WORLD OVERVIEW OF CONSERVATION APPROACHES AND TECHNOLOGIES soil and water conservation.pdf · WORLD...

WORLD OVERVIEW OF CONSERVATION APPROACHES AND TECHNOLOGIES

A Framework for Documentation and Evaluation of

Soil and Water Conservation

TECHNOLOGIES

WOCAT Questionnaire Revised February 2003

WOCAT A Framework for Documentation and Evaluation of Soil and Water Conservation Basic Source: A first edition of this document was finalised in an international workshop in Bern in December 1994,

based on a proposal by a task force meeting in Wageningen, and on tests in different parts of Africa. After four regional workshops in Africa and a national workshop in Thailand, a revised version was discussed during the International Workshops in Sigriswil and Murten, Switzerland in May 1996 and August 1997. Additional workshops in Latin America and China in 1997 provided further opportunities to test and improve the questionnaires. Major contributors were Dennis Cahill, Will Critchley, Rod Gallacher, Karl Herweg, Hans Hurni, Hanspeter Liniger, Godert van Lynden, Kithinji Mutunga, Samran Sombatpanit, Chen Shaodong, Kebede Tato and Donald Thomas. Additional assistance was provided by: Ali Ayoub, Nie Bijuan, Malcolm Douglas, Gunter English, Louisa Jansen, Joseph Mburu, Amor Mtimet, Issa Ousseini, David Sanders, Sutadi Sastrowihardjo, Dietmar Schorlemer, Anneke Trux, Anton Vlaanderen, Gilbert Zomahoun, Michael Zoebisch and all SWC specialists from Africa, Asia, and Latin America who participated in WOCAT workshops.

This revised version was edited by Hanspeter Liniger, Gudrun Schwilch, Godert van Lynden, Samran Sombatpanit, Will Critchley and Mats Gurtner.

Coordination & Editing: Hanspeter Liniger

Cartoons & Figures: Karl Herweg, Mats Gurtner

Proof-reading: Ted Wachs, Marlène Thibault

Layout: Mats Gurtner

Copyright 2003 WOCAT

Coordination: WOCAT Management Group: CDE - Centre for Development and Environment, Bern, Switzerland; FAO - Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy; ISRIC - International Soil Reference and Information Centre, Wageningen, Netherlands; BSWM - Bureau of Soils and Water Management, Department of Agriculture, Quezon City, Philippines; INSAH - Institut de Sahel, Bamako, Mali; RELMA - Regional Land Management Unit (former RSCU), SIDA, Nairobi, Kenya; SWCMC - Soil and Water Conservation Monitoring Center, MWR, Beijing, P.R. China

Contact address: WOCAT, CDE, Steigerhubelstrasse 3, 3008 Bern, Switzerland, Tel +41 31 631 88 22, Fax +41 31 631 85 44, e-mail: [email protected]

http://www.wocat.net BSWM INSAH SWCMC

A Framework for Documentation and Evaluation of

Soil and Water Conservation

TECHNOLOGIES

WOCAT Questionnaire Revised February 2003

Technology Code

QTcountry consecutive code number

WOCAT Technologies i

List of Collaborating and Funding Institutions1 ACT African Conservation Tillage Network, Harare, Zimbabwe ADB Asian Development Bank, Manila, Philippines ASOCON Asia Soil Conservation Network, Jakarta, Indonesia BSWM Bureau of Soils and Water Management, Department of Agriculture, Quezon City, Philippines CAMP Central Asia Mountain Programme, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan CDCS International Cooperation Centre, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, The Netherlands CDE Centre for Development and Environment, University of Bern, Switzerland DANIDA Danish International Development Assistance, Copenhagen, Denmark DEC Department for Erosion Control, Faculty of Forestry, Belgrade University, Yugoslavia DED Deutscher Entwicklungsdienst, Berlin, Germany FAO Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations, Rome, Italy “Friends of WOCAT”

Individuals without institutional backing

FSSRI / UPLB Farming Systems and Soil Resources Institute, University of the Philippines, Los Baños, Philippines

FSWCO Fujian Soil and Water Conservation Office, Fuzhou, China GTZ Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit, Eschborn, Germany IAEA International Atomic Energy Agency, Joint FAO / IAEA Division, Vienna, Austria IFAD-GM International Fund for Agricultural Development - Global Mechanism, Rome, Italy ICARDA International Centre for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas, Aleppo, Syria ICIMOD International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development, Kathmandu, Nepal ICRISAT International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics, Niamey, Niger INSAH Institut du Sahel, Bamako, Mali ISCW / ARC Institute for Soil, Climate and Water of the Agricultural Research Council, Pretoria, South Africa ISRIC International Soil Reference and Information Centre, Wageningen, The Netherlands IWMI International Water Management Institute, Pretoria, South Africa KAU Kyrgyz Agrarian University, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan KVL The Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, Denmark LDD Land Development Department, Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives, Bangkok, Thailand MAFS-SCLUPU

Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security, Soil Conservation and Land Use Planning Unit, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania

MoA, Ethiopia Ministry of Agriculture, Addis Abeba, Ethiopia NDA National Department of Agriculture, Pretoria, South Africa OSS Observatoire du Sahara et du Sahel, Tunis, Tunisia PASOLAC Programa de Agricultura Sostenible en Laderas de América Central, Managua, Nicaragua RELMA Regional Land Management Unit (former RSCU), Sida, Nairobi, Kenya SDC Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation, Bern, Switzerland SWCB Ministry of Agriculture, Soil & Water Conservation Branch, Nairobi, Kenya SWCMC Soil and Water Conservation Monitoring Center, MWR, Beijing, P.R. China Syngenta Environmental Safety Assessments and Contracts, Jealott’s Hill International Research Centre,

Berkshire, UK; Syngenta Foundation, Basel, Switzerland TSSRI Tajik Soil Science Research Institute, Dushanbe, Tajikistan UCL Université catholique de Louvain, Agricultural Engineering Unit, Soil and Water Conservation,

Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium UNEP United Nations Environment Programme, Nairobi WASWC World Association of Soil and Water Conservation, Ankeny, USA WDCU Watershed Development Coordination Unit, New Dehli, India WOCAT Management Group: CDE, FAO, ISRIC, BSWM, INSAH, RELMA, SWCMC

1 February 2003

WOCAT Technologies ii

Sustainable soil and water management: Making local experience available at the global level WOCAT mission The mission of WOCAT is to provide tools that allow SWC specialists to share their valuable knowledge in soil and water management, that assist them in their search for appropriate SWC technologies and approaches, and that support them in making decisions in the field and at the planning level.

WOCAT tools WOCAT has developed tools to document, monitor and evaluate SWC know-how and to disseminate it around the globe in order to facilitate exchange of experience. A set of three comprehensive questionnaires and a database system have been developed to document all relevant aspects of SWC technologies and approaches, including area coverage. WOCAT results and outputs are accessible via the Internet, in the form of books and maps, and on CD-ROM.

Using WOCAT in the field and at the planning level WOCAT uses global knowledge for local improvements. It offers contacts as well as opportunities to share experience around the globe. It provides SWC specialists with technical information about SWC technologies and approaches from their own and other regions. The same pool of knowledge and information can be used in the field as well as at the planning level. The main purpose of WOCAT is to foster more efficient use of existing knowledge and funds for improved decision making and optimised land management.

A global network WOCAT is a network of soil and water conservation specialists from all over the world. WOCAT is organised as a consortium of national and international institutions and operates in a decentralised manner. This means that it is carried out through initiatives at regional and national levels, with backstopping from experienced members of the consortium. The WOCAT network is open to all individuals and organisations with a mandate or an interest in SWC. Everyone is invited to share and use the WOCAT knowledge base. More information is available in the WOCAT brochure, on the CD-ROM, and in the internet at www.wocat.net. E-mail contact address: [email protected].

WOCAT Technologies iii

Introduction to the questionnaire 1. Some general definitions Soil and Water Conservation (SWC) in the context of WOCAT is defined as: activities at the local level which maintain or enhance the productive capacity of the land in areas affected by or prone to degradation. SWC includes prevention or reduction of soil erosion, compaction and salinity; conservation or drainage of soil water; maintenance or improvement of soil fertility, etc.

The WOCAT methodology was originally designed to focus mainly on soil erosion and fertility decline in erosion-prone areas. However, during development and application of the methodology users asked to include other land degradation types such as salinization, compaction, etc. The definition has therefore been broadened, but the methodology may not fully cover all aspects of these additional physical and chemical degradation types.

A SWC Technology consists of one or more measures belonging to the following categories: • agronomic (eg intercropping, contour cultivation, mulching), • vegetative (eg tree planting, hedge barriers, grass strips), • structural (eg graded banks or bunds, level bench terrace), • management (eg land use change, area closure, rotational grazing). Combinations of above measures which are complimentary and thus enhance each other, are part of a SWC Technology. Criteria for identification and examples of technologies are given in the Questionnaire on SWC Technologies on page ET1 and ET6.

A SWC Approach defines the ways and means used to promote and implement a SWC Technology and to support it in achieving more sustainable soil and water use. A SWC Approach consists of the following elements: All participants (policy-makers, administrators, experts, technicians, land users, i.e. actors at all levels), inputs and means (financial, material, legislative, etc.), and know-how (technical, scientific, practical). An Approach may include different levels of intervention, from the individual farm, through the community level, the extension system, the regional or national administration, or the policy level, to the international framework.

WOCAT Technologies iv

Besides SWC activities introduced through projects or programmes, WOCAT includes indigenous SWC measures and spontaneous adoptions or adaptations of SWC Technologies. In using the term ‘SWC Approach’, WOCAT intends to refer to a particular SWC activity (be it an official project/programme, an indigenous system, or changes in a farming system towards more sustainable soil and water use). In the case of a project, we restrict ourselves to those elements within the project that are directly or indirectly relevant to SWC. 2. A framework for the evaluation of SWC Three questionnaires are used to analyse and evaluate SWC: (1) Questionnaire on SWC Technologies (2) Questionnaire on SWC Approaches (3) Questionnaire on SWC Map The questionnaires complement each other. The questionnaire on SWC Technologies addresses the following questions: what are the specifications of the technology, and where is it used (natural and human environment). The questionnaire consists of three main parts: 1. General information 2. Specification of SWC Technology 3. Analysis of SWC Technology For each SWC Technology questionnaire completed, you need to fill out a corresponding SWC Approach questionnaire. The questionnaire on SWC Approaches addresses the questions of how implementation was achieved and who achieved it. It is also made up of three main parts: 1. General information 2. Specification of SWC Approach 3. Analysis of SWC Approach For each major SWC Technology that was used under the SWC Approach, you need to fill out a SWC Technology questionnaire. The questionnaire on the SWC Map addresses the question of where problems and their treatments occur. It is split up into: 1. General information 2. Land use 3. Soil degradation 4. Soil and water conservation 5. Soil productivity The information obtained from the three questionnaires will provide an information base / database for the development and evaluation of SWC. The analysis and evaluation process is based on this information and on the knowledge provided by core groups of SWC specialists and the world community of SWC implementers at large.

WOCAT Technologies v

Please read these notes before filling out the questionnaire!

• The ultimate goal of this exercise is to improve the effectiveness of SWC by analysing field experience. To achieve this, we need to obtain a better understanding of the reasons behind successful experience with SWC – be it introduced by projects or found in traditional systems.

• It is necessary to analyse not only so-called “successful” examples, but also those which may be considered – at least partially – a failure. The reasons for failure are equally important for our analysis.

• It is recommended that the questionnaire be filled in by a team of SWC specialists with different backgrounds and experiences who are familiar with the details of the SWC Technology (technical, financial, socio-economic).

• Don't let the number of pages in this questionnaire discourage you! In some places the information will be simple to obtain, but in other sections there may be no hard data available. In this latter case, we ask you to provide a best estimate, based on your professional judgement.

• Note: all questions that are not answered will be considered as not applicable or non-available information.

