World Religions Traditions and Belief Western Religions The kingdom of God is within you and all...

World ReligionsWorld Religions

Traditions and BeliefTraditions and Belief

Western ReligionsWestern Religions

The kingdom of God is within you The kingdom of God is within you and all around you. and all around you.

It is not within buildings of wood or It is not within buildings of wood or stone.stone.

Split a piece of wood and you will Split a piece of wood and you will find me. find me.

Look beneath a stone and I am there. Look beneath a stone and I am there.


Movie StigmataMovie Stigmata


JudaismJudaism Where did Judaism roots come from?Where did Judaism roots come from?

ZoroastrianismZoroastrianism Founded in Persia about 500 B.C.E.Founded in Persia about 500 B.C.E. Founder-Zoroaster (Priest)Founder-Zoroaster (Priest) Based on scripture-AvestasBased on scripture-Avestas Zoroaster said that people should only worship Zoroaster said that people should only worship

one god-Ahura Mazda “The wise lord”one god-Ahura Mazda “The wise lord” Ahura Mazda was the god of goodness and light Ahura Mazda was the god of goodness and light

and would defeat Ahriman the god of darkness and would defeat Ahriman the god of darkness and all of Ahriman’s followers would be cast and all of Ahriman’s followers would be cast into hell.into hell.


JudaismJudaism Emerged in the Middle East between 2000 and Emerged in the Middle East between 2000 and

1850 B.C.E.1850 B.C.E. It is considered the world’s first monotheistic It is considered the world’s first monotheistic

faithfaith Founder-AbrahamFounder-Abraham Abraham entered a covenant with YHWH Abraham entered a covenant with YHWH

(Yahweh or Jehovah) and in exchange for (Yahweh or Jehovah) and in exchange for religious allegiance Yahweh would make the religious allegiance Yahweh would make the Hebrews (Jews) his “Chosen People”Hebrews (Jews) his “Chosen People”

Yahweh lead Abraham and Hebrews to Canaan Yahweh lead Abraham and Hebrews to Canaan (Israel) the “Promised Land”(Israel) the “Promised Land”


JudaismJudaism The Hebrews lived in Canaan until 1700 B.C.E.The Hebrews lived in Canaan until 1700 B.C.E. During a time of famine they moved to Egypt During a time of famine they moved to Egypt

were they were sold into slaverywere they were sold into slavery Around 1300 to 1200 B.C.E. the prophet Around 1300 to 1200 B.C.E. the prophet

Moses lead the Hebrews out of EgyptMoses lead the Hebrews out of Egypt The exodus is known as PassoverThe exodus is known as Passover The Hebrews returned to CanaanThe Hebrews returned to Canaan During the exodus Moses was given the Laws During the exodus Moses was given the Laws

of God or the ten Commandmentsof God or the ten Commandments Moses is also believed to have authored the Moses is also believed to have authored the

first five books of scripture known as the first five books of scripture known as the TorahTorah


JudaismJudaism Once back in Canaan the Hebrew Kings, David Once back in Canaan the Hebrew Kings, David

and Solomon united the Kingdom of Israeland Solomon united the Kingdom of Israel The capital of Jerusalem was constructed.The capital of Jerusalem was constructed. Israel became prosperous and was the crossroads Israel became prosperous and was the crossroads

of trade in the Middle Eastof trade in the Middle East After the death of Solomon the Kingdom was split After the death of Solomon the Kingdom was split

into Judah and Israelinto Judah and Israel Israel was then invaded several times and Israel was then invaded several times and

defeated. However the Hebrews held onto their defeated. However the Hebrews held onto their religionreligion


JudaismJudaism Many Jews believed that a Messiah would Many Jews believed that a Messiah would

come to save Israelcome to save Israel Some saw Jesus of Nazareth as this Messiah Some saw Jesus of Nazareth as this Messiah During the Jewish Wars of 70 to 73 C.E. the During the Jewish Wars of 70 to 73 C.E. the

Romans ended the Jewish state of Israel, Romans ended the Jewish state of Israel, destroyed the Jewish temples, and exiled the destroyed the Jewish temples, and exiled the Jews from their homeland (Diaspora)Jews from their homeland (Diaspora)

Many Jews moved to Europe, Asia, parts of Many Jews moved to Europe, Asia, parts of the Middle East.the Middle East.

