Welcome Back!

Bell Ringer: Read the

article describing life at the

beginning of the 20th

Century and answer

questions that are

provided.

Agenda: Introductory

article and discussion,

Picture analysis, Primary

source analysis discussion.

Objective: Through an

introductory reading,

students will identify the

vast changes in culture,

politics, and society from

1900 (the beginning of this

course) to their present

lives.

For Tuesday…On the class

webpage Please read the following background article on World War I at the

following website http://www.americanyawp.com/text/21-

world-war-i/.

As you read, answer the following questions in your

notebook. Title your notes “Background to World War I.”

1. As Europe geared for war, what was the position held by the

United States? Give short and long term reasons on America’s

viewpoint of entering World War I.

2. Why did Wilson formally declare a position of neutrality by

1915? (think in terms of both military and economics.)

3. By 1917, what are the events that will eventually pull the

United States into the war?

Ms. Krall

World War I

Welcome Back!

Bell Ringer: View the picture on the next slide. What stands

out in this picture? How is this picture bridging two

centuries of warfare together? Also, discuss this question:

Why do wars continue?

Agenda: Note review on background causes of World War I,

rank activity, primary source analysis.

Objective: Through background notes, and review of

homework reading, students will identify the causes of World

War I and the reasons behind US neutrality.

World War I

1914-1918

Considered the first

“Modern War”

Over ten million deaths

and 20 million casualties

across three continents.

“the War to end all Wars”

Background Causes On the eve of war most of

Europe was govern by

empires.

Austria-Hungary (Franz

Joseph)

Germany (Kaiser Wilhelm)

Great Britain (George V)

France

Russia (Czar Nicholas II)

Italy

Ottoman

Welcome Back

Bell Ringer: Get into

groups of 3-4. Share your

essay. Discuss your points

on your topic question

“What does it mean to be

an America?”

Agenda: Essay discussion, Note review

of the causes of World War I, Thesis

activity (time permitted.)

Objective: 1. Through group discussion,

students will analyze and answer the

question: “What does it mean to be an

American.”

2.Through analyzing primary sources,

students will identify and evaluate how

The United States changed its position

from neutrality to war by 1917.

(time permitted,)

Welcome Back!

Bell Ringer: 1.What were

the major causes of World

War I that you learned so

far? 2. Do you know what

“sparked” the war? 3. What

made World War I the first

“modern war?”

Agenda: Note review,

Thesis practice with

primary sources.

Objective: Through

analyzing primary sources,

students will identify and

evaluate how The United

States changed its position

from neutrality to war by

1917.

Background causes Congress of Vienna

Nationalism and the century of “isms”

Pan German movement (led by Germany)

Pan Slavic movement (led by Russia)

Powder keg- Bosnia, controlled by Austria but inhabited by Slavic peoples.

Extreme love for one’s own homeland.

Population explosion(1800-50 million, 1914-300 million) led to two nationalistic movements

Background causes Imperialism

For decades European powers

were competing for territory

throughout Europe as well as

the world.

One country exerting control

of another country through

political, economic, or

military means.

Russia vs. Austria (Balkans)

Italy vs. Austria (Tireste and

Trentino)

France vs. Germany (Alsace-

Lorraine.)

Militarism

Policy in which military

preparedness is of primary

importance to the State.

To protect against growing

empires and display

national pride each country

created huge standing

Armies (Russia over 8

million men)

Naval build up between

Germany and Great

Britain.

The Alliance System

Close association of nations

to advance a common

interest.

Triple Alliance- Germany,

Austria-Hungary, Italy

(Ottomans)

Alliances were formed to

maintain a balance of

power.

Triple Entente- France,

Great Britain, Russia.

The “Spark” War was triggered by the

assassination of Archduke

Franz Ferdinand in Sarajevo

(Bosnia) by Serbian

Gavrillo Princip of the

Black Hand on June 28,

1914

Austria blamed Serbia for

the killing and with help

from Germany issued

ultimatums.

In response, Russia moves

troops to protect Slavs.

The War to end all Wars

Germany declares war on

Russia on August 1, 1914.

Triple Alliance becomes

the Central Powers.

Triple Entente becomes the

Allies.

Plan was to knock out

France quickly, then turn

to Russia.

Invades neutral Belgium to

get to France, thus pulling

Great Britain into the war.

World War I

Combatants

How was WW1 a “world war”?

Welcome Back!

