building of the bomb. “I am headed the building of the bomb. “I am become Death, the Destroyer of Worlds.”become Death, the Destroyer of Worlds.”

PeoplePeople

• Harry Truman – US President after Harry Truman – US President after FDR’s death. Ordered bombs dropped FDR’s death. Ordered bombs dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki.on Hiroshima and Nagasaki.

• Rosie the Riveter – fictional young Rosie the Riveter – fictional young woman who worked in a defense plant woman who worked in a defense plant while boyfriend in the marines. Song while boyfriend in the marines. Song and images used in posters for and images used in posters for recruitment of women to the workforce.recruitment of women to the workforce.

Group Topics for WW IIGroup Topics for WW II

• War in Europe War in Europe • War in PacificWar in Pacific• Mobilization at HomeMobilization at Home• New TechnologyNew Technology• Social Effects – include African Americans, Social Effects – include African Americans,

Hispanics, Native Americans, Japanese Hispanics, Native Americans, Japanese AmericansAmericans

• Meetings – Atlantic Charter, Casablanca, Meetings – Atlantic Charter, Casablanca, Teheran, Yalta, PotsdamTeheran, Yalta, Potsdam

Causes of the War in EuropeCauses of the War in Europe

• Germany’s economy Germany’s economy was a mess! Inflation was a mess! Inflation was astronomical… to was astronomical… to the point where it would the point where it would take a wheelbarrow full take a wheelbarrow full of Reichmarks to buy a of Reichmarks to buy a loaf of bread. Kids loaf of bread. Kids would use stacks of would use stacks of money to build castles money to build castles in the street. Germany in the street. Germany needed inspiration, they needed inspiration, they needed a new leader…needed a new leader…that was Adolf Hitler.that was Adolf Hitler.

Causes Cont.Causes Cont.

• With a nationalistic With a nationalistic feeling growing feeling growing rapidly in the heart rapidly in the heart of Germany, Hitler of Germany, Hitler had no problem had no problem taking power. His taking power. His ally, Benito ally, Benito Mussolini, quickly Mussolini, quickly rose to power in rose to power in Italy as well.Italy as well.

Main Battle TechniquesMain Battle Techniques

• Blitzkrieg Blitzkrieg

• Divide and conquerDivide and conquer

• Squad base warfareSquad base warfare

• FlankingFlanking

• AmbushAmbush

Battle of BritainBattle of Britain

• Greatest air assault the world had yet Greatest air assault the world had yet seenseen

• June 1940 to June 1941June 1940 to June 1941• 30,000 Londoners killed 120,000 30,000 Londoners killed 120,000

woundedwounded• Massive losses – Brits refused to Massive losses – Brits refused to

surrendersurrender• Sent kids to country for safetySent kids to country for safety• Slept in the subwaysSlept in the subways

Battle of StalingradBattle of Stalingrad

• Hitler realized the Brits weren’t going to Hitler realized the Brits weren’t going to surrender – turned his attention to Soviets surrender – turned his attention to Soviets (breaking the Non-Aggression Pact)(breaking the Non-Aggression Pact)

• June 1941 – poured across Soviet borderJune 1941 – poured across Soviet border• Bombing lasted over two monthsBombing lasted over two months• House to house fighting in the rubble of House to house fighting in the rubble of

StalingradStalingrad• Scorched earth policyScorched earth policy• Jan. 31, 1943 surviving Germans surrenderedJan. 31, 1943 surviving Germans surrendered• Turning point of war in East. Soviets began to Turning point of war in East. Soviets began to

regain lost territory.regain lost territory.• Lessons of history – Napoleon (winter in Russia)Lessons of history – Napoleon (winter in Russia)

D-DayD-Day

• Invasion of Normandy, FranceInvasion of Normandy, France• June 6, 1944June 6, 1944• Largest landing by seaLargest landing by sea• 4600 invasion craft, 1000 bombers, 4600 invasion craft, 1000 bombers,

23,000 airborne soldiers dropped in, 23,000 airborne soldiers dropped in, 150,000 came ashore150,000 came ashore

• Within a week ½ million ashoreWithin a week ½ million ashore• By late August Paris was liberatedBy late August Paris was liberated

General InfoGeneral Info

• Nazi Arms Stretched as far north as Norway, east to Nazi Arms Stretched as far north as Norway, east to Stalingrad, south to Egypt, and West to the English Stalingrad, south to Egypt, and West to the English Channel.Channel.