• Make use of existing documents and seek advice from other SWC specialists and land users as much as possible in order to improve the quality of the data. Use this questionnaire as an evaluation tool for your SWC activities. Remember that the quality of the results entirely depends on the quality of your answers.

• If you do not have enough space for answers, use the empty pages at the end of the questionnaire. Please make a footnote in the questionnaire to indicate the exact question number. Please also attach good technical drawings, photographs (prints or slides), descriptions, references, etc. They will be needed for the WOCAT documentation and outputs, and they will be returned to you afterwards. Please put your name and address on them! Contributing specialists will always be acknowledged and will receive the output(s) free of charge.

• One questionnaire has to be filled out for each technology. Do not forget to give this questionnaire a code (see first page of this document). If you wish to describe additional SWC Technologies, copy this document or request additional questionnaires from the national / regional WOCAT coordinator or from CDE.

• Note that for the understanding of your SWC Technology, an additional questionnaire on SWC Approaches needs to be filled out (can be requested from the national / regional WOCAT coordinator or from CDE).

• Please fill out the questionnaire carefully and legibly.

• Please send the completed questionnaire plus any additional material back to the national or regional WOCAT coordinator. If you are working in an area where no national / regional coordination has been established yet, send it to WOCAT (CDE, Institute of Geography, University of Bern, Steigerhubelstrasse 3, 3008 Bern, Switzerland).

WOCAT Technologies vi

• The questionnaire is structured as follows: The questions to be answered are always on the right page. On the opposite left page, you will find the corresponding explanations, examples, photographs, drawings and cartoon.

• The questions presented in shaded boxes contain key information and should therefore be

answered with the greatest accuracy! (However, this does not mean that other questions do not contain important information. Therefore, all questions should be answered!)

WOCAT Technologies vii

If you are ready to start now, please turn the page .........

........ and fill out the questionnaire.

Thank you in advance!

Please return completed questionnaires to

the national or regional WOCAT coordinator or to CDE, Steigerhubelstrasse 3, CH-3008 Bern, Switzerland

WOCAT Technologies viii

User’s Guide

PART QUESTIONS PAGEQT

1 GENERAL INFORMATION

1.1 Contributing SWC specialist 1 1.2 Brief identification of SWC Technology 1 1.3 Area information 2 1.4 Land degradation 4

2 SPECIFICATION OF SWC TECHNOLOGY

2.1 Description 6 2.2 Purpose and Classification 8 2.3 Status 10 2.4 Design, technical and management specifications 12 2.5 Natural environment 23 2.6 Human environment and land use 27 2.7 Costs 39 2.8 Supportive technologies 41

3 ANALYSIS OF THE SWC TECHNOLOGY

3.1 Benefits, advantages and disadvantages 42 3.2 Economic analysis 46 3.3 Adaptation 48 3.4 Acceptance or adoption 49 3.5 Concluding statements 52

ANNEX DOCUMENTATION

T 1 Available documentation 54 T 2 Evaluation of the questionnaire 55 T 3 Additional information 56 T 4 Categories for SWC Technologies 58

WOCAT Technologies ET 1 Explanations

Traditional SWC Technology in Bali, Indonesia: Rice terraces. (Photo: Hanspeter Liniger)

Please read the introductory notes on pages v - vi before starting the questionnaire! Please fill out the questionnaire carefully and legibly.

1.2 Some criteria for the identification and definition of a technology:

A SWC technology should cover a homogeneous set of natural (bio-physical) and human (socio-economic) conditions, hence should not be applied for instance to very dissimilar climatic or altitudinal zones or slope categories or to very dissimilar conditions of land tenure.

Main criteria for a natural (bio-physical) environment: • only one of the following land use types: cropland (separate annual, perennial, tree/shrub crops), grazing

land (extensive, intensive grazing), forest/woodland, mixed or other land • only one or a clearly defined combination of the following measures: agronomic, vegetative, structural,

management • one or a combination of two adjacent climatic zones: humid, subhumid, semi-arid, arid • one or a combination of two adjacent slope categories: flat, gentle, moderate, rolling, hilly, steep, very steep • one or a combination of two soil texture classes: sand, loam, clay • one or a combination of two soil depth categories: shallow, medium, deep

Main criteria for a human (socio-economic) environment: • a defined level of mechanisation: hand tools, animal-drawn implements, motorised • a defined production system: self supply (subsistence), mixed, or market-oriented (commercial) • a defined level of inputs (costs) that are required • a defined system of land ownership / land use rights

WOCAT Technologies QT 1 General information

PART 1: GENERAL INFORMATION

1.1 Contributing SWC specialist(s)

Fill in the Questionnaire Code on the first page of this document. If several SWC specialists are involved, write the name of the main resource person and his / her institution below and add the other person(s) details in the Annex (page QT 54). Last name / surname:

......................................................................................

First name(s):

........................................................... female �male �

Current institution and address:

Name of institution: .................................................................................................................................................

Address of institution: .............................................................................................................................................

Postal Code:

...........................................................................................

City:

.....................................................................................

State or District:

......................................................................................

Country:

....................................................................................

Tel: ................................................. Fax: ................................................ E-mail: ...........................................

Permanent address: ...............................................................................................................................................

Postal Code:

...........................................................................................

City:

.....................................................................................

State or District:

......................................................................................

Country:

....................................................................................

Please confirm that institutions, projects, etc. referred to, have no objections to the use and dissemination of this information by WOCAT. Date: ...................................................... Signature: .............................................................................. 1.2 Brief identification of SWC Technology (see definition, page iii)

1.2.1 Common name of SWC Technology: .....................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................................................

1.2.2 Local or other name(s) (with language) ...................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................................................

1.2.3 Key words to describe SWC Technology (max. 5): ................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................................................


1.3.1 SWC Technology area: The area where SWC Technology is already implemented. It includes both the

area occupied by SWC measures and the additional area protected by them (eg the area between structures or vegetation strips).

Square boxes must be ticked! Note: If ‘Several answers possible’ is not indicated tick only one box!

Gully erosion and sheet erosion on overgrazed semi-arid land. Mukogodo, Kenya. (Photo: Hanspeter Liniger)

Area where SWC Technology is not applied (no SWC Technology at all or other technologies not described in this questionnaire)

A, B and C: Areas where SWC Technology (described in this questionnaire) is applied

A + B + C = Total SWC Technology area


1.2.4 Role of contributing SWC specialist(s) in this SWC Technology: .......................................................

...................................................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................................................

1.2.5 To understand properly the implementation of the SWC Technology, the associated SWC Approach needs to be described. Indicate the approach (or approaches) described in the WOCAT 'Questionnaire on SWC Approaches’ (QA).

Name of SWC Approach: Author: Questionnaire code:

1. .......................................................................... ........................................................... QA _ _ _ | _ _ _

2. .......................................................................... ........................................................... QA _ _ _ | _ _ _

1.3 Area information

1.3.1 Define the area in which the SWC Technology has been applied

Country: .............................................................. Province / State: ...................................................

Province / State / District / Basin / Watershed Locality/ies Since when? Technology

area (km2)

1. ................................................................... .......................................................... ..................... ....................

2. ................................................................... .......................................................... ..................... ....................

3. ................................................................... .......................................................... ..................... ....................

4. ................................................................... .......................................................... ..................... ....................

5. ................................................................... .......................................................... ..................... ....................

6. ................................................................... .......................................................... ..................... ...................

Total SWC Technology area:

.......... km2

Comments: ................................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................................................

If precise area is not known, indicate approximately. < 0.1 km2 (10 ha) � 100 km2 - 1,000 km2 � 0.1 - 1 km2 � 1,000 km2 - 10,000 km2 - � 1 - 10 km2 � > 10,000 km2 � 10 - 100 km2 �

Source of information: survey / evaluation � estimates / impressions �


1.3.2 Indicate in the map below the area units where the SWC Technology is applied (Example) Indicate area units: 2692-FJ, 2859-FJ, 2867-FJ, 2896-FJ, 2975-FJ, 3041-FJ, 3060-FJ

Example: Fujian Province (China) SOTER: Global and National SOils and TERrain Digital Database. SOTER is an internationally endorsed and

standardised methodology for storage and mapping of soil and terrain data (ISRIC 1993). Remember:

In some places the information will be simple to obtain, but in other sections there may be no hard data available. In this latter case, we ask you to provide a best estimate, based on your professional judgement. Note: all questions that are not answered will be considered as not applicable or non-available information. Make use of existing documents and seek advice from other SWC specialists as much as possible in order to improve the quality of the data. Use this questionnaire as an evaluation tool for your SWC activities. Remember that the quality of the results entirely depends on the quality of your answers.

units where SWC Technology is applied


1.3.2 Indicate in the map below the area units where the SWC Technology is applied

Note: Insert a country / regional map with area units (eg SOTER polygons) below and indicate the SWC Technology area in this baseline map. Add additional maps on QT 56, if needed.

Indicate area unit(s): .................................................................................................................................................

Map information:

Description: ..............................................................................................................................................................

Location: .............................................................. Distr./Prov./State: ............................... Date: .......................

Author: ................................................................ Address: ..................................................................................


1.4.1 Are there indications of degradation under the following land use types around the SWC area (where no SWC Technology is applied)? (Example)

Cropland (incl. mixed land) none low moderate great specify / remarks:

sheet / rill erosion � � � exposed roots gully erosion � � � ..................................yield decline / increased inputs needed � � � ..................................sand accumulation / sediment deposition � � � ..................................soil compaction / surface crusting � � � ..................................salinisation � � � � ..................................other (specify) weed invasion................... � � � ..................................

Overuse of grazing land: Remaining perennial grasses still protect the soil, whereas erosion takes place between patches of grass. Kenya. (Photo: Hanspeter Liniger) 1.4.1 Increase in barely palatable herbaceous species: due to over-utilization and degradation of the land,

certain herbs and grasses which are hardly eaten by animals become dominant. Encroachment of undesirable bushes / trees: due to over-utilisation and degradation of the land, certain tree / bush species which are undesirable for current land use become dominant.

WOCAT Technologies QT 4 General information 1.4 Land degradation

1.4.1 Are there indications of degradation under the following land use types around the SWC area (where no SWC Technology is applied)?

Cropland (incl. mixed land) none low moderate great specify / remarks

sheet / rill erosion � � � � ....................................gully erosion � � � � ....................................yield decline / increased inputs needed � � � � ....................................sand accumulation / sediment deposition � � � � ....................................soil compaction / surface crusting � � � � ....................................salinisation � � � � ....................................other (specify) .......................................... � � � � ....................................other (specify) .......................................... � � � � .................................... Grazing land (incl. mixed land) none low moderate great specify / remarks

sheet / rill erosion � � � � ....................................gully erosion � � � � ....................................yield decline / increased inputs needed � � � � ....................................reduced ground cover � � � � ....................................encroachment of undesirable bushes / trees � � � � ....................................increase in barely palatable herbaceous species

� � � � ....................................

soil compaction / surface crusting � � � � ....................................salinisation � � � � ....................................other (specify) .......................................... � � � � ....................................other (specify) .......................................... � � � � .................................... Forest / woodland none low moderate great specify / remarks

sheet / rill erosion � � � � ....................................gully erosion � � � � ....................................quantity decline (density, area) � � � � ....................................quality decline � � � � ....................................reduced ground cover � � � � ....................................reduced number of species � � � � ....................................other (specify) .......................................... � � � � ....................................other (specify) .......................................... � � � � .................................... Other land none low moderate great specify / remarks

sheet / rill erosion � � � � ....................................gully erosion � � � � ....................................sand accumulation / sediment deposition � � � � ....................................other (specify) .......................................... � � � � ....................................other (specify) .......................................... � � � � ....................................


