World War I The War to End All Wars. What lead up to the war? Triple Alliance Triple Alliance Triple...

World War IWorld War I

The War to End All WarsThe War to End All Wars

What lead up to the war?What lead up to the war?

Triple AllianceTriple Alliance Triple EntenteTriple Entente

European Balance of European Balance of PowerPower

Sovereign nationsSovereign nations Balance of powerBalance of power: relative military : relative military

might of their state & allied states might of their state & allied states as opposed to their rival countriesas opposed to their rival countries

War=means to accomplish certain War=means to accomplish certain state objectivesstate objectives

Entangling alliancesEntangling alliances Armament raceArmament race

The trigger…The trigger…

June 1914, Austrian Archduke June 1914, Austrian Archduke Franz Ferdinand assassinatedFranz Ferdinand assassinated In SarajevoIn Sarajevo By Serbians, “South Slav Nationalism”By Serbians, “South Slav Nationalism”

Diplomacy failed as generals Diplomacy failed as generals demanded actiondemanded action

War begins:War begins:

1.1. Austria ended Serbian Austria ended Serbian independenceindependence

2.2. Russia mobilized to protect SerbiaRussia mobilized to protect Serbia

3.3. Germany claims it was Germany claims it was threatened; declares war on threatened; declares war on RussiaRussiainvades Belgiuminvades Belgium

4.4. England declares warEngland declares war

Why? 2 theories:Why? 2 theories:

1.1. Aggressive colonialism; Aggressive colonialism; nationalistic hostility; arms race; nationalistic hostility; arms race; alliance systemalliance system

2.2. Expansionist plans of German Expansionist plans of German Empire & German-Austrian Empire & German-Austrian decision to destroy Serbiadecision to destroy Serbia

Outcome of warOutcome of war

Defensive weaponsDefensive weapons Trench warfareTrench warfare Poison gas as weaponPoison gas as weapon Loss of life; debilitating woundsLoss of life; debilitating wounds ““Grave of the nations”Grave of the nations” Acute labor shortageAcute labor shortage

Working womenWorking women Worsening living conditionsWorsening living conditions


Wartime economyWartime economy Fixed pricesFixed prices Allocated resources to industryAllocated resources to industry RationingRationing Germany= most rigorousGermany= most rigorous

““An education in state socialism”An education in state socialism”


Social conflicts:Social conflicts: Rising labor costRising labor cost Decline in standard of livingDecline in standard of living Emergent & rampant black marketEmergent & rampant black market Russia = worst shortages & social Russia = worst shortages & social

unrestunrest

Outcome of war: RUSSIA side Outcome of war: RUSSIA side notenote

1916-1917, series of factory strikes1916-1917, series of factory strikes Food shortagesFood shortages Opposition to tsarist regimeOpposition to tsarist regime

February 1917, women factory February 1917, women factory workers went on strike (Women’s workers went on strike (Women’s Day)Day) ““Give us more food”Give us more food”

People lost faith in gov’tPeople lost faith in gov’t


Nicholas II ordered army to stop Nicholas II ordered army to stop uprising; troops mutinied & joineduprising; troops mutinied & joined

Forced abdicationForced abdicationpower vacuumpower vacuum Lenin, radical socialist, alone Lenin, radical socialist, alone

offered “peace, bread, & land”offered “peace, bread, & land”


LeninLenin Bolsheviks (Communists 1918) seized power Bolsheviks (Communists 1918) seized power

in Novemberin November 11stst act: armistice w/ Central Powers act: armistice w/ Central Powers Capitulation: Capitulation:

German occupation of all landsGerman occupation of all lands New Eastern European state: Ukraine (March New Eastern European state: Ukraine (March

1918)1918) Treaty of Brest-Litvosk: Russia reduced to size of Treaty of Brest-Litvosk: Russia reduced to size of

1717thth C. Russia C. Russia

Outcome of war:Outcome of war:

Sea and land created truly global Sea and land created truly global efforteffort BlockadesBlockades Spread across shipping lanesSpread across shipping lanes U-BoatsU-Boats Great BritainGreat Britain

““all colonies & Dominion lands at war”all colonies & Dominion lands at war” Canada, New Zealand, Australia, South Canada, New Zealand, Australia, South

Africa, IndiaAfrica, India


Sea and land created truly global Sea and land created truly global efforteffort Colonial resistance:Colonial resistance:

Labor shortageLabor shortageconscriptionconscription HostilityHostility

– Central AsiaCentral Asia– French West AfricaFrench West Africa

Encouraged alliancesEncouraged alliances


Encouraged alliancesEncouraged alliances Triple Alliance brought in Ottomans Triple Alliance brought in Ottomans

(Central Alliance)(Central Alliance) AlliesAllies

Italy joinedItaly joined Japan declared war on GermanyJapan declared war on Germany New ally: United StatesNew ally: United States

Outcome of war:Outcome of war: Propaganda:Propaganda:

Secret & publicSecret & public Paying for revolutionary &/or independence Paying for revolutionary &/or independence

partiesparties ArmeniansArmenians

Exiled nationalists called for Armenians to fight Exiled nationalists called for Armenians to fight TurksTurks

Forced evacuation of 1.5 million from Eastern Forced evacuation of 1.5 million from Eastern TurkeyTurkey

