World Religions - Bethany Church · Ink on silk manuscript of the Tao Te Ching, 2nd century BC ^dZ...
Transcript of World Religions - Bethany Church · Ink on silk manuscript of the Tao Te Ching, 2nd century BC ^dZ...
Slide 1
World Religions
Part 5: Taoism & Confucianism
Our Class Web Site:
http://wr.dirkscorner.com/gordon/
Dirk’s Contact Info
Phone: 603.431.3646 (Bethany Church’s main number) Email: [email protected] Facebook Page: Pastor Dirk Rodgers
Twitter: @dirk_at_bethany Tumblr: www.tumblr.com/blog/dirkscorner
Dirk’s Web Site: www.dirkscorner.com Bethany Church Web Site: www.bethanychurch.com
Slide 2
This Session
1 Preliminary Considerations2 Taoism (Daoism)3 Confucianism
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Slide 3
1 PRELIMINARY CONSIDERATIONS
Part 5: Taoism & Confucianism
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Slide 4
Challenges to Understanding
Philosophies or religions?Cultural lines between
“Taoism”, “Confucianism” and other “isms” are often blurred# of adherents not really
known
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Slide 5
2 TAOISM (DAOISM)
Part 5: Taoism & Confucianism
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Slide 6
Origins
Image Source: Edward Theodore Chalmers Werner, Myths and Legends of China on Project Gutenberg, p. 72, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=187363
Laozi (Lao-tzu)6th - 5th Century BC?
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Slide 7
Tao Te Ching
Image Source: Mawangdui Silk Manuscript Volume First, Wen Wu Publishing, Beijing, China, 1980-03, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=19264100
Ink on silk manuscript of the Tao Te Ching, 2nd century BC
“The Tao that can be spoken is not the eternal Tao
The name that can be named is not the eternal name
The nameless is the origin of Heaven and Earth….”Opening lines of Chapter 1, Tao Te Ching, trans Derek Lin, www.Taoism.net and Tao Te Ching: Annotated & Explained, SkyLight Paths,2006.
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Slide 8
What is “Tao”?“Tao (pronounced ‘dao’) means literally ‘the path’ or ‘the way.’ It is a universal principle that underlies everything from the creation of galaxies to the interaction of human beings. The workings of Tao are vast and often beyond human comprehension. In order to understand it, reasoning alone will not suffice. One must also apply intuition.”
Derek Lin, What is Tao?, in http://taoism.net/tao/what-is-tao/, published July 2, 2015, accessed 2/29/2015
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Slide 9
Essential Teachings
Non-contention Non-action (wu-wei) Non-intention Simplicity Wisdom Humility Yin & Yang
From the list provided in Derek Lin, What is Tao?, in http://taoism.net/tao/what-is-tao/, published July 2, 2015, accessed 2/29/2015
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Slide 10
Yin & Yang
Image Source: By Gregory Maxwell, Image:Yin_yang.png, converted to SVG by Gregory Maxwell., Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=364239
“Yang represents the force of light, brightness, heat, maleness, strength, above, heaven, sunny, day, south. Yang is the masculine, hard, active, red, the sun, and odd numbers.”
“Yin represents the balancing force of opposites, such as darkness, coldness, femaleness, heaviness, weakness, below, earth, shady, night, north. Yin is the feminine, yielding, receptive, moon, water, clouds, and even numbers.”
Farhadian, Charles E. (2015-06-09). Introducing World Religions: A Christian Engagement (Kindle Locations 5983-5986). Baker Publishing Group. Kindle Edition.
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Slide 11
Origins
Image Source: http://www.tjwenjie.com/tjd-zhuangzi.htm, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=4899396
Zhuangzi (the man)c. 369 - 286 BC
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Slide 12
Origins
Image Source: Replica Published in 1932, Tokyo, Public Domain, in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhuangzi_%28book%29#/media/File:Zhuangzi_Tian_Yun_Ms.JPG
Zhuangzi (the Book)
Tang dynasty Zhuangzi manuscript preserved in Japan (1930s replica)
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Slide 13
Zhuangzi or Butterfly?