1.4.2 Codes / categories for answering questions on degradation

land use * type of degradation degree of degradation**

percentage of area affected

landform ***

cropland (C) grazing land (G) forests / woodland (F) mixed (M) others (O)

water erosion wind erosion chemical deterioration

(eg soil fertility decline, acidification, salinisation)

physical deterioration (eg compaction, sealing and crusting, waterlogging)

light (1) moderate (2) strong (3) extreme (4)

give percentage plateau / plains (P) ridges (R) mountain slopes (M) hill slopes (H) footslopes (F) valley floors (V)

Note: If a degradation type has different degrees of degradation, it can be split up and listed separately in two rows.

* General land use types:

• Cropland: land used for cultivation of crops, including fallow (field crops, orchards). • Grazing land: land used for animal production. • Forests / woodlands: land used mainly for wood production, other forest products, recreation, protection. • Mixed: mixture of land use types within the same land unit: eg agroforestry (trees and crops),

agropastoralism (crops and livestock), agrosilvopastoralism (crops, trees and livestock), silvopastoralism (forest and grazing land).

• Other: housing, recreation, roads, mining sites, etc.

** Degree:

• Light: some indications of degradation are present, but the process is still in an initial phase. It can be easily stopped and damage repaired with minor efforts.

• Moderate: degradation is apparent, but its control and full rehabilitation of the soil is still possible with considerable efforts.

• Strong: evident signs of degradation. Changes in soil properties are significant and very difficult to restore within reasonable limits.

• Extreme: degradation beyond restoration. *** Landforms:

• Plateau / plains: extended level land (slopes less than 8%). • Ridges: narrow elongated area rising above the surrounding area, often hilltops or mountain-tops. • Mountain slopes (including major escarpments): extended area with altitude differences of more than 600 m

per 2 km and slopes greater than 15 %. • Hill slopes (including valley and minor escarpment slopes): altitude difference of less than 600 m per 2 km

and slopes greater than 8%. • Footslopes: zone bordering steeper mountain / hill slopes on one side and valley floors / plains / plateaus on

the other side. • Valley floors: elongated strips of level land (less than 8% slope), flanked by sloping or steep land on both

sides. (Modified after ISRIC 1993)


1.4.2 For the different land use types, what types of land degradation are most common on the land surrounding the SWC Technology area (i.e. 1.3.1) where no SWC technology is applied? How serious is the degradation (indicate degree)? What percentage of the area is affected? On which landform does degradation occur?

Rank according to seriousness of degradation. Use codes provided on the explanation page (left).

land use

type of degradation degree of degradation

percentage of area affected

landform (several answers possible; list in order of importance)

1. ...................................... .......................................... ............................. ....................... ......................................

......................................

2. ...................................... .......................................... ............................. ....................... ......................................

......................................

3. ...................................... .......................................... ............................. ....................... ......................................

......................................

4. ...................................... .......................................... ............................. ....................... ......................................

......................................

5. ...................................... .......................................... ............................. ....................... ......................................

......................................

6. ...................................... .......................................... ............................. ....................... ......................................

......................................

Source of data: ...............................................................................................................................................................

Additional comments:

.........................................................................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................................................

1.4.3 What is considered a tolerable level of erosion in the area?

A maximum of ............................ tons of soil loss per hectare per year.

Comments: ..........................................................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................................................................. Which methods of measurement / estimation have been used? ..............................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................................................


Categories (measures) of SWC Technologies:

Agronomic measures such as mixed cropping, contour cultivation, mulching, etc. • are usually associated with annual crops • are repeated routinely each season or in a rotational

sequence • are of short duration and not permanent • do not lead to changes in slope profile • are normally independent of slope

Vegetative measures such as grass strips, hedge barriers, windbreaks, etc. • involve the use of perennial grasses, shrubs or trees • are of long duration • often lead to a change in slope profile • are often zoned on the contour or at right angles to

wind direction • are often spaced according to slope

Structural measures such as terraces, banks, bunds, constructions, palisades, etc. • often lead to a change in slope profile • are of long duration or permanent • are carried out primarily to control runoff, wind

velocity and erosion • often require substantial inputs of labour or money

when first installed • are often zoned on the contour / against wind direction • are often spaced according to slope • involve major earth movements and / or construction

with wood, stone, concrete, etc.

Management measures such as land use change, area closure, rotational grazing, etc. • involve a fundamental change in land use • involve no agronomic and structural measures • often result in improved vegetative cover • often reduce the intensity of use

Combinations in conditions where different measures are complementary and thus enhance each other’s effectiveness. Any combinations of the above measures are possible, eg: • structural: terrace with • vegetative: grass and trees with • agronomic: ridges

WOCAT Technologies QT 6 Specification

PART 2: SPECIFICATION OF SWC TECHNOLOGY

2.1 Description

In 1.2.1 and 1.2.3 you indicated the name of the SWC Technology and gave key words. Below give a definition and a concise description of the technology. See also criteria for the boundaries of a technology on page ET 1.

2.1.1 Definition of technology (in one sentence)

.................................................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................................................

2.1.2 Provide a summary of the technology with its main characteristics (description, purpose, establishment / maintenance, environment)

Note: More detailed information is asked in the following questions of Part 2.

Description: ............................................................................................................................................................

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Purpose:...................................................................................................................................................................

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Establishment / maintenance: .................................................................................................................................

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Environment: ..........................................................................................................................................................

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2.1.3 Provide photographs / slides showing an overview and details of the technology (Example)

Detailed view of forward sloping terrace with grass strip on the riser, Anjeni, Ethiopia (Photo: Hanspeter Liniger)

Overview of forward sloping terrace with grass strip on the riser, Anjeni, Ethiopia (Photo: Hanspeter Liniger)


2.1.3 Provide photographs / slides showing an overview and details of the technology:

Note: WOCAT will return the originals; please write your name and address on the original! Explanation of photo:

Description: ..............................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................................................


Author: ................................................................ Address: ..................................................................................

Note: Please provide the same information for each photo submitted!


2.2.2.1 Indicate land use types (Example)

Cropland

as % of total area utilised by land users (who applied the SWC Technology)

Where is the main SWC Technology applied? Note: tick the main category only (see definition ET 1)

annual cropping ... 20.. % perennial (non-woody) cropping ...10.. % �

tree / shrub cropping ...10.. % � Grazing land intensive grazing ..20.. % � extensive grazing ..15.. % � Forests / Woodlands natural ...10.. % � plantations, afforestation .....… % � other .....… % � Mixed agroforestry ..15.. % � 100 %

Land use: human activities which are directly related to land, making use of its resources or having an impact upon it. Land cover: Vegetation (natural or planted) or man-made structures (buildings, etc.) that cover the earth’s surface. General land use types:

Cropland: Land used for cultivation of crops (field crops, orchards). • Annual cropping: land under temporary / annual crops usually harvested within one, maximally within two

years (eg maize, rice, wheat, vegetables) • Perennial (non-woody) cropping: land under permanent (not woody) crops that may be harvested after 2 or

more years, or only part of the plants are harvested (eg sugar cane, banana, sisal, pineapple) • Tree and shrub cropping: permanent woody plants with crops harvested more than once after planting and

usually lasting for more than 5 years (eg coffee, tea, grapevines, oil palm, cacao, coconut, fodder trees) Grazing land: Land used for animal production. • Extensive grazing land: grazing on natural or semi-natural grasslands, grasslands with trees / shrubs

(savannah vegetation) or open woodlands for livestock and wildlife • Intensive grazing land: grass production on improved or planted pastures, including cutting for fodder

materials (for livestock production) Forests / woodlands: land used mainly for wood production, other forest products, recreation, protection. • Natural: forests composed of indigenous trees, not planted by man • Plantations, afforestations: forest stands established by planting or/and seeding in the process of

afforestation or reforestation • Other: eg selective cutting of natural forests and incorporating planted species Mixed: mixture of land use types within the same land unit. • Agroforestry: crops and trees • Agropastoralism: cropland and grazing land • Agrosilvopastoralism: cropland, grazing land and forest • Silvopastoralism: forest and grazing land • Other: other mixed land Other: • Mines and extractive industries • Settlements, infrastructure networks: roads, railways, pipe lines, power lines • Other: wastelands, deserts, glaciers, swamps, recreation areas, etc

(Definitions: UNEP / FAO 1994 and ISRIC 1993, modified)


2.2 Purpose and Classification

2.2.1 Specify the major land use problems in the area (without SWC):

In your opinion:

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From the land users' point of view:

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2.2.2 Characterisation and purpose of the technology

2.2.2.1 Indicate land use types:

Cropland

as % of total area utilised by land users (who applied the SWC Technology)

Where is the Technology applied? Note: tick the main category only (see definition ET 1)

annual cropping ....... % � perennial (non-woody) cropping ....... % � tree / shrub cropping ....... % � Grazing land intensive grazing ....... % � extensive grazing ....... % � Forests / Woodlands natural ....... % � plantations, afforestation ....... % � other ....... % � Mixed agroforestry ....... % � agropastoralism ....... % � agrosilvopastoralism ....... % � silvopastoralism ....... % � other ....... % � Other mines and extractive industries ....... % � settlements, infrastructure network ....... % � other ....... % � Total: 100 %


Circles always require ranking! It is possible to give more than one option the same rank, but not necessarily all circles need to be given a number. Use only ranks 1, 2 or 3!

1 = very important / large extent 2 = important / medium extent 3 = less important / little extent

Square boxes must be ticked! If ‘Several answers possible’ is not indicated tick only one box!

Degradation types:

W: Water erosion Wt loss of topsoil by water Wg gully erosion Wm mass movements Wr riverbank erosion / coastal erosion Wo offsite effects: deposition of sediments, downstream flooding, siltation of reservoirs and

waterways, and pollution of water bodies with eroded sediments E: Wind erosion

Et loss of topsoil by wind Ed deflation and deposition Eo offsite effects of wind erosion: Covering of the terrain with windborne sand particles from

distant sources ("overblowing") C: Chemical deterioration

Cn fertility decline and reduced organic matter content not caused by erosion, eg leaching, fertility mining

Ca acidification: lowering of the soil pH Cp soil pollution: contamination of the soil with toxic materials Cs salinisation/alkalinisation: a net increase of the salt content of the (top)soil leading to a

productivity decline P: Physical deterioration

Pc compaction: deterioration of soil structure by trampling or the weight and/or frequent use of machinery

Pk sealing and crusting: clogging of pores with fine soil material and development of a thin impervious layer at the soil surface obstructing the infiltration of rainwater

Pw waterlogging: effects of human induced hydromorphism (excluding paddy fields) Ps subsidence of organic soils, settling of soil Pu loss of bio-productive function due to other activities (eg construction, mining) Pa aridification / soil moisture problem: decrease of average soil moisture content


2.2.2.2 Which measures does the technology consist of?

Note: circles always require ranking, see ET 8 Important: check definitions on page ET 6

agronomic measures (eg mulching, contour cultivation) vegetative measures (eg grass strip, wind-breaks, reforestation) structural measures (eg terrace, bunds, banks, etc.) management measures (eg land use change, area closure, rotational grazing)

2.2.2.3 Which of the following goals does the technology pursue? prevention of land degradation reduction of land degradation rehabilitation / reclamation of denuded land other (specify) ....................................................................

2.2.2.4 Which types of land degradation are mainly addressed by the technology?

Select the types from the list on ET9 ..................................................................... ..................................................................... ..................................................................... .....................................................................

2.2.2.5 How does the technology combat land degradation? control of raindrop splash control of dispersed runoff: retain / trap impede / retard control of concentrated runoff: retain / trap impede / retard drain / divert reduction of slope angle reduction of slope length increase of surface roughness improvement of soil structure increase of infiltration increase / maintain water stored in soil water harvesting water spreading increase in organic matter increase in soil fertility sediment harvesting improvement of ground cover reduction in wind speed others (specify) ........................................................................ ........................................................................ ........................................................................


2.2.2.7 Categorise the SWC Technology (Example) Example: ridging on terraces stabilised with grass (see following photo) C a W t S 1 V 2 A 3 2.3.1 The terms traditional / indigenous / existing refer to the farmer’s own practices. They cover practices

in use ever since as well as the ones developed more recently by innovative farmers in response to changing circumstances.