Bell Ringer: With your

partner, analyze the

documents and create a

thesis statement to the

question on your document

packet.

Tuesday: reading note

questions on google

classroom.

Agenda: Note review,

Thesis practice with

primary sources.

Objective: Through

analyzing primary sources,

students will identify and

evaluate how The United

States changed its position

from neutrality to war by

1917.

Review: An era of intervention Theodore Roosevelt and Roosevelt Corollary

Panama U.S.-backed separation of Panama from Colombia U.S. acquisition of Panama Canal Zone Construction of Panama Canal

Dominican Republic Cuba

William Howard Taft and Dollar Diplomacy Nicaragua Honduras Dominican Republic

An era of intervention (cont’d)

C.Woodrow Wilson and “moral imperialism”

Haiti

Dominican Republic

Mexico

Mexican Revolution under leadership of Francisco Madero

Assassination of Madero and outbreak of Civil War

Wilson dispatch of troops, skirmishes with Pancho Villa

Panama

Theodore Roosevelt:

Speak Softly but Carry a Big Stick

Big Stick Diplomacy (below).

Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine

establishing U.S. intervention and

international police power (right).

Moral Diplomacy

The U.S. should be the

conscience of the world.

Spread democracy.

Promote peace.

The problem of neutrality: Should

the U.S. join the war?

Bell Ringer: On Google Classroom

Reading Note review… From your previous reading notes from “Background to

World War I.” Use these questions and your document

sheet to REWRITE your thesis statement.

1. As Europe geared for war, what was the position held by the

United States? Give short and long term reasons on America’s

viewpoint of entering World War I.

2. Why did Wilson formally declare a position of neutrality by

1915? (think in terms of both military and economics.)

3. By 1917, what are the events that will eventually pull the

United States into the war?

Remember your thesis formula.

Agenda and Objective:

Agenda: Note review,

Thesis practice with

primary sources,

Zimmerman telegram

activity.

Objective: Through

analyzing primary sources,

students will identify and

evaluate how The United

States changed its position

from neutrality to war by

1917.

Welcome Back!

For Thursday: Come

prepared to review the

following questions from

your reading notes.

3.Discuss the experience of

recent immigrants and

African Americans who

fought in the war.

4. How did the government

convince the American

populace to support the war

effort? (give examples.) What

agency was created?

US Involvement…why so long?

US followed first a policy

of Isolationism then a

policy of neutrality to

economically benefit from

the war.

America: Which side to support? Central Powers?

Allies?

11 million German-

Americans

Irish-Americans hated Great

Britain

Close cultural ties

Shared transatlantic cables (so

censored stories)

Big business loaned much

Money to allies

The push for the US Britain blockaded (stopped)

all German ships going to

America

Germany announced

submarine warfare around

Britain

By 1915 Germany warns

Americans to stay off British

ships.

The sinking of the Lusitania Germany began to Torpedo

ships including the British steamer, Arabic and the British Liner, Lusitania.

1200 passengers and crew die, including 128 Americans

Did in fact carry 4200 cases of ammunition.

Wilson’s Response? US demanded three

things…

Demanded an apology

from Germany (got)

Demanded reparations

(got)

End Uboat warfare (no)

By 1916 Germany continues

U-boat warfare by sinking the

French cross channel ferry,

Sussex killing 25 Americans

Wilson’s Response?

Threatened to break off

diplomatic relations with

Germany.

Ends up signing the Sussex

Pledge- must warn and

search ships before attack.

“He kept us out of War!”

The events of 1917…

In January, Germany

violates Pledge and

continues indiscriminate

warfare.

Wilson responds by

breaking of diplomatic

relations and US begins to

practice “Armed

Neutrality.”

Events of 1917…

Published in March was the

Zimmerman note which

was intercepted and

decode by British

intelligence.

Letter between German

foreign Secretary

Zimmerman to German

Ambassador in Mexico to

forge an alliance with that

country.

Activity: Can you

decipher the

Zimmerman note?

Events of 1917

Led by Vladimir Lenin and

his promise of “Peace,

Land, and Bread,” Russia will eventually sign the

Treaty of Brest-Litovsk to

end war with Germany.

To War!!!

On April 2, 1917 Wilson

asks Congress for a

declaration of war.

April 6…US declares war

on Central Powers.

Welcome Back: Bell Ringer

1. In paragraph form,

answer the following

question. (No thesis

necessary.)