Massacre of about .5 million Armenians (ethnic Massacre of about .5 million Armenians (ethnic hatred as motivator for genocide; 1hatred as motivator for genocide; 1stst true true genocide in 20genocide in 20thth C) C)


Middle EastMiddle East Britain tried to win minority supportBritain tried to win minority support Backed Arabic uprising against Backed Arabic uprising against

OttomansOttomans Agreed with Zionist leaders to create Agreed with Zionist leaders to create

a Jewish homelanda Jewish homeland Balfour Declaration, 1917, publicized Balfour Declaration, 1917, publicized

British decision to support ZionismBritish decision to support Zionism

Outcome of war:Outcome of war: United States of AmericaUnited States of America

11stst time=important actor in major foreign war time=important actor in major foreign war Woodrow WilsonWoodrow Wilson

Progressivism: progress is strengthening of democratic Progressivism: progress is strengthening of democratic government & protection of free enterprise from Big government & protection of free enterprise from Big BusinessBusiness

Effectively supporting Allies w/ economic policies Effectively supporting Allies w/ economic policies (blockade, loans to UK and France)(blockade, loans to UK and France)

Boom for US economyBoom for US economy German blockadeGerman blockadesink neutral vessels (1/4 = sink neutral vessels (1/4 =

sunk)sunk) April 1917, “ World must be safe for democracy”April 1917, “ World must be safe for democracy”


1918: beginning of decline of Central 1918: beginning of decline of Central PowersPowers

Armistice:Armistice: From the US to answer Lenin’s accusations From the US to answer Lenin’s accusations

of “imperialist war”of “imperialist war” Wilson: “Peace without victors”Wilson: “Peace without victors” Fourteen Points, January 1918Fourteen Points, January 1918

3 Main: 1.) national self-determination; 2.) 3 Main: 1.) national self-determination; 2.) democratic government; 3.) international democratic government; 3.) international association to protect peaceassociation to protect peace

End of war:End of war:

November 11, 1918November 11, 1918 ““all [was] quiet on the Western front.”all [was] quiet on the Western front.” German & Austrian powers abdicated; German & Austrian powers abdicated;

empires collapsedempires collapsed Formation of nation-states such as Poland, Formation of nation-states such as Poland,

Czechoslovakia, and YugoslaviaCzechoslovakia, and Yugoslavia Casualties: 10 million dead; 20 million Casualties: 10 million dead; 20 million

wounded; opened path to epidemicswounded; opened path to epidemics Collapse of empiresCollapse of empires

End of War:End of War:

Treaty of Versailles:Treaty of Versailles: June 28, 1919June 28, 1919 Issued by the “Big Three:” Issued by the “Big Three:” David Lloyd David Lloyd

George of Britain, Clemenceau of France and George of Britain, Clemenceau of France and Woodrow Wilson of AmericaWoodrow Wilson of America

Land taken away from Germany and given to Land taken away from Germany and given to alliesallies

Military: German army limited to 100,000 Military: German army limited to 100,000 troops; no tanks, subs, air force, or substantial troops; no tanks, subs, air force, or substantial navy. Rhineland = demilitarized zonenavy. Rhineland = demilitarized zone

Forbidden to link with AustriaForbidden to link with Austria

End of WarEnd of War

Treaty of Versailles, con’d:Treaty of Versailles, con’d: Three vital clauses here:Three vital clauses here:

1.1. German full responsibility for starting the war, "War Guilt German full responsibility for starting the war, "War Guilt Clause"Clause"

2.2. Germany, responsible for all the war damage Reparations, Germany, responsible for all the war damage Reparations, primarily to France and Belgium to pay for the damage done to primarily to France and Belgium to pay for the damage done to the infrastructure of both countriesthe infrastructure of both countries

1.1. Payment could be in kind or cash. (Amount TBD) Payment could be in kind or cash. (Amount TBD)

2.2. Germans told to write a blank check which the Allies would cash Germans told to write a blank check which the Allies would cash when it suited them. when it suited them. eventually put at £6,600 million. eventually put at £6,600 million.

3.3. League of NationsLeague of Nations

German reaction to the German reaction to the treaty:treaty:

Not consulted in the terms of the treatyNot consulted in the terms of the treaty DiktatDiktat German citizens did not want the Treaty signed, but no choice German citizens did not want the Treaty signed, but no choice

as German was incapable of restarting the war again.as German was incapable of restarting the war again. Widespread anger throughout Germany as it was felt that as a Widespread anger throughout Germany as it was felt that as a

nation Germany had been unfairly treated, esp the clause nation Germany had been unfairly treated, esp the clause blaming her for the cause of the war and the resultant financial blaming her for the cause of the war and the resultant financial penalties the treaty was bound to impose on Germany. penalties the treaty was bound to impose on Germany.

"November Criminals“"November Criminals“ Many German citizens felt that they were being punished for the Many German citizens felt that they were being punished for the

mistakes of the German government in August 1914 as it was mistakes of the German government in August 1914 as it was the government that had declared war not the people. the government that had declared war not the people.

Redistribution of LandRedistribution of Land

Redistribution Redistribution of Landof Land

German demilitarizationGerman demilitarization

Reaction to the League of Reaction to the League of NationsNations

The world in 1919The world in 1919

The World in 1919The World in 1919

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