A SWC Technology combining structural measures (terracing), vegetative measures (stabilising terrace wall with grass) and agronomic measures (ridging). Nuwara Eliya, Sri Lanka. (Photo: Hans Hurni) SWC Technology Categorisation: Ca/Wt/S1V2A3

Land use type (LUT) C: cropland a: annual cropping

Degradation type(s) W: water erosion t: loss of topsoil

Conservation measure(s) S: structural measure 1: bench terrace V: vegetative measure 2: grasses and perennial herbaceous plants: aligned (grass strips) A: agronomic measure 3: soil surface treatment


2.2.2.6 Is the technology intended to provide significant off-site (downstream) benefits as well?

no � yes � If yes, specify which: ...............................................................................................................................................

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2.2.2.7 Categorise the SWC Technology

Categorise the SWC Technology according to the categorisation system provided in Annex T4. For examples of classified SWC Technologies see photos and categorisation on page: ET 10, 13, 16, 17, 20, 21, 22, 41. Combinations of measures (agronomic, vegetative, structural or management) for the same land use type are possible and should be listed according to their importance (eg Ca/WtCn/A1S2) land use type: degradation types: SWC measures:

2.3 Status

2.3.1 Which of the following best describes the current status of the technology?

experimental � programme / project implemented / promoted � traditional / indigenous / existing / local �

2.3.2 Is the SWC Technology:

new to the area (introduced in the last 20 years) � mainly new, based on previously introduced technologies � mainly new, including indigenous / traditional elements � mainly indigenous / traditional, including new elements � indigenous / traditional, used for generations � other (specify) .................................................................................... �

2.3.3 Where did the technology come from?

...................................................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................................................


Group of SWC specialists in an orchard development project. Fujian Province, China. (Photo: Hanspeter Liniger)

Hedge with Phalaris grass helps to build up terraces at 3500 m a.s.l. Cochabamba, Bolivia. (Photo: Martin Moll) SWC Technology Categorisation: Ca/Wt/V2


2.3.4 If traditional / indigenous SWC Technologies have been used before the current SWC Technology was introduced, describe the most important one.

Definition of the technology: .........................................................................................................................................

Aim of the technology: ...................................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................................................................

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Today, is the traditional / indigenous SWC:

used less � continued and maintained � used more �

Explain: ...........................................................................................................................................................................

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Note: If the traditional / indigenous technology is common in the area, please describe it in a separate SWC Technology questionnaire!

2.3.5 By whom was the current SWC Technology designed?

national specialists international specialists land users other: ...............................................

If several, specify who designed what: ....................................................................................................................

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2.3.6 Has the appearance of the applied technology gradually changed over time (eg from initial grass strips or contour banks into terraces) ?

Note: This question refers only to changes of the appearance of the technology caused by bio-physical processes; for modifications made by the land users see 3.3.1

no � yes, little � yes, moderately � yes, much � Explain the changes / evolution: ..............................................................................................................................

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2.4.1 Provide a technical drawing (Example, see also E15 and E18)


2.4 Design, technical and management specifications

2.4.1 Provide a technical drawing: As a supplement to your photographs (question 2.1.3), please provide a drawing of the SWC Technology and indicate technical specifications, measurements, spacing, gradient, etc., in the box below. If the box is not sufficient, use the extra pages at the end of the questionnaire.

Explanation of drawing :

Description: ..............................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................................................


Author: ................................................................ Address: ..................................................................................



2.4.2.1 Types of agronomic measures: Better crop cover: selecting crops with higher ground cover, increasing plant density, etc. Relay cropping: specific form of mixed cropping / intercropping in which a second crop is planted into an established stand of a main crop. The second crop develops fully after the main crop is harvested. Cover cropping: planting close-growing crops (usually annual legumes), mainly to protect the soil, between perennials or in the period between seasons for annual crops. Removing less vegetation cover: eg cutting less grass, leaving a volunteer crop. Trashlines: line of crop residues / weeds laid out along the contour to act as a barrier to runoff and erosion. May be allowed to rot and dug into the ground to improve fertility (in this case, it is used as a ‘mobile compost strip’), or can provide the basis for a permanent structure. Green manure: a crop grown to be ploughed into the ground to increase organic matter content, thereby improving fertility and reducing erodibility. Zero tillage: a system where crops are planted into the soil without primary tillage. Breaking compacted subsoil (hard pans): eg deep ripping, subsoiling. Deep ripping of soil with a tine or similar tool, normally to break a hard pan and / or to improve drainage and infiltration. Double digging: hand digging the soil up to twice as deep as normally in order to improve drainage, infiltration and rooting characteristics.

Green manuring and incorporating legumes. Cochabamba, Bolivia. (Photo: Martin Moll) SWC Technology Categorisation: Ca/Wt/A2


If you have indicated only one category in question 2.2.2.2, answer the questions in one of the following sections which corresponds to that category. If you have indicated more than one category in question 2.2.2.2, fill out each corresponding section.

2.4.2 Specifications of agronomic measures

Note: If in question 2.2.2.2 you have described the SWC Technology as an agronomic measure, fill out the following section, otherwise go to 2.4.3.

2.4.2.1 Type and layout of agronomic measures (refer to your drawings in question 2.4.1.)

Several answers possible Vegetation / soil cover: material / species quantity /

density * remarks (eg alignment / layout)

better crop cover � ................................................ ................ .............................................

early planting � ................................................ ................ .............................................

relay cropping � ................................................ ................ .............................................

mixed cropping / intercropping � ................................................ ................ .............................................

contour planting / strip cropping � ................................................ ................ .............................................

cover cropping � ................................................ ................ .............................................

removing less vegetation cover � ................................................ ................ .............................................

mulching � ................................................ ................ .............................................

temporary trashlines � ................................................ ................ .............................................

other (specify) ............................ � ................................................ ................ ............................................. Organic matter / soil fertility:

green manure � ................................................. ................ .............................................

legume inter-planting � ................................................. ................ .............................................

manure / compost / residues � ................................................. ................ .............................................

mineral (inorganic) fertilizers � ................................................. ................ .............................................

soil conditioners (lime, gypsum) � ................................................. ................ .............................................

rotations / fallows � ................................................. ................ .............................................

other (specify) ............................ � ................................................. ................ .............................................

Soil surface / subsurface:

breaking compacted topsoil � ................................................. ................ .............................................

zero tillage � ................................................. ................ .............................................

minimum tillage � ................................................. ................ .............................................

contour tillage � ................................................. ................ .............................................

contour ridging � ................................................. ................ .............................................

pits � ................................................. ................ .............................................

breaking compacted subsoil � ................................................. ................ .............................................

deep tillage / double digging � ................................................. ................ .............................................

other (specify) ............................ � ................................................. ................ .............................................

* quantity / density: t/ha or plants per ha


2.4.2.2 Field activities for agronomic measures (Example)

activity (in sequence) source of energy*

equipment timing frequency

1 minimum tillage A improved donkey plough

dry season before each season

2 collecting mulch material

M donkey carts dry season only when sufficient crop residues

3 ...............................................

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Timing: time, at which activity is carried out, eg after harvest of crops, before onset of rains, etc. Frequency: eg annually, each cropping season, etc.

Agronomic measures: Mulching, minimum tillage. The land is ready for planting without exposing the soil surface. Meru District, Kenya. (Photo: Hanspeter Liniger) SWC Technology Categorisation: Ca/Wt/A1A3


2.4.2.2 Field activities for agronomic measures

activity (in sequence)

source of energy*

equipment

timing

frequency

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*Source of energy: manual labour M Combinations possible animal traction A fuel driven machine F other O specify ...............................................................

2.4.2.3 Provide further relevant information on the agronomic measures:

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2.4.2.4 State important constraints:

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2.4.2.5 State possible improvements:

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2.4.3.1 Type and alignment / layout of vegetative measures (Example)

Several answers possible between rows / strips / blocks*2

within rows / strips / blocks (between plants)

vegetative measures material *1 number of plants per ha

vertical interval (m)

spacing(m)

interval (m)

width (m)

aligned: - contour ......G........ ........1......... ............ .....0,2... ......1......

- graded strips *3 � .................. ................... ............ ............... ...............

- against wind � .................. ................... ........... ............... ...............

scattered / dispersed ......F........ .......500.....

Specifications:

• Grass strips are planted along the contour or along a cut-off drain. • Spacing with a vertical interval of 1 meter means that on a 3% slope, grass strips will be 33 m apart, and on a

15% slope, only 7 m apart, which is, however, still sufficient for ploughing between the strips.

before conservation

30% slope

after conservation

8% slope


2.4.3 Specifications of vegetative measures

Note: If in question 2.2.2.2 you have described the SWC Technology as a vegetative measure, fill out the following section, otherwise go to 2.4.4.

2.4.3.1 Type and alignment / layout of vegetative measures

Refer to and complete your drawings on QT 12; for an example see ET 15.

Several answers possible between rows / strips / blocks*2

within rows / strips / blocks (between plants)

vegetative measures : material *1 number of plants per ha

vertical interval (m)

spacing (m)

interval (m)

width (m)

aligned : - contour � ................... ……………. ................. ............ ............ .............

- graded strips *3� ................... ……………. ................. ............ ............. .............

- against wind � ................... ……………. ................. ............ ............. .............

scattered / dispersed � ................... .................. ................. ............ ............ .............

in blocks � ................... .................. ................. ............ ............ ............. others (specify)

..........................................� ..................... ................... .................. ............ ............. .............

..........................................� ..................... ................... .................. ............ ............. .............

..........................................� ..................... ................... .................. ............ ............. ............. * 1 material (vegetative) : Combinations possible Specify species :

T : trees / shrubs (eg Acacia, ...) ............................................................................................

F : fruit trees / shrubs (eg mango, apple, ...) ............................................................................................

C : perennial crops (eg coffee, tea, ...) ............................................................................................

G : grass ............................................................................................

O : other ............................................................................................

*2 Indicate slope (which determines the spacing indicated above) : ................... % (add more details on slope / spacing on QT56)

If the original slope has changed as a result of the technology (see also 2.3.6), the slope today is .......................... %

*3 Indicate the gradient along the rows / strips ...................... % If vegetative measures are used to stabilise structures also fill out structural measures 2.4.4


2.4.3.2 Initial establishment (Example)

activity (in sequence) source of energy*

equipment timing

1 collecting grass M shovel, hoe beginning of rainy season 2 transplanting grass on established banks

(see structural measures) M, A shovel, hoe, animal carts to

transport grass beginning of rainy season

3 watering M buckets when dry in 1st season

4 ...........................................................

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Agronomic measures: Intercropping rows of sweet potatoes with maize and beans along the contour, and use of manure and vegetative measure: lines of Grevillea robusta. Nyabisindu, Rwanda. (Photo: Hanspeter Liniger) SWC Technology Categorisation: Ca/Wt/A1A3A2V1


2.4.3.2 Establishment and maintenance activities for vegetative measures

Initial establishment activity (in sequence)

source of energy*

equipment

timing

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*Source of energy: manual labour M Combinations possible animal traction A fuel driven machine F other O specify .................................................................. Maintenance activity (in sequence)

source of energy*

equipment

timing

frequency

1 .................................................

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Vegetative and structural measures in semi-arid to arid areas: Structural measures are used for water harvesting during the establishment of trees / shrubs. The tree and grass cover will increase primary production while improving infiltration and reducing runoff and soil loss. Turkana, Kenya. (Photo: Hanspeter Liniger) SWC Technology Categorisation: Ge/Wt/S2V1

Vegetative measure (Longan fruit trees and Bahia grass) combined with a structural measure (terrace), and combined with agronomic measure (ridging of sweet potatoes). Fujian Province, China. (Photo: Hanspeter Liniger) SWC Technology Categorisation: Ca/Wt/V1V2S1A3


2.4.3.3 Provide further information on the vegetative measures:

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2.4.3.4 State important constraints during…:

establishment: .........................................................................................................................................................