The Diaspora lasted until 1948 when Israel The Diaspora lasted until 1948 when Israel became a nation state againbecame a nation state again


JudaismJudaism BeliefsBeliefs

One GodOne God Strict code of conduct outlined in the Strict code of conduct outlined in the

TalmudTalmud Based on ethicsBased on ethics Eye for and eye, tooth for a toothEye for and eye, tooth for a tooth Dietary restrictions-KosherDietary restrictions-Kosher Women were respected in the home but Women were respected in the home but

society is male dominatedsociety is male dominated

ChristianityChristianity


Christianity Christianity Christianity is the child of JudaismChristianity is the child of Judaism Both faiths are intermingled Both faiths are intermingled

Old Testament (Judaism and the Bible)Old Testament (Judaism and the Bible) Abraham the founder of both religionsAbraham the founder of both religions The same prophetsThe same prophets

HoweverHowever Christians believe that Jesus is the Son of God and Christians believe that Jesus is the Son of God and

the Messiah the Messiah This has caused problems between Christians and This has caused problems between Christians and

Jews and has even lead to Anti-Semitic behavior by Jews and has even lead to Anti-Semitic behavior by Christians towards Jews.Christians towards Jews.


ChristianityChristianity BeliefsBeliefs Jesus of Nazareth is the founderJesus of Nazareth is the founder Founded around 4 B.C.E. to 29 C.E.Founded around 4 B.C.E. to 29 C.E. All of Jesus’ teachings are outlined in All of Jesus’ teachings are outlined in

the Holy Gospels-New Testamentthe Holy Gospels-New Testament Jesus was a Jew and a practicing JewJesus was a Jew and a practicing Jew


ChristianityChristianity The Split between Jews and ChristiansThe Split between Jews and Christians Jesus maintained that he wanted to Jesus maintained that he wanted to

uphold the Jewish laws, but that they uphold the Jewish laws, but that they also needed some reforming.also needed some reforming.

Jesus taught that sincere belief meant Jesus taught that sincere belief meant more to God then rituals, customs, and more to God then rituals, customs, and following laws.following laws.


Charity, compassion and love.Charity, compassion and love. Golden RuleGolden Rule

Do unto others as you would have Do unto others as you would have them do unto youthem do unto you

Sermon on the MountSermon on the Mount Blessed are the poor for they shall inherit Blessed are the poor for they shall inherit

the earth.the earth.


JesusJesus Claimed to be the MessiahClaimed to be the Messiah Jesus preached of a heavenly kingdomJesus preached of a heavenly kingdom Those who followed the “Son of God” Those who followed the “Son of God”

would be saved and be united in the would be saved and be united in the Kingdom of HeavenKingdom of Heaven


JesusJesus His teachings were popular among the His teachings were popular among the

common people.common people. His teachings and title “King of the His teachings and title “King of the

Jews” made the Romans see Jesus as a Jews” made the Romans see Jesus as a troublemakertroublemaker

His teachings scared and angered the His teachings scared and angered the JewsJews


When Jesus went to preach in When Jesus went to preach in Jerusalem over PassoverJerusalem over Passover He was charged with blasphemy by He was charged with blasphemy by

Jewish authoritiesJewish authorities Arrested by Pilate who wanted to keep Arrested by Pilate who wanted to keep

peace among his Jewish populationpeace among his Jewish population Placed on trial and found guiltyPlaced on trial and found guilty CrucifiedCrucified


The Early ChurchThe Early Church Preaching of ResurrectionPreaching of Resurrection Christianity was carried on by the disciplesChristianity was carried on by the disciples Peter becomes the first PopePeter becomes the first Pope The Four GospelsThe Four Gospels

Matthew, Mark, Luke and JohnMatthew, Mark, Luke and John

Belief in the “Second coming of Christ”Belief in the “Second coming of Christ” Day of JudgmentDay of Judgment Establishment of the Kingdom of HeavenEstablishment of the Kingdom of Heaven


Early Christianity Early Christianity Had many obstaclesHad many obstacles

Small number of followersSmall number of followers Made illegal by the RomansMade illegal by the Romans Still thought of as a part of the Jewish ReligionStill thought of as a part of the Jewish Religion

Reasons for growthReasons for growth Removal of the observation of Jewish lawRemoval of the observation of Jewish law Made it easier to convert Non-Jews such as Made it easier to convert Non-Jews such as

Greeks, Romans and those in the Middle EastGreeks, Romans and those in the Middle East Appealed to slaves, poor, women, Appealed to slaves, poor, women, Persecution of Christians strengthened the religion Persecution of Christians strengthened the religion

(martyrs)(martyrs)


LegalizationLegalization 313 C.E. Edict of Milan 313 C.E. Edict of Milan

Emperor Constantine gives Christianity a Emperor Constantine gives Christianity a legal status in the Roman Empire.legal status in the Roman Empire.