2. Read Excerpts from

Wilson’s Declaration of

War and Congressional

opposition. What were the

major arguments on each

side? Were they any

commonalities?

By 1917 America enters

World War I. Give reasons

on why America moved

from a position of

neutrality to a stance of

war. Include events from

1915-1917.

World War I…Three take-aways…

Review

Why did the United States

remain neutral?

Traditional policy of staying

out of European affairs

Divided loyalties of

Americans

Lack of preparedness

Financial advantage

Welcome Back…Bell Ringer

1. How were American soldiers mobilized for war?

2.Discuss the experience of recent immigrants and African

Americans who fought in the war.

3. How did the government convince the American populace

to support the war effort?

Homework for Friday

Rallying Public opinion…Assignment up on Google

Classroom

World War I

Home Front

Mobilization

Wilson named John Pershing to head the American Expeditionary Force (AEF), but despite Wilson’s preparedness campaign, the U.S. was not prepared for full scale war

Many wanted a volunteer army, but Wilson pressed Congress to pass a Selective Service Act (24 million registered & 2.8 million were drafted to fight in Europe)

The army & navy increased in size but military leaders had not prepared a plan for war (“To plan

for war is to violate the terms of neutrality”)

The 1st U.S. troops arrived via convoy in June 1917 but did not see action until early 1918

The war affects Americans

Many German and Hungarian Americans faced discrimination.

• Women filled factory jobs and worked as nurses for the Army, Navy, and Coast Guard.

• Led to the 19th Amendment.

For African Americans

Many worked in factories due

to the Great Migration.

Those who fought were in

segregated units. Two fought

in combat units under French

command.369th Regiment (also called “Hell Fighters” by the Germans) was one of the few black regiments that fought actively in WW I.

African-Americans were subject to the draft & fought during WWI in segregated units

War in the Trenches

The arrival of fresh American soldiers & war supplies

raised Allied morale at a crucial time:

By October 1918, the German gov’t knew the war was

over

Turkey, Austria-Hungary, & Bulgaria were all out of the

war

Nov 11, 1918 Germany signed an armistice with the

Allies

Trench warfare

New Weapons of warfare!

Machine Gun

Airplanes

Cher Ami!

“Big Bertha’

Tanks

Gas Grenades

Rallying Public Opinion

U.S. had only 120,000 enlisted men and 80,000 National Guardsmen.

Led to Selective Service Act of May 1917 which required all men between ages of 21-40 (later 18-45) to sign up for military service.

By November 1918 more than 24 million men had registered for the draft.

Lottery picked 3 million to serve in war.

Stimulation the War Economy

Congress imposed a rule that made any unemployed man available to go into the war, which discouraged strikes.

War industries board-helped army to be prepared by settling any possible labor difficulties that might hamper the war effort.

The largest Union (American Federation of Labor) supported the war but the IWW (Industrial Workers of the World) did not.

Conservation at Home

Americans were urged to conserve materials that could be used for the war effort.

“Heatless, meatless, wheatless” days.

Fuel and Food Administrations created (Daylight savings Time.)

“Victory gardens” were created

Stimulation the War Economy

Leaders of businesses

supported govt. regulation,

took a pay cut and became

known as “Dollar a Year

Men”

War was financed through

Liberty Loans (savings

bonds.)

During World War I

Not everyone supported

the war

Some Unions (IWW) did

not because the

relationship between govt.

and business

Many had ties to Europe

due to recent immigration

THE IWW PLATFORM Anti-war resolution passed by the 1916 convention of the Industrial Workers of the World:

We, the Industrial Workers of the World, in convention assembled, hereby re-affirm our adherence to the principles of industrial

unionism, and rededicate ourselves to the unflinching, unfaltering prosecution of the struggle for the abolition of wage slavery and

the realization of our ideals in Industrial Democracy.

With the European war for conquest and exploitation raging and

destroying our lives, class consciousness and the unity of the workers, and

the ever-growing agitation for military preparedness clouding the main

issues and delaying the realization of our ultimate aim with patriotic and

therefore capitalistic aspirations, we openly declare ourselves the

determined opponents of all nationalistic sectionalism, or patriotism, and

the militarism preached and supported by our one enemy, the capitalist

class.

We condemn all wars, and for the prevention of such, we proclaim the anti-

militaristic propaganda in time of peace, thus promoting class solidarity

among the workers of the entire world, and, in time of war, the general

strike, in all industries.