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maintenance: ...........................................................................................................................................................

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2.4.4.1 Different types of structures Diversion ditch / cut-off drain: a graded channel with a supportive ridge or bank on the lower side. It is constructed across a slope and designed to intercept surface runoff and convey it safely to an outlet or waterway. Waterways: are needed to conduct runoff safely from hill slopes to valley bottoms where it can join a stream or river (see drawing E 33). Retention / infiltration ditches: large ditches designed to catch and retain all incoming runoff and hold it until it infiltrates into the ground.

Pits: planting holes (for example those used widely in the West African Sahel). Sediment / sand trap: device (either an above ground barrier or a dam wall) built specifically to trap sand or sediments moving in the wind or in water flow. Dam / pan: blockage of watercourse or excavation at a low spot of land to collect water for various purposes. Terraces: involve a more or less permanent change in slope profile.

backward sloping bench terrace

level bench terrace

forward sloping bench terrace

Level bund / bank: an embankment along the contour made of soil and / or stones with a basin at its upper or lower side. They often develop into forward sloping terraces.

Graded bund: same definition as for level bund, with the only difference that it is slightly graded (with a gradient of up to 1%) towards a waterway or river. Walls, barriers: physical obstacles to movement of soil or sand, eg artificial windbreaks (palisades). Can be made from various materials. Reshaping surface: change of land surface to smooth slopes, eg of mining sites, gullies (cutting edges), etc.

semi-circular bunds: trapezoidal bunds: A cross-section of a bund and ditch:


2.4.4 Specifications of structural measures

Note: If in question 2.2.2.2 you have described the SWC Technology as a structural measure, fill out the following section, otherwise go to 2.4.5.

2.4.4.1 Type and alignment / layout of structures

Refer to and complete your drawing on QT 12; for an example see ET 18, ET 19 and E41.

Several answers possible material between structures dimensions of each structure structures *1 *2 ditches / pits / dams bunds / banks / others*3 E, S, W,

C, O vertical interval

(m)

spacing (m)

depth (m)

width (m)

length (m)

height (m)

width (m)

length (m)

diversion ditch / cut-off drain� ............. ............. ........... ....... ......... .......... ......... ........ ........

waterway � ............. ............. ........... ....... ......... .......... ......... ........ ........ retention / infiltration ditch / pit, sediment / sand trap �

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dam / pan � ............. ............. ........... ....... ......... .......... ......... ........ ........ terrace: forward sloping2/4 � ............. ............. ........... ....... ......... .......... ......... ........ ........ bench level *4 � ............. ............. ........... ....... ......... .......... ......... ........ ........ backward sloping *2/4� ............. ............. ........... ....... ......... .......... ......... ........ ........ bund / bank: level � ............. ............. ........... ....... ......... .......... ......... ........ ........ graded *4 � ............. ............. ........... ....... ......... .......... ......... ........ ........ semi-circular /

trapezoidal � .............

.............

...........

.......

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wall / barrier *3 � ............. ............. ........... ....... ......... .......... ......... ........ ........ reshaping surface � ............. ............. ........... ....... ......... .......... ......... ........ ........ other: ................................ � ............. ............. ........... ....... ......... .......... ......... ........ ........

*1 Indicate construction material and specify: Combinations possible specify / comments

E: earth ...................................................................................................................................

S: stone ...................................................................................................................................

W: wood ...................................................................................................................................

C: concrete ...................................................................................................................................

O: other ...................................................................................................................................

*2 Indicate slope (which determines the spacing indicated above): ................... % (add more details on slope / spacing on QT56)

If the original slope has changed as a result of the technology (see also 2.3.6), the slope (between the structures, see ET 15) today is .......................... %

*3 eg artificial windbreaks (palisades)

*4 Indicate the lateral gradient along the structure: ................... %

For water harvesting: the ratio between the area where the harvested water is applied and the total area from which water is collected is: 1 : .......... Is vegetation used for stabilisation of structures? no � yes � If yes, also fill out vegetative measures 2.4.3


2.4.4.1 Type and alignment / layout of structures (Example)

Several answers possible material between structures dimensions of each structure structures *1 *2 ditches / pits / dams bunds / banks / others*3 E, S, W,

C, O vertical interval

(m)

spacing (m)

depth (m)

width (m)

length (m)

height (m)

width (m)

length (m)

diversion ditch / cut-off drain E, S 100 0,8 0,6 60 0,8 1,5 60 waterway � ............. ............. ........... ........ ......... ......... ......... ......... .......... retention / infiltration ditch / pit, sediment / sand trap �

.............

............ .

...........

........

.........

.........

.........

.........

..........

dam / pan � ............. ............. ........... ........ ......... ......... ......... ......... ..........

terrace: forward sloping*2/4 E, S 3 10 0,3 0,5 5 0,3 1,0 30 bench level *4 � ............. ............. ........... ........ ......... ......... ......... ......... ..........

backward sloping *2/4� ............. ............ ........... ........ ......... ......... ......... ......... ..........

*1 Indicate construction material and specify:

Combinations possible specify / comments:

E: earth soil excavated from the ditches is used to build banks S: stone the cut-off drain is lined with stones, embankment with stones W: wood ..........................................................................................................................................

*2 Indicate slope (which determines the spacing indicated above): ....... 30............ % (add more details on slope / spacing on QT56)

If the original slope has changed as a result of the technology (see also 2.3.6), the slope (between the structures, see ET 15) today is .............. 8............ %

*3 eg artificial windbreaks (palisades)

*4 Indicate the lateral gradient along the structure: .......... 0......... %

For water harvesting: the ratio between the area where water is applied and the total area from which water is collected is: 1 : .......... Is vegetation used for stabilisation of structures? no � yes

2.4.4.2 Initial construction (example)

activity (in sequence) source of energy

equipment timing

1 surveying M A-frame dry season

2 digging of trenches F tractor plough dry season

3 stabilisation of benches with stones M, A animal carts dry season 4 ........................................................... .............. ...................................... ....................................



2.4.4.2 Construction and maintenance activities for structural measures

Initial construction activity (in sequence)

source of energy*

equipment

timing

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*Source of energy: manual labour M Combinations possible animal traction A fuel driven machine F other O specify ............................................................... Maintenance activity (in sequence)

source of energy*

equipment

timing

frequency

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Structural measures: Graded bunds stabilised by stones with a ditch on the lower side, and a waterway. Andit Tid, Ethiopia. (Photo: Hans Hurni) SWC Technology Categorisation: Ca/Wt/S3S4 Remember: please write clearly!

Widespread terracing on steep hillslopes. Helambu, Nepal. (Photo: Godert van Lynden) SWC Technology Categorisation: Ca/Wt/S1


2.4.4.3 Provide further relevant information on the structural measures:

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construction / establishment: ..................................................................................................................................

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maintenance: ...........................................................................................................................................................

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2.4.5.1 Type of management Change of major land use type: eg enclosure / resting, protection, change from cropland to grazing land, from forest to agroforestry, from grazing land to cropland, etc. Change of management / intensity level: eg change from grazing to cutting (for stall feeding), farm enterprise selection (degree of mechanisation, inputs, commercialisation), from mono-cropping to rotational cropping, from continuous cropping to managed fallow, from laissez-faire to managed, from random (open access) to controlled access (grazing land, forest land, eg access to firewood), from herding to fencing, adjusting stocking rates, staged use to minimise exposure (eg staged excavation). Layout according to natural and human environment: eg exclusion of natural waterways and hazardous areas, separation of grazing types, distribution of water points, salt-licks, livestock pens, dips (grazing land). Major change in timing of activities: eg land preparation, planting, cutting of vegetation. Control / change of species composition (not annually or in a rotational sequence: if annually or in a rotational sequence eg on cropland give details in 2.4.2.1): eg reducing invasive species, selective clearing, encouraging desired species, controlled burning / residue burning.

Management measure: SWC through management of grazing intensity. On the right: area closure excludes grazing for the first few years and is later used for controlled grazing. The vegetative cover protects a sand dune. On the left: uncontrolled grazing has depleted the vegetation cover completely. Tahoua, Niger. (Photo: Hanspeter Liniger) SWC Technology Categorisation: Ge/Ed/M1M2 Note: In order to describe the technology on this picture, both the section on

management measures and on vegetative measures would need to be filled out. Timing: time, at which activity is carried out, eg after harvest of crops, before onset of rains, etc. Frequency: eg annually, each cropping season, etc.


2.4.5 Specifications of management measures

Note: If in question 2.2.2.2 you have described the SWC Technology as a management measure, fill out the following section, otherwise go to 2.5.

2.4.5.1 Type of management Several answers possible specify: change of land use type � ..................................................................................change of management / intensity level � ..................................................................................layout according to natural and human environment � ..................................................................................major change in timing of activities � ..................................................................................control / change of species composition � ..................................................................................other � ..................................................................................

2.4.5.2 Establishment and maintenance activities for management measures

Initial establishment activity (in sequence) means / equipment timing

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Maintenance activity (in sequence) means / equipment timing frequency

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Grazing management. Laikipia Plateau, Kenya. (Photo: Hanspeter Liniger) SWC Technology Categorisation: Ge/Wt/M2

Regeneration of natural vegetation after a 10-year rest from grazing. Cochabamba, Bolivia. (Photo: Martin Moll) SWC Technology Categorisation: Ge/Wt/M1


2.4.5.3 Provide further relevant information on the management measures:

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initiation / establishment: .......................................................................................................................................

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maintenance: ...........................................................................................................................................................

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1 = very important / large extent 2 = important / medium extent 3 = less important / little extent

Rank according to areal extent

(max. 2 per question):

comments

2.5.1 Average annual rainfall (example)

< 250 mm .......................................................................................................250-500 mm .......................................................................................................500-750 mm .......................................................................................................750-1000 mm 2 .......................................................................................................1000-1500 mm 1 ........ not more than 1300 mm ..........................................……….....1500-2000 mm .......................................................................................................2000-3000 mm .......................................................................................................3000-4000 mm .......................................................................................................4000-5000 mm .......................................................................................................> 5000 mm ....................................................................................................... 2.5.2 Agro-climatic zone

• Humid: length of growing period (LGP) > 270 days • Subhumid: LGP 180 – 269 days • Semi-arid: LGP 75 – 179 days • Arid: LGP 0 – 74 days

The length of growing period (LGP) is defined as the period when precipitation > 0.5 PET (potential evapotranspiration) and the temperature > 6.5° C.

2.5.4 Landforms:

• Plateau / plains: extended level land (slopes less than 8%). • Ridges: narrow elongated area rising above the surrounding area, often hilltops or mountain-tops. • Mountain slopes (including major escarpments): extended area with altitude differences of more than 600 m

per 2 km and slopes greater than 15 %. • Hill slopes (including valley and minor escarpment slopes): altitude difference of less than 600 m per 2 km

and slopes greater than 8%. • Footslopes: zone bordering steeper mountain / hill slopes on one side and valley floors / plains / plateaus on

the other side. • Valley floors: elongated strips of level land (less than 8% slope), flanked by sloping or steep land on both

sides. (Modified after ISRIC 1993)


2.5 Natural environment

Give details of the natural (bio-physical) conditions where the SWC Technology is applied.

Rank according to areal extent (max. 2 per question):

Comments

2.5.1 Average annual rainfall State average annual rainfall if known:

< 250 mm .......................................................................................................250-500 mm .......................................................................................................500-750 mm .......................................................................................................750-1000 mm .......................................................................................................1000-1500 mm .......................................................................................................1500-2000 mm .......................................................................................................2000-3000 mm .......................................................................................................3000-4000 mm .......................................................................................................4000-5000 mm .......................................................................................................> 5000 mm .......................................................................................................

2.5.2 Agro-climatic zone

humid .......................................................................................................subhumid .......................................................................................................semi-arid .......................................................................................................arid .......................................................................................................