380 C.E.380 C.E. Christianity becomes the legal faith of the Christianity becomes the legal faith of the

Roman EmpireRoman Empire

392 C.E.392 C.E. Rome’s only legal faithRome’s only legal faith


The formal Christian ChurchThe formal Christian Church Development of a hierarchyDevelopment of a hierarchy

Pope, bishops, priestPope, bishops, priest Only men could serve the churchOnly men could serve the church

Established a Dogma (Set of Beliefs not Established a Dogma (Set of Beliefs not written in the Bible)written in the Bible) Nature of ChristNature of Christ

Both fully human and fully divineBoth fully human and fully divine TrinityTrinity

God has three forms-God the Father, Jesus Christ God has three forms-God the Father, Jesus Christ the Son, and the Holy Spiritthe Son, and the Holy Spirit

The BibleThe Bible Old Testament and the GospelsOld Testament and the Gospels


Class QuestionClass Question Women were very important in the Women were very important in the

development of the early Christian development of the early Christian church many women even served as church many women even served as priest and bishops.priest and bishops.

Why do you think that once the church Why do you think that once the church was legitimate that it excluded was legitimate that it excluded women? women?


Beliefs and PeopleBeliefs and People Nicene CreedNicene Creed

Declaration of Christian beliefsDeclaration of Christian beliefs

Church FathersChurch Fathers St. JeromeSt. Jerome

Latin translation of the BibleLatin translation of the Bible

St. AugustineSt. Augustine Book the City of God becomes the foundation Book the City of God becomes the foundation

for further development of the Christian for further development of the Christian ChurchChurch


Fall of the Roman EmpireFall of the Roman Empire Asia Minor, Africa, Middle East all Asia Minor, Africa, Middle East all

become areas of Christian influencebecome areas of Christian influence Antioch, Alexandria, Constantinople all Antioch, Alexandria, Constantinople all

become major cities of Christian become major cities of Christian influenceinfluence

With the fall of Rome comes confusion With the fall of Rome comes confusion of the where the seat of Christian of the where the seat of Christian Church belongs.Church belongs.


Further problemsFurther problems While all called themselves Christians While all called themselves Christians

the Catholic church was divided.the Catholic church was divided. Because of the geographic locations Because of the geographic locations

churches grew apartchurches grew apart Eastern and Western Churches split in Eastern and Western Churches split in

1000 C.E.1000 C.E. The Great Schism of 1054 C.E. The Great Schism of 1054 C.E.

break between Western Catholic Church break between Western Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Churchand the Eastern Orthodox Church


Western ChurchWestern Church Roman CatholicRoman Catholic Favored form of Favored form of

Christianity in western Christianity in western EuropeEurope

During the Middle During the Middle Ages becomes the Ages becomes the most important most important institution in Europeinstitution in Europe

Provides Europe with a Provides Europe with a sense of religious unitysense of religious unity

Politically influential Politically influential

Eastern ChurchEastern Church Byzantine EmpireByzantine Empire Adopted by most Adopted by most

Christians in the Christians in the Middle East, Asia Middle East, Asia Minor and RussiaMinor and Russia

Becomes a strong Becomes a strong center for cultural and center for cultural and economic economic advancementsadvancements

Politically influentialPolitically influential

IslamIslam

..

IslamIslam

IslamIslam World’s youngest major religionWorld’s youngest major religion Went from a local faith to a world Went from a local faith to a world

cultural, economic social and political cultural, economic social and political influenceinfluence

MonotheisticMonotheistic Is linked to Judaism and Christianity in Is linked to Judaism and Christianity in

it’s beliefs and history.it’s beliefs and history.