“Formerly, I, Zhuang Zhou, dreamt that I was a butterfly, a butterfly flying about, feeling that it was enjoying itself. I did not know that it was Zhou. Suddenly I awoke, and was myself again, the veritable Zhou. I did not know whether it had formerly been Zhou dreaming that he was a butterfly, or it was now a butterfly dreaming that it was Zhou.”Text Source: http://ctext.org/zhuangzi/adjustment-of-controversies, accessed 3/1/2016
Image Source: Shibata Zeshin (1888), https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhuangzi_%28book%29#/media/File:%27Zhuangzi_Dreaming_of_a_Butterfly%27_by_Shibata_Zeshin,_1888,_Honolulu_Museum_of_Art,_13879.1.JPG
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Slide 14
Essential Teachings
Tao, the source of heaven and earth, is evident in the flux of heaven and earth
Language is a foolish attempt to categorize human perceptions in arbitrary and meaningless ways.
Finding one’s own “way” Recognizing unity in duality Futility of government
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Slide 15
From Philosophy to Religion
Image Source: By Werner, E. T. C. (1864-1954) - http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/15250, Project Gutenberg eText15250, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=235187
Zhang Daoling2nd Century AD
First (or Ancestral) Celestial Master
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Slide 16
From Philosophy to Religion
Image Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laozi#/media/File:DaodeTianzun.jpg
Lao-Zi2nd Century AD
Now considered a deity
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Slide 17
From Philosophy to Religion
Image Source: By Anonymous (China) - Walters Art Museum: Home page Info about artwork, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=18830119
The Eight Immortals
1. He Xian Gu - Immortal Woman He2. Cao Guo Jiu – Royal Uncle Cao3. Taiguai Li – Iron Crutch Li4. Lan Caihe5. Lu Dongbin (also spelled Lu Tung Pin)6. Han Xiang Zi – Philosopher Han Xiang7. Zhang Guo Lao – Elder Zhang Guo8. Zhongli Quan
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Slide 18
From Philosophy to Religion
Image Source: By Anonymous (China) - Walters Art Museum: Home page Info about artwork, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=18830119
The Three Pure Ones
Yuanshi Tianzun – Lord ofPrimordial Being
Lingbao Tianzun – Lord ofthe Numinous Treasure
Daode Tianzun – Lord ofthe Way and its Virtue
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Slide 19
From Philosophy to Religion
Other early movements:
Shangqing, c.370 AD Lingbao, c. 400 AD Quanzhen, c. 12th century AD
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Slide 20
And…Of Course…
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Slide 21
3 CONFUCIANISM
Part 5: Taoism & Confucianism
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Slide 22
Origins
Image Source: By Unknown - http://www.britannica.com/eb/art-75120/Confucius-gouache-on-paper-1770?articleTypeId=1, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=3318964
Confucius c. 552-449 BC
Image of Confucius, dated from c. 1770 AD
Born Kong Qiu (K'ung Ch'iu)
“The Latinized name Confucius, based on the honorific title Kong Fuzi (K'ungFu-tzu), was created by 16th-century Jesuit missionaries in China. “
Source: http://www.patheos.com/Library/Confucianism, accessed 3/4/2016
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Slide 23
Origins
Image Source: By Chinese Artists - http://www.gutenberg.org/files/15250/15250-h/15250-h.htm#d0e5806, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=1315364
Mengzi (Mensius) c. 372 - 289 BC
Illustration from Myths & Legends of China By E.T.C. Werner H.B.M
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Slide 24
Origins
Image Source: http://library.law.harvard.edu/justicequotes/explore-the-room/north-2/
Xunzi (Xun Kuang)c. 310-220 BC
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Slide 25
Origins
Image Source: WBy User:Vmenkov - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=23829722
Dong Zhongshuc. 179 - 104 BC
Temple in honor of Dong Zhongshu in Yangzhou, China
“Without Kongzi, there would be no Confucianism; but without Dong, there would be no Confucianism as it has been known for the past 2,000 years.”Source: http://www.patheos.com/Library/Confucianism/Origins/Beginnings?offset=1&max=1,accessed 3/4/2016
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Slide 26
The “Five Classics” (Wujing)Five works that were for generations attributed to Confucius, but are now seen as earlier works that influenced Confucius
and later Confucian teachings
Classic of Changes (Yijing, I Ching) Classic of Poetry (Book of Songs, Shijing, Shih Ching) Classic of History (Book of Documents, Shujing, Shu
Ching) Record of Rituals (Liji, Li Qi) Spring and Autumn Annals (Chunqiu, Ch’un-ch’iu)
Sometimes a sixth Classic, now lost, is added to this list:Classic of Music (Yueh Ching)
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Slide 27
The “Four Books” (Shishu)Regarded as the Confucian “canon” by the 12th century AD
Analects (Lunyu) Book of Mencius (Mengzi) Doctrine of the Mean (Zhongyong, Zhung
Yung) Great Learning (Daxue, Da Xue)
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Slide 28
Quotes from the Analects
"The Master said, ‘I will not be afflicted at men's not knowing me; I will be afflicted that I do not know men.’"