We extend assurances of both moral and material support to all workers who suffer at the hands of the capitalist class for their

adherence to these principles, and call on all workers to unite themselves with us, that the reign of the exploiters may cease, and this

earth be made fair through the establishment of industrial democracy.

American Propaganda: George Creel’s Committee on Public Information (CPI)

Over there!

Johnnie get your gun, get you gun, get your gun,Take it on the run, on the run, on the run,Hear them calling you and me;Every son of LibertyHurry right away, no delay, go today,Make your daddy glad to have had such a ladTell your sweetheart not to pine,To be proud her boy's in line.

Chorus:Over There, Over ThereSend the word, send the word, Over ThereThat the Yanks are coming, The Yanks are coming,The drums rum tumming everywhereSo prepare, Say a PrayerSend the word,Send the word to bewareWe'll be over, we're coming over.And we won't be back till it's over over there!

Johnnie get your gun, get you gun, get your gun,Johnnie show the Hun, you're a Son-of-a-Gun,Hoist the flag and let her flyLike true heros do or diePack your little kit, show your grit, do your bit,Soldiers to the ranks from the towns and the tanks,Make your Mother proud of you and to Liberty be true.

The American Creed

A nation wide essay contest was held to create an American creed and to represent patriotism in the US.

William Tyler Page, former Congressional Page penned the winning entry in 1918.

“I believe in the United States of America as a government of the people, by the people, for the people; whose just powers are derived from the consent of the governed, a democracy in a republic, a sovereign Nation of many sovereign States; a perfect union, one and inseparable; established upon those principles of freedom, equality, justice, and humanity for which American patriots sacrificed their lives and fortunes.

I therefore believe it is my duty to my country to love it, to support its Constitution, to obey its laws, to respect its flag, and to defend it against all enemies.”

Rallying Public Opinion

Committee of Public

Information-headed by

George Creel. Sent out over

75,000 men to deliver

speeches (“Four minute

men”,) hand out posters,

songs, movies.

What does the 1st Amendment say?

“Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances.”

With the passage of the 14th Amendment this limitation was

extended to state and local governments.

Securing Homeland Security

Identify the action being taken, who is taking it, and who it affects.

What first Amendment right is being exercised by this action?

Is this action protected by the first Amendment?

What affect might the action have on the people being offended? What rights of theirs do you feel are being violated?

How would you determine whether the feelings of the people being offended outweigh the rights of those exercising their right to free speech or press?

Securing Homeland Security-Activity

Restrictions on Free Speech

During World War I the

government tried to

suppress anti-government

speech by passing three

acts.

Sedition Act

Espionage Act

Trading with the Enemy

Act.

Bell Ringer: In pairs,

read over events that

challenged free speech

during World War I.

Decide their fate.

Guilty or Not Guilty?

Welcome Back!

Securing Homeland Security

Trading with the Enemy Act- US Post Office had right to censor any publications exchanged with other countries.

Sedition Act- prohibited any speech that was disloyal, profane, or abusive about the government, flag, military (Schenck v United States)

Espionage Act- punished anyone found guilty of helping the enemy, or inciting a revolt.

Welcome Back!

Bell Ringer: In pairs,

continue to finish your

court case.

Agenda and Objective:

Through analyzing primary

sources students will

identify arguments against

free speech in wartime

under the “clear and

present danger” clause.

Schenck v. United States

Securing Homeland Security

Supreme Court declared that

at certain times the right to

free speech can be limited if it

endangers public safety in

wartime. (“clear and present

danger” clause.)

Bell Ringer: Question to Consider

Look over your note sheet on the history of civil liberties in

American history. Are there any events that you think the

Government had the right to infringe on your First Amendment

right during times of war?

The End of the War!

Argonne offensive (spring 1918) Germans transferred divisions from east (after defeating Russia) to the western front and mounted a massive offensive.