IslamIslam

IslamIslam Starts in the Arabian Peninsula about Starts in the Arabian Peninsula about

600 C.E.600 C.E. This was mostly a backwards area of the This was mostly a backwards area of the

worldworld Some major port cities Some major port cities

By 1000 C.E. Islam spread throughout By 1000 C.E. Islam spread throughout the Mediterranean to Spain, along the Mediterranean to Spain, along Northern Africa and to the land around Northern Africa and to the land around IndiaIndia

IslamIslam

Class QuestionClass Question

Why do you think Islam spread so Why do you think Islam spread so fast and so far?fast and so far?

IslamIslam

Founder-MohammedFounder-Mohammed Born 570 C.E.Born 570 C.E. A well to do merchant from MeccaA well to do merchant from Mecca Began to meditate in the mountains of Began to meditate in the mountains of

Mecca at the age of 40.Mecca at the age of 40. Experienced a vision “Night of Power Experienced a vision “Night of Power

and Excellence”and Excellence” Was visited by the Archangel Gabriel who Was visited by the Archangel Gabriel who

delivered to Mohammed the words of delivered to Mohammed the words of AllahAllah

IslamIslam

Founder-MohammedFounder-Mohammed Dedicated his life to spreading the word Dedicated his life to spreading the word

of Allahof Allah Began preaching to the peopleBegan preaching to the people In 622 C.E. he was driven out of Mecca In 622 C.E. he was driven out of Mecca

and fled to Medina 200 miles to the and fled to Medina 200 miles to the northnorth Known as the Hegira-a key event in Islamic Known as the Hegira-a key event in Islamic

historyhistory The Hegira also marks the start of the The Hegira also marks the start of the

Islamic calendarIslamic calendar

IslamIslam

Founder-MohammedFounder-Mohammed Islam grows while in MedinaIslam grows while in Medina By 630 C.E. Mohammed and his By 630 C.E. Mohammed and his

followers return to Meccafollowers return to Mecca The residents of Mecca are converted The residents of Mecca are converted

to Islamto Islam In 632 C.E. Mohammed diesIn 632 C.E. Mohammed dies

IslamIslam

BeliefsBeliefs Like Judeo-Christian beliefs Mohammed Like Judeo-Christian beliefs Mohammed

taught that there was one god-Allah.taught that there was one god-Allah. Like Judeo-Christians believed in a afterlife Like Judeo-Christians believed in a afterlife

in which believers go to heaven and in which believers go to heaven and nonbelievers go to hell.nonbelievers go to hell.

Like Judeo-Christians believed in a judgment Like Judeo-Christians believed in a judgment at the end of the worldat the end of the world

Like Judeo-Christians believed that Abraham Like Judeo-Christians believed that Abraham was the earthly father of the religion.was the earthly father of the religion.

IslamIslam

BeliefsBeliefs Paid respect to Judeo-Christian figuresPaid respect to Judeo-Christian figures

Adam, Moses, David, John the Baptist, Adam, Moses, David, John the Baptist, JesusJesus

Instructed Muslims to respect Jews Instructed Muslims to respect Jews and Christians as “Peoples of the and Christians as “Peoples of the Book”Book”

IslamIslam

Beliefs-A new way of thinkingBeliefs-A new way of thinking Mohammed believed that he was the Mohammed believed that he was the

last prophet sent by Allah to reveal last prophet sent by Allah to reveal Allah’s word to the people.Allah’s word to the people.

Because of this Mohammed was the Because of this Mohammed was the only prophet to receive the full and only prophet to receive the full and perfect word of Allah.perfect word of Allah.

IslamIslam

BeliefsBeliefs To become a true believer one must To become a true believer one must

submit to the will of Allah.submit to the will of Allah. Islam means “to submit to God”Islam means “to submit to God” Muslim means “Servant of God”Muslim means “Servant of God” Submission means to live by the Five Submission means to live by the Five

pillars of Faithpillars of Faith

IslamIslam

The Five PillarsThe Five Pillars1.1. There is no other God but Allah and There is no other God but Allah and

Mohammed is his prophetMohammed is his prophet2.2. Pray five times a day facing the Holy Pray five times a day facing the Holy

City of MeccaCity of Mecca3.3. Fast during Ramadan-month in which Fast during Ramadan-month in which