2.5.3 Altitudinal zonation

0-100 m a.s.l. .......................................................................................................100-500 m a.s.l. .......................................................................................................500-1000 m a.s.l. .......................................................................................................1000-1500 m a.s.l. .......................................................................................................1500-2000 m a.s.l. .......................................................................................................2000-2500 m a.s.l. .......................................................................................................2500-3000 m a.s.l. .......................................................................................................3000-3500 m a.s.l. .......................................................................................................3500-4000 m a.s.l. .......................................................................................................> 4000 m a.s.l. .......................................................................................................

2.5.4 Landforms

plateau / plains .......................................................................................................ridges .......................................................................................................mountain slopes .......................................................................................................hill slopes .......................................................................................................footslopes .......................................................................................................valley floors .......................................................................................................


2.5.5 Slope conversion table: Slope gradient in percent

Slope gradient in degrees

2 % 1 ° 5 % 3 ° 8 % 5 ° 16 % 9 ° 30 % 17 ° 60 % 31 ° 100 % 45 °

Cultivation on slopes greater than 50% in Java, Indonesia. (Photo: Hanspeter Liniger) 2.5.8 Soil fertility: Classify using a global perspective.


Note: Some of the following slope and soil conditions may change as a result of the SWC technology. In this case give details for the surrounding land where no SWC is applied!

Rank according to areal extent (max.

2 per question)

Comments

2.5.5 Slopes on average

flat (0-2 %) .......................................................................................................gentle (2-5%) .......................................................................................................moderate (5-8%) .......................................................................................................rolling (8-16%) .......................................................................................................hilly (16-30%) .......................................................................................................steep (30-60%) .......................................................................................................very steep (>60%) .......................................................................................................

2.5.6 Soil depth on average (potential rooting depth)

very shallow (0-20 cm) .......................................................................................................shallow (20-50 cm) .......................................................................................................moderately deep (50-80 cm) .......................................................................................................deep (80-120 cm) .......................................................................................................very deep (>120 cm) .......................................................................................................

2.5.7 Soil texture

coarse textured (sandy) .......................................................................................................medium textured (loam) .......................................................................................................fine textured (clay) .......................................................................................................

2.5.8 Soil fertility

very high .......................................................................................................high .......................................................................................................medium .......................................................................................................low .......................................................................................................very low .......................................................................................................

2.5.9 Surface stoniness

no loose stone .......................................................................................................some loose stone .......................................................................................................abundant loose stone .......................................................................................................


Application in semi-arid and arid environment: water needs to be harvested and concentrated in the ‘half moons’ (demi-lunes) for crop production. Tahoua, Niger. (Photo: Hanspeter Liniger)

Application in humid environment: excess water needs to be drained and channelled with-out causing damage. Graded bund and ditch below with drainage channels. Anjeni, Ethiopia. (Photo: Hans Hurni)


Rank according to

areal extent (max. 2 per question)

Comments

2.5.10 Topsoil organic matter

high (>3%) .......................................................................................................medium (1-3%) .......................................................................................................low (<1%) .......................................................................................................

2.5.11 Soil drainage

good .......................................................................................................medium .......................................................................................................poor .......................................................................................................

2.5.12 Soil water storage capacity


2.5.13 Soil erodibility


2.5.14 Major soils on which the technology is applied

FAO soil classification (list in order of importance)

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If no FAO classification, indicate other system (name of soil and name of classification)

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Square boxes must be ticked! If ‘Several answers possible’ is not indicated tick only one box! 2.5.15.2 Heavy / erosive storms: rain storms that cause visible erosion on bare soil and / or on annually

cultivated land.

Heavy storms are characteristic of the tropics. Bali, Indonesia. (Photo: Hanspeter Liniger)


2.5.15 Further important information on the natural environment where the technology is applied

2.5.15.1 Number of days per year with temperatures falling below 0o Celsius

none � < 10 days � 10-60 days � 60-120 days � 120-240days � > 240 days �

2.5.15.2 Number of heavy / erosive storms (wind or water) per year

water: none � < 10 � 10-30 � 30-50 � > 50 � wind: none � < 10 � 10-30 � 30-50 � > 50 �

water wind

If there are heavy storms: when do they mainly occur? scattered throughout the year � � beginning of growing season � � middle of growing season � � end of growing season � � other (specify)

......................... � �

In case of wind erosion what is(are) the main direction(s) of the most erosive wind(s)?

N NE E SE S SW W NW

2.5.15.3 Is rainfall in growing season(s) usually

main season second season (if applicable) sufficient with periods of excess � � sufficient and well distributed � � sufficient and not well distributed � � insufficient but well distributed � � insufficient and not well distributed � � others (specify) ................................................................ � �

2.5.15.4 Number of growing seasons per year

1 � 2 � 3 �

growing period: length in days (approximately) from which month to which month:

longest ................................. ...............................................................................

2nd longest ................................. ...............................................................................

2.5.16. Summarise the most important natural conditions relevant to the technology

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Immigration and land use change affecting SWC. Left: contour bunds on a large cereal farm. Right: recent immigration by small-scale farmers. Mount Kenya region, Kenya. (Photo: Hanspeter Liniger) 2.6.1 Household: a household is a unit of production and consumption normally related to a defined space

(house, plot, compound). 2.6.4 Land ownership is the type of land possession, while land use rights refer to the access to land.

Land use rights: • Open access: means free for all. • Communal (organised): means subject to community-agreed management rules. • Leased: right to use land for a limited period of time against payment (contract). • Individual: right of use by single user.


2.6 Human environment and land use

Provide data for the areas where the technology is actually applied.

2.6.1 Typical household size of the land users: ........................... persons

2.6.2 Population density

< 10 persons/km2 � 100-200 persons/km2 � 10-50 persons/km2 � 200-500 persons/km2 � 50-100 persons/km2 � > 500 persons/km2 �

2.6.3 Annual population growth (incl. migration)

negative � specify ................. % < 0.5 % � 0.5 % -1 % � 1 % -2 % � 2 % -3 % � 3 % -4 % � > 4 % � specify ................. %

2.6.4 Who owns the land and what are the land use rights?

for the total area utilised by the land users who applied the SWC Technology (including area without SWC)

only where SWC Technology is

applied

cropland grazing land forest mixed other Rank according to areal extent (max. 2 per question)

Land ownership state

company

communal / village

group

individual, not titled

individual, titled other (specify) ...........................................

Land use rights

open access (unorganised)

communal (organised)

leased

individual other (specify) ...........................................


How do land ownership and land use rights affect SWC and erosion? Large-scale cropping (above) including contour bunds; small-scale subsistence farming (below) after subdivision of large-scale farm. Mt. Kenya area, Kenya. (Photo: Hanspeter Liniger)

2.6.8 Wealth: For classification in your area please use local instead of international standards.


2.6.5 Is there a trend:

in land size (per household)? no � yes, increase � yes, decrease �

Comments: ..................................................................

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towards privatisation of land? no � yes � Comments: ..................................................................

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towards nationalisation? no � yes � Comments: ..................................................................

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2.6.6 Do land ownership and land use rights affect SWC?

no � yes, little � yes, moderately � yes, strongly �

Specify: ..............................................................................................................................................................................

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2.6.7 Does subdivision of land affect the implementation of the SWC Technology?

no � yes, little � yes, moderately � yes, strongly � If yes, in what way? ....... ...........................................................................................................................................

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2.6.8 Level of wealth: How wealthy are the land users who apply the

SWC Technology? (rank and specify) What % of the land

users in the area fall into the following categories?

What % of the total land area does each category own?

very rich ...................................................................... .........................% .......................%

rich ...................................................................... .........................% .......................%

average ...................................................................... .........................% .......................%

poor ...................................................................... .........................% .......................%

very poor ...................................................................... .........................% .......................%

100% 100% Source of data: ..........................................................................................................................................................


2.6.10 Off-farm income: income other than from the use of cropland, grazing land, forest and mixed land (eg

business, trade, manufacturing, industry). 2.6.11 Level of training / expertise:

low: Basic knowledge and expertise with some field guidance during implementation are sufficient.

moderate: Brief training and field guidance required.

high: Extensive training and field guidance required.

Only narrow strips are cultivated, leaving strips of natural grasses (Labraza minima) along the contour: a measure that requires little technical knowledge. Cochabamba, 4000 m a.s.l., Bolivia. (Photo: Martin Moll)


2.6.9 Is there a marked difference between how the rich and the poor practice SWC?

no � yes, little � yes, moderate � yes, great �

Specify: ..................................................................................................................................................................

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2.6.10 How significant is off-farm income for the land users who apply the SWC technology? less than 10% of all income � 10-50% � > 50% �

Specify (eg compared to land users who have not implemented SWC measures): ...............................................

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2.6.11 What level of technical knowledge is required for the implementation of the technology? low moderate high field staff / extension worker

� � �

land user � � �

2.6.12 Is the use of the SWC Technology hindered if land users cannot read and write? no � yes, little � yes, moderately � yes, strongly �

What percentage of land users cannot read and write? ............ %

Comments: ............................................................................................................................................................

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2.6.13.1 Subsidy: a subsidy is an instrument used by the state or by private actors to reduce the costs of a

product or increase the returns from a particular activity (Kerr, 1994). It may be provided in cash or in kind and usually serves a specific purpose.

Incentive: an incentive is a much broader term which encompasses everything that motivates or stimulates people to act.


1 = very important / large extent 2 = important / medium extent 3 = less important / little extent 2.6.13.3 Type of cropping system

Cropland: land used for cultivation of crops (field crops, orchards). • Annual cropping: land under temporary / annual crops usually harvested within one, maximally within two

years (eg maize, rice, wheat, vegetables). • Perennial (non-woody) cropping: land under permanent (not woody) crops that may be harvested after 2 or

more years, or only part of the plants are being harvested (eg sugar cane, banana, sisal, pineapple). • Tree and shrub cropping: permanent woody plants with crops harvested more than once after planting and

usually lasting for more than 5 years (eg coffee, tea, grapevines, oil palm, cacao, coconut, fodder trees). Mixed: mixture of land use types within the same land unit. • Agroforestry: crops and trees. • Agropastoralism: crops and livestock. • Agrosilvopastoralism: crops, trees and livestock. Water supply: • Rainfed: crop(s) establishment and development is completely determined by rainfall. • Post-flooding: after rainwater has naturally flooded the field (eg in Wadis, river banks), the water infiltrated

into the soil is used intentionally as a water reserve for crop cultivation. The crop(s) use(s) this water reserve for establishment.

• Mixed rainfed – irrigated: the application of a limited amount of water to the crop when rainfall fails to provide sufficient water for plant growth, to increase and stabilise yield; the additional water alone is inadequate for crop production.

• Full irrigation: any of several means of an artificial regular supply of water, in addition to rain, to the crop(s).

Type of cultivation: • Shifting cultivation: a few years of crop cultivation alternating with a lengthy period of fallow (vegetative or

bare) during which the soil is rested. The land is cultivated for less than 33% of the years. • Fallow cultivation: the land is cultivated for 33 to 66% of the years. During the remaining period the land is

rested (fallow). • Ley: several years of arable cropping followed by several years of grass / legume cropping (improved

fallow). • Continuous: the land is under crops for more than 66% of the years

Intercropping: the growing of two or more crops on the same field per year, either simultaneously or with an overlapping period.


2.6.13 For cropland and cropland mixed with another land use type: under which of the following conditions is the technology applied?

Note: If technology is not applied on cropland (incl. mixed land), go to question 2.6.14.

2.6.13.1 Market orientation of production system

comments

subsistence (self-supply) ...........................................................................................

mixed (subsistence and commercial)

...........................................................................................

commercial / market ...........................................................................................

other: .............................................. ...........................................................................................

other: .............................................. ...........................................................................................

Is production subsidised? no � yes, little � yes, moderately � yes, highly �

2.6.13.2 How is land cultivation performed?

comments

manual labour ...........................................................................................

animal traction ...........................................................................................

mechanised ...........................................................................................