U.S. entered war in time to help stop the German offensive

Central Powers sought peace based on 14 Points(believing they would get fair treatment)

Germany and Austria-Hungary wracked with revolution

Austria surrendered on Nov. 3

Germany surrendered on Nov. 11, 1918

Wilhelm II abdicates and flees to Holland

Conclusions

The “Great War” was a total war but the U.S. effort paled in comparison to other Allied forces:

The U.S. reluctantly entered WWI after 3 years of neutrality & played a supportive (not a central) military role in the war

But, WWI had a huge impact on the American economic, political, & cultural homefront

American soldiers were only engaged in battle for 8 months

U.S. had only 320,000 casualties (6.8%)

-World War brought disease to a new level

-large groups of people were exposed to:

unsanitary conditions

close working and living quarters

poor living conditions at war

-Influenza (flu) outbreak of 1918 spread all

over the world

-1/4 of the U.S. fell victim and ½ million died

-as many as 40 million dead worldwide

-affected US economy—businesses

temporarily closed & cities ran out of

caskets

Epidemic Breaks Out

Wilson’s plan for peace…reading

activity.

Wilson’s Plan for after the War

-based on idea of Peace without Victory

-United States has moral obligation to help the world says Wilson

-would eliminate reasons for future wars by creating

democracy

freedom of the sea

reduce armaments

international peace-keeping organization

-set certain goals for the world

Fourteen Points

-Wilson’s speech that organized his idea of the future

Fourteen Points

-described solution to prevent causes of the war

-no secret treaties or alliances

-freedom of seas

-lower tariffs to foster trade

-reduce armaments (military) to lessen the possibility of war

-self determination—like groups should form their own nations

-League of Nations:international organization, forum for nations to express grievances

Versailles Peace Conference

Big Four: U.S., Britain, France,

Italy

•Central Powers left out of the

meetings as was Russia

•Allied leaders (Britain, France,

and Italy) wanted to blame and

punish Germany while Wilson

(United States) wanted to create a

world with peace

•Most of the 14 Points were

ignored or compromised

•Wilson did manage to secure the

League of Nations

Versailles Peace Treaty

-nine new nation created and

several borders moved

-Germany is demilitarized: can’t

maintain an army

-Germany must pay reparations

(war damages)

-War guilt clause—German must

acknowledge war guilt which was

very humiliating and will only

anger Germany

-Weaknesses of Treaty will lead to

future wars

will not provide lasting peace

Germany can’t repay

Russia is ignored & lost

territory

Colonialism remained

Opposition to Treaty of Versailles

-Many thought it was too harsh on Germany

-economic consequences not really considered

-others thought it changed nothing just an exchange of power and colonies

-U.S. leaders disliked the League of Nations b/c it threatens isolationism (Americans want to return to a policy of isolationism after WWI)

-Henry Cabot Lodge—major opponent of treaty

threatens our ability to stay out of foreign affairs, needs right to declare war

-Wilson sets out to appeal to the people to gain support for the Treaty of Versailles and the League of Nations

34 speeches in 3 weeks

Wilson suffers a stroke and lies paralyzed

-U.S. Senate never approves the treaty or joins the League of Nations

Wilson’s Legacy

-Progressive reformer:

FTC, Federal Reserve, FDA,

Women’s Rights, lowered tariffs,

Clayton Anti-trust Act

-Prohibition starts: 18th amendment

-women’s suffrage 19th amendment

-Credited with victory in the Great War

-Credited with a vision of a world

organization to prevent war League

of Nations

-he predicts future wars due to the

harsh terms of the Treaty of

Versailles

…and Germany’s desire for

vengeance will lead to another Great

War--WWII

Legacy of War

Europe in ruins, poor

Middle East now under control of the French/British

Balfour declaration- British support for Jewish homeland in

Palestine

Prewar issues never resolved

Germany, Russian, Hungarian, and Ottoman dynasties

dissolved.

Treaty laid the foundation of World War II

Wilson’s 14 Points

Name of Woodrow

Wilson’s program of world

peace.

Wanted a world “Safe for

Democracy”

14 Points

End secret Treaties

Freedom of the Seas

Free Trade

Reduce military

Adjust colonial claims

Secure territorial claims

based on self

determination.

International

Organization… “League of

Nations.”

Paris Peace Conference 1919

The Big Four

Italy (Orlando)

USA (Wilson)

G. Britain (Lloyd-

George)

France (Clemenceau)

14 Points versus “Peace of

Vengeance”

Allies wanted Germany to

Pay!

Treaty of Versailles

Germany and Ottoman Empire divided among allies

Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia were created

Poland became independent

Germany blamed for war (war guilt clause)

Germany reduction of military.

France reclaimed Alsace-Lorraine

Germany had to pay the Allies.

League of Nations created

US- Ratify or Not?

Wilson Supported Treaty

due to inclusion of League

of Nations

Many Republican Senators

opposed the Treaty.

Outcome?

Europe after the war