• The total estimated human loss of life caused by World War The total estimated human loss of life caused by World War II, irrespective of political alignment, was roughly 62 million II, irrespective of political alignment, was roughly 62 million people. The civilian toll was around 37 million, the military people. The civilian toll was around 37 million, the military toll about 25 million. The Allies lost around 51 million toll about 25 million. The Allies lost around 51 million people, and the Axis lost 11 million. (Note that some Axis people, and the Axis lost 11 million. (Note that some Axis countries switched sides and reentered the war on the side countries switched sides and reentered the war on the side of the Allies; those nations are included in the Allied count, of the Allies; those nations are included in the Allied count, regardless of when the deaths occurred.) There was a regardless of when the deaths occurred.) There was a disproportionate loss of life and property; some nations had disproportionate loss of life and property; some nations had a higher casualty rate than others, due to a number of a higher casualty rate than others, due to a number of factors including military tactics, crimes against humanity, factors including military tactics, crimes against humanity, economic preparedness and the level of technology. economic preparedness and the level of technology.

End of War in EuropeEnd of War in Europe

• May 8, 1945May 8, 1945

• Germany surrendered, Hitler Germany surrendered, Hitler committed suicidecommitted suicide– March 1945 Americans crossed the RhineMarch 1945 Americans crossed the Rhine– April 1945 Soviets fought their way into April 1945 Soviets fought their way into

BerlinBerlin– April 25, 1945 US and Soviets met at the April 25, 1945 US and Soviets met at the

Elbe RiverElbe River

War in the PacificWar in the Pacific

• Begins with Pearl HarborBegins with Pearl Harbor– Dec. 7, 1941Dec. 7, 1941– 18 warships sunk/heavily damaged18 warships sunk/heavily damaged– 8 of 9 battleships lost8 of 9 battleships lost– Did not lose aircraft carriers (they were Did not lose aircraft carriers (they were

at sea) or submarines which would be at sea) or submarines which would be crucial to the war effort against Japancrucial to the war effort against Japan

Bataan Death March – May Bataan Death March – May 19421942

• FDR knew the Philippines would fall, FDR knew the Philippines would fall, evacuated MacArthurevacuated MacArthur

• 76,000 Filipinos and Americans became 76,000 Filipinos and Americans became POWsPOWs

• Divided into groups and marched 60 miles Divided into groups and marched 60 miles to railroad, at least 10,000 died.to railroad, at least 10,000 died.

• Wasn’t known about until 3 years later Wasn’t known about until 3 years later when 3 survivors escaped.when 3 survivors escaped.

• Japanese General who organized it was Japanese General who organized it was executed.executed.

Battle of Coral Sea – May Battle of Coral Sea – May 19421942• First naval combat carried out entirely by First naval combat carried out entirely by

aircraft. Enemy ships never saw each aircraft. Enemy ships never saw each other.other.

• 5 day battle5 day battle• US lost the Lexington, the Yorktown was US lost the Lexington, the Yorktown was

damaged.damaged.• Halted the Japanese advance, stood up to Halted the Japanese advance, stood up to

a superior fleet (NE of Australia)a superior fleet (NE of Australia)• Prevented establishment of bases that Prevented establishment of bases that

could be used to bomb Australia.could be used to bomb Australia.

• Fought in the airFought in the air• Demolished 3 of 4 Japanese carriersDemolished 3 of 4 Japanese carriers• Left Japan unable to launch offensive Left Japan unable to launch offensive

attackattack• After this , US controlled the central After this , US controlled the central

PacificPacific• Japan didn’t have the resources to Japan didn’t have the resources to

replace lost shipsreplace lost ships

Battle of Midway 1942Battle of Midway 1942

Guadalcanal – August 1942Guadalcanal – August 1942

• 11,000 marines landed11,000 marines landed

• 2,200 Japan fled into the jungle2,200 Japan fled into the jungle

• Japanese slipped away in Feb. 1943, Japanese slipped away in Feb. 1943, un-noticed.un-noticed.

• First jungle warfare for the marinesFirst jungle warfare for the marines

• Used island as a base for ISLAND-Used island as a base for ISLAND-HOPPINGHOPPING

IWO JIMA – 1944-45IWO JIMA – 1944-45

• One of the bloodiest of the warOne of the bloodiest of the war

• Japanese had guns in concrete bunkersJapanese had guns in concrete bunkers

• Living in caves/tunnelsLiving in caves/tunnels

• US bombed by air for 74 days US bombed by air for 74 days

• Mid Feb. 1945, marines stormed the beachMid Feb. 1945, marines stormed the beach

• In 3 days, they gained 700 yardsIn 3 days, they gained 700 yards

• Took a month to secure the islandTook a month to secure the island

Okinawa – April to June Okinawa – April to June 19451945• Last obstacle to invasion of JapanLast obstacle to invasion of Japan• 100,000 defenders100,000 defenders• 350 miles from Japan350 miles from Japan• Pledged to fight to the deathPledged to fight to the death• After 3 months of fighting the After 3 months of fighting the

remaining 7000 Japanese surrenderedremaining 7000 Japanese surrendered• Costliest engagement in the Pacific – Costliest engagement in the Pacific –