2.6.13.3 Type of cropping system and major crops

major cash crop major food crop other annual cropping ......................... ........................... ...........................

perennial (non-woody) cropping ......................... ........................... ...........................

tree/shrub cropping ......................... ........................... ...........................

mixed (different land use types on same land unit, eg agroforestry, agropastoralism)

specify:............................................. ......................... ........................... ...........................

specify:............................................. ......................... ........................... ........................... Water supply: rainfed post-flooding mixed rainfed - irrigated full irrigation Type of cultivation: shifting fallow ley or continuous cropping Is intercropping practiced? no � yes � If yes, which crops? ............................................................................................................................................................... Describe cropping system (eg sequence of crops, etc.): ........................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................................................


Winter wheat and apple trees near Beijing, China. (Photo: Malcolm Douglas)

At high altitudes of around 4000 m a.s.l. crop production is limited by temperature and soil properties. Cochabamba, Bolivia. (Photo: Martin Moll)


2.6.13.4 If trees are part of the cropping system, what are their main purposes?

comments (eg types) fruits / nuts ............................................................................................................. timber ............................................................................................................. SWC ............................................................................................................. shade ............................................................................................................. wind-break ............................................................................................................. fodder ............................................................................................................. fuel ............................................................................................................. ornamental ............................................................................................................. others (specify, eg honey, medical, etc.):

................................................. .............................................................................................................

................................................. .............................................................................................................

2.6.13.5 What makes crop production difficult?

comments pests ............................................................................................................... diseases ............................................................................................................... markets (eg distance, non-existence) ............................................................................................................... poor infrastructure (specify) ............................................................................................................... climate / rainfall (specify) ............................................................................................................... soil fertility ............................................................................................................... soil erosion / degradation ............................................................................................................... labour ............................................................................................................... equipment ............................................................................................................... others (specify): ....................................................... ............................................................................................................... ....................................................... ...............................................................................................................

2.6.13.6 Size of cultivated land per household

comments < 1 ha ..........................................................................................................1-2 ha ..........................................................................................................2-5 ha ..........................................................................................................5-15 ha ..........................................................................................................15-50 ha ..........................................................................................................50-100 ha ..........................................................................................................100-500 ha ..........................................................................................................500-1,000 ha ..........................................................................................................1,000–10,000 ha ..........................................................................................................10,000- 100,000 ha ..........................................................................................................> 100,000 ha ..........................................................................................................


Extensive grazing at altitudes above 4000 m a.s.l. Langtang Valley, Nepal. (Photo: Godert van Lynden) 2.6.14.1 Subsidy: a subsidy is an instrument used by the state or by private actors to reduce the costs of a



2.6.14.2 Type of grazing system

Grazing land: Land used for animal production. • Extensive grazing land: grazing on natural or semi-natural grasslands, grasslands with trees / shrubs

(savannah vegetation) or open woodlands for livestock and wildlife. • Nomadism: people move with animals. • Semi-nomadism / pastoralism: animal owners have a permanent place of residence where supplementary

cultivation is practiced. Herds are moved to distant grazing grounds. • Ranching: grazing within well-defined boundaries, movements cover smaller distances and management

inputs are higher compared to semi-nomadism. • Intensive grazing land: grass production on improved or planted pastures, including cutting for fodder

material (for livestock production).

• Mixed: mixture of land use types within the same land unit. • Agropastoralism: crops and livestock. • Agrosilvopastoralism: crops, trees and livestock. • Silvopastoralism: trees and livestock.

Water supply: • Rainfed: grass establishment and development is completely determined by rainfall. • Post-flooding: after rainwater has naturally flooded the grazing land (eg in Wadis, river banks), the water

infiltrated into the soil is used intentionally as a water reserve for grass establishment. • Mixed rainfed – irrigated: the application of a limited amount of water to the grazing land when rainfall

fails to provide sufficient water for plant growth, to increase and stabilise yield; the additional water alone is inadequate for grass production.

• Full irrigation: any of several means of an artificial regular supply of water, in addition to rain, to the grazing land.

(Definitions UNEP / FAO 1994 and ISRIC 1993)


2.6.13.7 Other relevant information about the cropland systems (eg trends in agronomic or vegetative practices):

..........................................................................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................................................................

2.6.14 For grazing land and grazing land mixed with another land use type: under which of the following conditions is the technology applied?

Note: If technology is not applied on grazing land (incl. mixed land), go to question 2.6.15.


comments

subsistence (self-supply) ............................................................................................

mixed (subsistence and commercial) ............................................................................................

commercial / market ............................................................................................

other: .............................................. ............................................................................................

other: .............................................. ............................................................................................


2.6.14.2 Type of grazing system

comments extensive grazing land: - nomadism ............................................................................................

- semi-nomadism / pastoralism ............................................................................................

- ranching ............................................................................................

intensive grazing land ............................................................................................

mixed (eg agropastoralism, silvopastoralism)

....................................................... ............................................................................................

....................................................... ............................................................................................ Water supply: rainfed post-flooding mixed rainfed - irrigated full irrigation


Cattle grazing on communal land, Uganda. (Photo: Antony Nyakuni) 2.6.14.4 Exotic: introduced from outside region / country

Fodder legumes are planted during the fallow period to support livestock production and improve the soils. Andes of Bolivia. (Photo: Martin Moll)


2.6.14.3 If trees are part of the grazing system, what are their main purposes?

comments (eg types)

fruits / nuts ...................................................................................................................

timber / construction material ...................................................................................................................

SWC ...................................................................................................................

shade ...................................................................................................................

wind-break ...................................................................................................................

fodder ...................................................................................................................

fuel ...................................................................................................................

ornamental ...................................................................................................................

others (specify, eg honey, medical, etc.):

...................................................... ...................................................................................................................

...................................................... ...................................................................................................................

2.6.14.4 What are the grass / forage species?

Indicate dominant species:

natural / indigenous with no sowing .....................................................................................................

indigenous species - sown .....................................................................................................

exotic species (no legumes) - sown .....................................................................................................

exotic species (including legumes) - sown .....................................................................................................

other (specify) .............................................. .....................................................................................................

2.6.14.5 Indicate which grazing management practices are commonly used

comments burning .................................................................................................................................resting / closing .................................................................................................................................rotation .................................................................................................................................continuous grazing .................................................................................................................................other (specify):

.................................... .................................................................................................................................

2.6.14.6 What is the main output from the grazing land?

comments dairy products .................................................................................................................................

meat .................................................................................................................................

wool .................................................................................................................................

hides / skins ..........................................................................................................................................

fodder for sale ..........................................................................................................................................

other (specify):

.................................... ..........................................................................................................................................


Grazing on agricultural land, Ethiopia. (Photo: Hans Hurni)

2.6.14.9 Largestock: cattle, buffaloes, mules, etc.

Smallstock: sheep, goats, pigs, etc.

Stall feeding of livestock in Java, Indonesia. (Photo: Will Critchley)


2.6.14.7 What are the main livestock management practices of land users?

comments (eg if only certain types of livestock are concerned)

stall feeding / zero grazing ....................................................................................................................

mainly stall feeding, partly grazing ....................................................................................................................

mainly grazing, partly stall feeding ....................................................................................................................

grazing / browsing, controlled ....................................................................................................................

grazing / browsing, open access ....................................................................................................................

other: ......................................... ....................................................................................................................

2.6.14.8 What is the importance of livestock?

comments

major part of production system (milk, meat, ...) .................................................................................................

minor part of production system .................................................................................................

investment / securing wealth .................................................................................................

status symbol .................................................................................................

traction source .................................................................................................

others (specify) .................................... .................................................................................................

others (specify)..................................... .................................................................................................

2.6.14.9 Types of animals

largestock list: .......................................................................................................................................

smallstock list: .......................................................................................................................................

wild animals / game list: .......................................................................................................................................

2.6.14.10 What is the current trend in herd type?

more smallstock � more largestock � no change � other (specify) � ...................... If changes are indicated, what reasons do the herd owners give? ...................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................

What is the average number of livestock units per household? ................................. smallstock

................................... largestock

2.6.14.11 What is the current trend in livestock numbers?

high growth � little growth � stable � slight reduction � great reduction �

If not stable, why not? ...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................


Not even the tops of the trees are safe from being browsed by goats. Anti-Atlas, Morocco. (Photo: Hanspeter Liniger)


2.6.14.12 What makes the management of grazing land and livestock production difficult?

comments

pests .................................................................................................................

diseases .................................................................................................................

markets (eg distance, non-existence) .................................................................................................................

poor infrastructure (specify) .................................................................................................................

climate / rainfall (specify) .................................................................................................................

soil fertility .................................................................................................................

soil erosion / degradation .................................................................................................................

labour .................................................................................................................

equipment .................................................................................................................

over-use of grazing land .................................................................................................................

other (specify) .............................. .................................................................................................................

2.6.14.13 Size of grazing land per household

comments < 1 ha .................................................................................................................1-2 ha .................................................................................................................2-5 ha .................................................................................................................5-15 ha .................................................................................................................15-50 ha .................................................................................................................50-100 ha .................................................................................................................100-500 ha .................................................................................................................500-1,000 ha .................................................................................................................1,000-10,000 ha .................................................................................................................

10,000- 100,000 ha ..........................................................................................................

> 100,000 ha ..........................................................................................................

2.6.14.14 Other relevant information about grazing land system and livestock production (eg trends in use of area closure, stall feeding, herd ownership etc.)

.................................................................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................................................................


2.6.15 Forest / woodland: land used mainly for wood production, other forest products, recreation, and protection.

Note: Agroforestry systems are treated under the previous cropland or grazing land sections. 2.6.15.1 Subsidy: a subsidy is an instrument used by the state or by private actors to reduce the costs of a



2.6.15.3 Type of forest / woodland:

scattered trees / bush open forest dense forest

Indigenous three-storey agroforestry system with trees, bananas and a coffee crop. Kilimanjaro, Tanzania. (Photo: Hanspeter Liniger)


2.6.15 For forest / woodland: under which of the following conditions is the technology applied?

Note: If technology is not applied on forest / woodland, go to question 2.6.16


comments subsistence (self-supply) ............................................................................................

mixed (subsistence and commercial)

............................................................................................

commercial / market ............................................................................................

other (specify) ........…................. ............................................................................................

other (specify) ................................ ............................................................................................


2.6.15.2 Type of forest / woodland uses

problems / comments (eg cutting frequency) selective felling of natural forests ............................................................................................

clear felling of natural forests ............................................................................................

plantation forestry ............................................................................................

shifting cultivation ............................................................................................

other (specify) ................................ ............................................................................................

other (specify) ................................ ............................................................................................

2.6.15.3 What is the predominant type of forest / woodland?

scattered trees / bush � open forest � dense forest �

2.6.15.4 For what purpose do land users use forests and woodlands?

timber fuelwood fruits and nuts grazing / browsing other forest products / uses (honey, medical, etc.) nature conservation / protection recreation / tourism protection against natural hazards other (specify) ...................................................


If litter from the forest is removed, the forest loses a lot of its conservation value. Java, Indonesia. (Photo: Will Critchley)

Trees are part of many semi-arid areas. They protect the soil and vegetation. Note: There is more grass under the trees even though there is no protection against the pressure of heavy grazing. Mukogodo, Kenya. (Photo: Hanspeter Liniger)


2.6.15.5 Indicate significant constraints affecting the management of forests / woodlands

comments

pests .................................................................................................................

diseases .................................................................................................................

markets (eg distance, non-existence) .................................................................................................................

poor infrastructure (specify) .................................................................................................................

climate / rainfall (specify) .................................................................................................................

soil fertility .................................................................................................................

soil erosion / degradation .................................................................................................................

labour .................................................................................................................

equipment .................................................................................................................

other (specify) ................................ .................................................................................................................

other (specify) ................................ .................................................................................................................

2.6.15.6Size of forest / woodland area per household

comments < 1 ha ............................................................................................................

1-2 ha ............................................................................................................