Analects, Chapter 1, in http://www.analects.org/analectschapterone.php, accessed 3/5/2016
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Slide 29
Quotes from the Analects
"The Master said, ‘He who exercises government by means of his virtue may be compared to the north polar star, which keeps its place and all the stars turn towards it.’"
Analects, Chapter 2, in http://www.analects.org/analectschapterone.php, accessed 3/5/2016
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Slide 30
Quotes from the Analects
"Fan Ch'ih said, ‘What did you mean?’ The Master replied, ‘That parents, when alive, be served according to propriety; that, when dead, they should be buried according to propriety; and that they should be sacrificed to according to propriety.’"Analects, Chapter 2, in http://www.analects.org/analectschapterone.php, accessed 3/5/2016
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Slide 31
Foundational Teachings
Tian – Heaven, nature, divine forces, even gods
Image Source: Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=2102855
Zhou period oracle bone script
for Tian
Source of the way, Tao, for humanity
Depends upon humans for its implementation
Human responsibility to obey it; consequences for disobedience.
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Slide 32
Foundational TeachingsJunzi – Scholar/Administrator
Farhadian, Charles E. (2015-06-09). Introducing World Religions: A Christian Engagement (Kindle Locations 6576-6578). Baker Publishing Group. Kindle Edition.
“…a noble, superior person dedicated to virtue. A junziwas a scholarly gentleman, a perfect human being, capable of ruling by moral example, knowledge, and love for his subjects.”
King Wen of Zhou (1152 – 1056 BC)
Image source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Wen_of_Zhou#/media/File:King_Wen_of_Zhou.jpg
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Slide 33
Foundational Teachings
The Five Constants
Humaneness (Rén, Jen)
Righteousness (Yì) Propriety (Lǐ) Wisdom (Chi, Zhì) Integrity (Xìn)
Confucius and disciples, statues of the Ashikaga Gakko, a Confucian school and oldest
academy of Japan.Image source:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confucianism#/media/File:Famous_Confucian_Statue_of_the_Ashikaga_Gakko.JPG
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Slide 34
Foundational Teachings
The Four Virtues
Loyalty (Zhōng) Filial piety (Xiào) Self-restraint (Jié) Righteousness (Yì)
Son kneels before his parents.
Image source: By AnonymousTraditionally attributed, although possibly incorrectly, to:Painting: Ma Hezhi (fl. 1131-1189)Calligraphy: Emperor Gaozong (1107-1187) - Cultural Invigoration. Dynastic Renaissance: Art and Culture of
the Southern Song (exhibit). Taipei: National Palace Museum., Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=18013879
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Slide 35
Festivals
The Birthday of Confucius (Sept 28)
Traditional Location of Confucius’s birthplace,
In Shandong Province, China
image source: http://chinavine.org/2011/02/14/celebrations-of-confucius/
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Slide 36
Festivals
Tomb Sweeping Day (Qingmingjie) - Spring
An Indonesian Chinese family pray for their
deceased members at
Qingming Festival of
2013 under the Heaven Gate of Sanggar Agung.
image source: http://chinavine.org/2011/02/14/celebrations-of-confucius/
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Slide 37
Festivals
Ghost Festival (Guiyue) - Fall
image source: https://yusgardenglenellyn.wordpress.com/2014/08/04/hungry-ghost-festival-feeds-the-souls-of-the-departed-as-well-as-the-souls-of-the-living-another-chinese-tradition-brought-to-you-by-yus-new-beijing-in-glen-ellyn-il/
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Slide 38
Ancestor Worship
At Home
image source: http://www.thetravelpop.com/glorious-chinese-afterliving/
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Slide 39
Ancestor WorshipIn Temples
image source: By 江上清风1961 -孝佑宫 - Panoramio, CC BY 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=36811070
Temple of the Filial Blessing, an ancestral temple of a lineage church, in Wenzhou, Zhejiang.
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Slide 40
Confucius Worship
image source: By Zhangzhugang - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=13719015
Temple of Confucius of Jiangyin, Wuxi, Jiangsu. This is a wénmiào, that is to say a temple where Confucius is worshipped as Wéndì, "God of Culture".
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