50,000 American casualties50,000 American casualties

End of war in JapanEnd of war in Japan

• August 6, 1945 August 6, 1945 – Hiroshima (site of large army base)Hiroshima (site of large army base)– 140,000 killed in the blast or within a few months140,000 killed in the blast or within a few months– Thousands survived with radiation and burnsThousands survived with radiation and burns– 90% of buildings destroyed90% of buildings destroyed

• August 9, 1945August 9, 1945– NagasakiNagasaki

• August 14, 1945 terms of surrender August 14, 1945 terms of surrender acceptedaccepted

• September 2, 1945 formal surrender signed September 2, 1945 formal surrender signed on the USS Missourion the USS Missouri

New New TechnologyTechnology

Nuclear WeaponsNuclear WeaponsThe big A-The big A-

Bomb ! Bomb ! AKA Fat AKA Fat

man and man and Little BoyLittle Boy

R.A.D.A.RR.A.D.A.RRadio Detection and RangingRadio Detection and Ranging

Land MinesLand Mines

Land mines Land mines explode when explode when something gets something gets close to it close to it

Jet EnginesJet Engines

Is an engine Is an engine that discharges that discharges a fast moving a fast moving jet of fluid to jet of fluid to generate thrust generate thrust in accordance in accordance with Newton’s with Newton’s 33rdrd Law of Law of MotionMotion

Ballistic MissileBallistic MissileIs a missile that Is a missile that

follows a sub-follows a sub-orbital, ballistic orbital, ballistic flight path with flight path with the objective of the objective of delivering a delivering a warhead to a warhead to a predetermined predetermined targettarget

V-2 RocketV-2 RocketWas the first Was the first

man made man made object launched object launched into space, into space, during test during test flights that flights that reached an reached an altitude of 189 altitude of 189 km in 1994km in 1994

Nerve AgentNerve Agent AKA Nerve GasesAKA Nerve Gases Are a class or Are a class or

phosphorus-containing phosphorus-containing organic chemicals that organic chemicals that disrupt the mechanism disrupt the mechanism by which transfer by which transfer messages to organs messages to organs

Poisoning by nerve Poisoning by nerve agent leads to agent leads to contraction of pupils, contraction of pupils, profuse salivation, profuse salivation, convulsions, involuntary convulsions, involuntary urination and defection, urination and defection, and eventual death by and eventual death by asphyxiation as control asphyxiation as control is lost over respiratory is lost over respiratory musclesmuscles

PenicillinPenicillin• Made a major difference in the Made a major difference in the

number of deaths and amputations number of deaths and amputations caused by infected wounds amongst caused by infected wounds amongst Allied forcesAllied forces

Weapons of World War IIWeapons of World War II

• Plastic explosivesPlastic explosives

• Flame throwersFlame throwers

• Proximity fusesProximity fuses

• RocketsRockets

• Jet airplanesJet airplanes

• Atomic weaponsAtomic weapons

• Chemical gases/genocideChemical gases/genocide

WeaponryWeaponry

• Aircraft – Superior German aircraft allowed the Aircraft – Superior German aircraft allowed the German German armies to overrun Western Europe with armies to overrun Western Europe with great speed great speed in 1940, largely assisted by lack of in 1940, largely assisted by lack of Allied aircraft.Allied aircraft.

• Vehicles – German arms manufacturers and the Vehicles – German arms manufacturers and the Wehrmacht had begun secretly developing tanks. Wehrmacht had begun secretly developing tanks.

• Ships – Naval warfare changed dramatically during Ships – Naval warfare changed dramatically during WWII, with the ascent of the aircraft carrier to the WWII, with the ascent of the aircraft carrier to the premier vessel of the fleet, and the impact of premier vessel of the fleet, and the impact of increasingly capable submarines (originally known increasingly capable submarines (originally known as U-boats by the Germans) on the course of the as U-boats by the Germans) on the course of the war.war.

WeaponsWeapons

• Small Arms Development – The state of small arms Small Arms Development – The state of small arms made a huge leap during the period around the made a huge leap during the period around the

war. war. New productions methods for weapons such as New productions methods for weapons such as stamping, riveting, and welding came into stamping, riveting, and welding came into

being to being to produce the number of arms needed.produce the number of arms needed.• The Atomic Bomb - The massive research and The Atomic Bomb - The massive research and

development demands of the war included the development demands of the war included the Manhattan Project, the effort to quickly develop an Manhattan Project, the effort to quickly develop an

atomic bomb, or nuclear fission warhead. It atomic bomb, or nuclear fission warhead. It was was perhaps the most profound military perhaps the most profound military development of development of the war, and had a great impact on the war, and had a great impact on the scientific the scientific community, among other things community, among other things creating a network creating a network of national laboratories in the of national laboratories in the United States.United States.