Mohammed received his visionMohammed received his vision4.4. Alms to the poorAlms to the poor5.5. Pilgrimage (hajj) to Mecca-Once in a Pilgrimage (hajj) to Mecca-Once in a

lifetimelifetime

IslamIslam

Other beliefsOther beliefs No alcohol or porkNo alcohol or pork No human or animal figures in artworkNo human or animal figures in artwork Polygamy-up to four wivesPolygamy-up to four wives Women must veil themselves in publicWomen must veil themselves in public

IslamIslam

Qur’an (Koran)Qur’an (Koran) Holy book of IslamHoly book of Islam Recitation-114 chaptersRecitation-114 chapters Qur’an is the direct word of AllahQur’an is the direct word of Allah Arabic is the holy languageArabic is the holy language Other booksOther books

Hadith-collection of ProverbsHadith-collection of Proverbs Sharia-collection of lawsSharia-collection of laws

IslamIslam

ExpansionExpansion Expansion as we will see happened Expansion as we will see happened

rapidly becauserapidly because1.1. Military conquestMilitary conquest

2.2. Political dominationPolitical domination

3.3. TradeTrade

IslamIslam

GeographyGeography Before the death of MohammedBefore the death of Mohammed

Arabian PeninsulaArabian Peninsula

By 700 C.E.By 700 C.E. Most of the Middle EastMost of the Middle East

Persia, Iraq, Syria, Palestine, Egypt, North Persia, Iraq, Syria, Palestine, Egypt, North Africa, parts of Spain and Italy, Eastern Africa, parts of Spain and Italy, Eastern Europe, and PakistanEurope, and Pakistan

IslamIslam

Umma-political and social Umma-political and social community linked by a religious community linked by a religious beliefbelief

Caliphs (successor to Mohammed) Caliphs (successor to Mohammed) Religious and political leader.Religious and political leader. First Caliph was Abu Bakr-First Caliph was Abu Bakr-

Mohammed’s father-in-lawMohammed’s father-in-law

IslamIslam

Military ConquestMilitary Conquest The first three Caliphs (successor to The first three Caliphs (successor to

Mohammed) Mohammed) Abu BakrAbu Bakr Umar (Omar)Umar (Omar) UthmanUthman

Were responsible to break out of Arabia Were responsible to break out of Arabia and spread Islamand spread Islam

By the 600’s the territory taken by the By the 600’s the territory taken by the Muslims was ruled over by two Islamic Muslims was ruled over by two Islamic estatesestates

IslamIslam

Umayyad Caliphate661-750

Damascus

Abbasid Caliphate750-1258

Baghdad

IslamIslam

Abbasid Caliphate Abbasid Caliphate Became the Golden Age of Islamic Became the Golden Age of Islamic

culture between 750-1050 C.E.culture between 750-1050 C.E.

IslamIslam

Splits in IslamSplits in Islam Many disputed who should become a CaliphateMany disputed who should become a Caliphate Lead to civil warsLead to civil wars

Mohammed’s son-in-law (Ali) and Mohammed’s wife Mohammed’s son-in-law (Ali) and Mohammed’s wife (Aisha)(Aisha)

In 661 C.E. Muawiyah established himself as caliph of In 661 C.E. Muawiyah established himself as caliph of the Umayyadthe Umayyad

Muslims who accepted Muawiyah called themselves Sunni Muslims who accepted Muawiyah called themselves Sunni Muslims “People of Tradition and Community”Muslims “People of Tradition and Community”

80 percent of Muslims are Sunni80 percent of Muslims are Sunni Those who followed Ali formed their own denomination Those who followed Ali formed their own denomination

and called themselves Shiites “Party of Ali”-Shiites and called themselves Shiites “Party of Ali”-Shiites believe that they are the rightful successors to believe that they are the rightful successors to Mohammed and Sunni’s are usurpers.Mohammed and Sunni’s are usurpers.

IslamIslam

Holy PlacesHoly Places JerusalemJerusalem

Mohammed ascended to Heaven from Mohammed ascended to Heaven from JerusalemJerusalem

MeccaMecca Holiest site-Mohammed’s birthplaceHoliest site-Mohammed’s birthplace Home to KaabaHome to Kaaba Site of pilgrimageSite of pilgrimage

MedinaMedina Site of Mohammed’s flight-HegiraSite of Mohammed’s flight-Hegira

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