Electronics, Communications, Electronics, Communications, & Intelligence& Intelligence

• By the middle of the war, such instruments By the middle of the war, such instruments as radar and ASDIC (sonar) had proven their as radar and ASDIC (sonar) had proven their value. Additionally, equipment designed for value. Additionally, equipment designed for communications and interception of those communications and interception of those communications was becoming critical.communications was becoming critical.

• The semi-secret ENIAC and the super-secret The semi-secret ENIAC and the super-secret Colossus demonstrated that devices using Colossus demonstrated that devices using thousands of valves could be reliable thousands of valves could be reliable enough to be useful paying the way for the enough to be useful paying the way for the post-war development of stored program post-war development of stored program computers.computers.

Mobilization at HomeMobilization at Home

The ArmyThe Army

• By 1941 the army had grown to more By 1941 the army had grown to more than 1.4 million men.than 1.4 million men.

• Men between 18 and 45 were subject Men between 18 and 45 were subject to the draft.to the draft.

• 15 million men served in the armed 15 million men served in the armed forces.forces.

Economic ConversionEconomic Conversion

• A second War Powers Act empowered the A second War Powers Act empowered the government to allot materials and facilities as government to allot materials and facilities as needed for defense with penalties for those needed for defense with penalties for those who failed to comply.who failed to comply.

• The War Production Board directed the The War Production Board directed the conversion of industrial manufacturing to war conversion of industrial manufacturing to war production.production.

• The pressure of war time needs and the The pressure of war time needs and the stimulus of government spending sent the stimulus of government spending sent the gross national product soaring from 100 gross national product soaring from 100 billion to 214 billion in 5 years.billion to 214 billion in 5 years.

Financing the War Financing the War

• To raise funds the President preferred raising To raise funds the President preferred raising taxes to borrowing.taxes to borrowing.

• The Revenue Act of 1942 provided for only The Revenue Act of 1942 provided for only about $7 billion in increased revenue which was about $7 billion in increased revenue which was only half that was recommended by the only half that was recommended by the treasury.treasury.

• The government borrowed about 55% of the The government borrowed about 55% of the money from the public to finance the war.money from the public to finance the war.

• War bonds were heavily invested in.War bonds were heavily invested in.• By the end of the war, the national debt had By the end of the war, the national debt had

grown to over $260 billion.grown to over $260 billion.

• In 1942 Congress In 1942 Congress authorized the authorized the Office of Price Office of Price Administration to Administration to set price ceilings.set price ceilings.

• Rationing of goods Rationing of goods such as sugar, such as sugar, coffee, gasoline, coffee, gasoline, and meats.and meats.

Meetings of World War llMeetings of World War ll

Atlantic CharterAtlantic Charter - August - August 19411941

• FDR and Churchill FDR and Churchill

• Secret meetingSecret meeting

• Agree on peace objectives for end of Agree on peace objectives for end of warwar

• Self-determination, no territorial Self-determination, no territorial expansion, free tradeexpansion, free trade

Casablanca - 1943Casablanca - 1943

• FDR and ChurchillFDR and Churchill• Agreed to invade Sicily and demand Agreed to invade Sicily and demand

“unconditional surrender” from Axis “unconditional surrender” from Axis powerspowers

• Made Stalin nervous b/c he wasn’t Made Stalin nervous b/c he wasn’t includedincluded

• Delay second front – Soviets being Delay second front – Soviets being slaughteredslaughtered

Teheran - 1943Teheran - 1943

• First meeting of the BIG THREE – First meeting of the BIG THREE – FDR, Churchill and StalinFDR, Churchill and Stalin

• Agreed Britain and America would Agreed Britain and America would begin drive to liberate France in begin drive to liberate France in Spring ’44Spring ’44

• Soviets would invade Germany and Soviets would invade Germany and eventually join war against Japaneventually join war against Japan

Yalta – Feb. 1945Yalta – Feb. 1945

• Big Three met on Black Sea to discuss Big Three met on Black Sea to discuss what would happen after victory in what would happen after victory in EuropeEurope– Germany divided into occupation zonesGermany divided into occupation zones– Free elections in liberated countries of Free elections in liberated countries of

Eastern EuropeEastern Europe– Soviets to enter war against JapanSoviets to enter war against Japan– UN to be formed at conference in San UN to be formed at conference in San

FranciscoFrancisco

Potsdam – July 1945Potsdam – July 1945

• New Big Three – Stalin, Truman New Big Three – Stalin, Truman (replaced FDR who died) , and Atlee (replaced FDR who died) , and Atlee (replaced Churchill who lost power)(replaced Churchill who lost power)

• Warn Japan to surrender or face utter Warn Japan to surrender or face utter destruction (we have tested the destruction (we have tested the bomb and are ready to use it)bomb and are ready to use it)

• Agree to hold war crime trials of Agree to hold war crime trials of Nazi leadersNazi leaders