2-5 ha ............................................................................................................

5-15 ha ............................................................................................................

15-50 ha ............................................................................................................

50-100 ha ............................................................................................................

100-500 ha ............................................................................................................

500-1,000 ha ............................................................................................................

1,000-10,000 ha ............................................................................................................

10,000- 100,000 ha ............................................................................................................

> 100,000 ha ............................................................................................................

2.6.15.7 Other relevant information about the forest / woodlands (including trends in management, replanting etc.)

.................................................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................................................


Shifting cultivation. Chiang Mai, Thailand. (Photo: Hanspeter Liniger) 2.6.16 Other land: mines and extractive industries; settlements, infrastructure network; recreation areas,

wastelands, deserts, glaciers, swamps,etc.

Religious school, Ethiopia. (Photo: Hans Hurni)


2.6.16 For other land: under which of the following conditions is the technology applied?

Note: If technology is not applied on other land, go to question 2.6.17.

2.6.16.1 What are the types of other land and what are their major management constraints?

specify major constraints

mines and extractive industries ..................................................... ......................................................

settlement / urban ..................................................... ......................................................

infrastructure network (roads, railways, pipe lines, power lines)

..................................................... ......................................................

wastelands / deserts / glaciers / swamps

..................................................... ......................................................

recreation ..................................................... ......................................................

other (specify):

..................................................... ..................................................... ......................................................

..................................................... ..................................................... ......................................................

2.6.16.2 Additional relevant information about other land (eg trends in use etc.)

..............................................................................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................................................................................

2.6.17 Summarise the important human and land use conditions relevant to the technology

.................................................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................................................


2.7 Costs:

Notes: It may be very difficult to determine the costs of a conservation technology. Nevertheless, we ask you to give the best estimate you can! The costs are asked per hectare. They should be calculated not only for the area which is directly covered by SWC measures (eg the area that is covered with stone walls, tree lines, ditches) but also for the area that is indirectly affected / protected by the SWC measures.

The labour cost should be based on the total person days, be they paid or voluntary. To calculate the US $ Equivalent first fill in question 2.7.4 and then multiply the daily wage with the number of person days.

2.7.1 Establishment and recurrent costs (Example)

Example: stone lines with fruit trees on the upper side

A v e r a g e c o s t s p e r h e c t a r e

Inputs Establishment costs*1 Recurrent costs (annual)

Quantity US$ Equivalent

% of costs borne by land user Quantity US$ Equivalent

% of costs borne by land user

Labour (person days) (voluntary and paid) 375 1125 50 50 150 100

Equipment *2

machine hours ................... ...................... ............. ................... ...................... .............

animal traction (hours) ................... ...................... ............. ................... ...................... .............

tools 2 20 100 ................... ...................... .............

other (specify):

........................................ ................... ...................... ............. ................... ...................... .............

Materials

stone (m3) 750 0 ............. 50 0 .............

wood (m3) ................... ...................... ............. ................... ...................... .............

earth (m3) ................... ...................... ............. ................... ...................... .............

other (specify):

........................................ ................... ...................... ............. ................... ...................... .............

Agricultural

seeds (kg) ................... ...................... ............. ................... ...................... .............

seedlings (No.) 500 250 100 20 10 100

fertilizer (kg) ................... ...................... ............. ................... ...................... .............

biocides (kg) ................... ...................... ............. ................... ...................... .............

compost / manure (kg) 1000 100 100 ................... ...................... .............

other (specify):

........................................ ................... ...................... ............. ................... ...................... .............

others (specify):

........................................ ................... ...................... ............. ................... ...................... .............

........................................ ................... ...................... ............. ................... ...................... .............

........................................ ................... ...................... ............. ................... ...................... .............

Total *3 = 1495 US$ 38% Total *3 = 160 US$ 100 %

*1 Indicate duration of establishment phase: .......3....... year(s) *2 Specify machinery / tools: .........1 hoe, 1 wheel barrow .............................. (to calculate the rates per hour, include costs of operation and amortisation) *3 Indicate the total costs and percentage borne by land users even if you cannot give the details above!!!


2.7 Costs

Indicate all SWC-related costs (to land users, projects, etc.) of the technology that are additional to the costs of ordinary field operations. Exclude costs for awareness creation, planning, training, research, and incentives (these will be addressed in Approach questionnaire 2.3.2.2). A distinction is made between establishment costs (construction, initiation) and recurrent annual costs (maintenance, etc). Give US dollar equivalent costs where possible. Calculate costs for a typical (most common) situation within your SWC area.

2.7.1 Establishment and recurrent costs A v e r a g e c o s t s p e r h e c t a r e

Inputs Establishment costs*1 Recurrent costs (annual) Quantity US$ Equivalent

% of costs borne by land user Quantity US$ Equivalent

% of costs borne by land user

Labour (person days) (voluntary and paid) ................... ............................ ............... ................... ............................. .............

Equipment *2

machine hours ................... ............................ ............... ................... ............................. .............

animal traction (hours) ................... ............................ ............... ................... ............................. .............

tools ................... ............................ ............... ................... ............................. .............

other (specify):

...................................... ................... ............................ ............... ................... ............................. .............

Materials

stone (m3) ................... ............................ ............... ................... ............................. .............

wood (m3) ................... ............................ ............... ................... ............................. .............

earth (m3) ................... ............................ ............... ................... ............................. .............

other (specify):

...................................... ................... ............................ ............... ................... ............................. .............

Agricultural

seeds (kg) ................... ............................ ............... ................... ............................. .............

seedlings (No.) ................... ............................ ............... ................... ............................. .............

fertiliser (kg) ................... ............................ ............... ................... ............................. .............

biocides (kg) ................... ............................ ............... ................... ............................. .............

compost / manure (kg) ................... ............................ ............... ................... ............................. .............

other (specify):

...................................... ................... ............................ ............... ................... ............................. .............

Others (specify):

.......................................... ................... ............................ ............... ................... ............................. .............

.......................................... ................... ............................ ............... ................... ............................. .............

.......................................... ................... ............................ ............... ................... ............................. .............

Total *3 = .................. US$ ........... % Total *3 = ...................US$ ......... %

*1 Indicate duration of establishment phase: .................. year(s)

*2 Specify machinery / tools: ................................................................................................................................ (to calculate the rates per hour, include costs of operation and amortisation)

*3 Indicate the total costs and percentage borne by land users even if you cannot give the details above!!!


What tools or machines are used to implement SWC? (Eg animal traction for contour ploughing and construction of bunds.) Java, Indonesia. (Photo: Hanspeter Liniger)

2.7.3 Subsidy: a subsidy is an instrument used by the state or by private actors to reduce the costs of a product

or increase the returns from a particular activity (Kerr, 1994). It may be provided in cash or in kind and usually serves a specific purpose.


What are the overall costs of a labour-intensive SWC Technology? Were labour and equip-ment subsidised, and if yes, by whom? Kenya. (Photo: Donald B. Thomas)


2.7.2 Describe the most important factors affecting the costs (eg slope, soil depth, labour etc.)

...................................................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................................................

Indicate for which situation the above costs in 2.7.1 were calculated (eg length of structure, wind breaks, grass strips, etc. per ha of land affected / protected) and give additional comments

...................................................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................................................

2.7.3 If costs were subsidised, indicate by whom:

Note: In table 2.7.1 you indicated the percentage of costs borne by the land users. Give more details on the subsidised costs.

subsidised establishment

costs

subsidised annual recurrent

costs international ..........% ..........% national government ..........% ..........% international non-government ..........% ..........% national non-government ….......% ….......% community / local ….......% ….......% other (specify) .................................. ..........% ..........% 100%* 100%*

* 100 % of the subsidised costs (not including the costs borne by the land users!)

2.7.4 Indicate daily wage cost of hired labour to implement SWC:

..................US$ per person per day

2.7.5 Indicate exchange rate used:

1 US$ equals ...................

Name of local currency ....................................


This is a typical artificial waterway in an area of land scarcity. It has been constructed deep into the soil, with steep borders and a stone pavement with intermittent small checkdams at the bottom. At the top, a cut-off drain leads into the waterway from the left side, while graded bunds lead into it from the cultivated land, alternating from each side. If this waterway is absolutely necessary it should be described in the technology under structural measures. Contour ploughing, however, might not be essential and thus could be mentioned and described as a supportive technology.

SWC Technology Categorisation: Ca/Wt/S4


2.8 Supportive technologies

Indicate, in order of importance, other technologies which support the previously described SWC Technology (i.e. desirable but not essential measures).

rank name classification (see 2.2.2.7 and annex 4)

brief description

1 ..............................................

..............................................

........................

........................

.................................................................................

.................................................................................

.................................................................................

.................................................................................

.................................................................................

2 ..............................................

..............................................

........................

........................

.................................................................................

.................................................................................

.................................................................................

.................................................................................

.................................................................................

3 ..............................................

..............................................

........................

........................

.................................................................................

.................................................................................

.................................................................................

.................................................................................

.................................................................................

4 ..............................................

..............................................

........................

........................

.................................................................................

.................................................................................

.................................................................................

.................................................................................

.................................................................................

5 ..............................................

..............................................

........................

........................

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.................................................................................

.................................................................................

.................................................................................

Note: After completing Part 2, please check whether you wish to add anything to the summary you provided in 2.1.2.

WOCAT Technologies QT 42 Evaluation

PART 3: ANALYSIS OF THE SWC TECHNOLOGY

Note: Many criteria can be used for the analysis of SWC. In Part 3 selected criteria are presented, but additional analysis could be done based on Part 2.

3.1 Benefits, advantages and disadvantages

3.1.1 If there are measurements / estimates of primary production, soil loss and runoff, indicate the results:

main plant type production in t/ha/year

soil loss in t/ha/year

runoff as % of annual rainfall

without SWC

....................... ...................... ....................... .......................

with SWC ....................... ...................... ....................... .......................

Information mainly based on: estimates � or measurements �

Comments (eg period since implementation, other indicators measured, etc.): .......................................................

...................................................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................................................


3.1.2 On-site: concerns the actual area where the SWC Technology is applied. Off-site: concerns the adjacent area or areas further away from the area where the SWC Technology is

applied. Note: Negligible, little, medium and high are arbitrary terms.

Negligible can mean „no significant benefit“ or even a disadvantage. In case of a disadvantage provide details in 3.1.5.

Several answers possible. negligible (0-10%)

little (10-20%)

medium (20-50%)

high (>50%)

specify / comments

3.1.2.1 Production and socio-economic benefits (Example)

crop yield increase � � � mainly in bad seasons……… fodder production / quality increase � � � � ……………………………..wood production increase � � � � ……………………………..farm income increase � � � higher yields………………….others (specify):

increased on-farm employment � � � due to higher production………...................................................... � � � � ……………………………........................................................ � � � � ……………………………..

Terraces and irrigation change bare landscapes into productive systems, Morocco. (Photo: Hanspeter Liniger)


3.1.2 Indicate the on-site benefits the technology has shown. Tick and quantify / specify if possible.

Several answers possible negligible (0-10%)

little (10-20%)

medium (20-50%)

high (>50%)

specify / comments

3.1.2.1 Production and socio-economic benefits

crop yield increase � � � � ..............................................fodder production / quality increase � � � � ..............................................wood production increase � � � � ..............................................farm income increase � � � � ..............................................others (specify):

...................................................... � � � � ..............................................

...................................................... � � � � ..............................................

...................................................... � � � � ..............................................

3.1.2.2 Socio-cultural benefits

community institution strengthening � � � � ..............................................national institution strengthening � � � � ..............................................improved knowledge: SWC / erosion � � � � ..............................................

others (specify): ...................................................... � � � � .................................................................................................... � � � � .................................................................................................... � � � � ..............................................

3.1.2.3 Ecological benefits

soil cover improvement � � � � ..............................................increase in soil moisture � � � � ..............................................efficiency of excess water drainage � � � � ..............................................increase in soil fertility � � � � ..............................................soil loss reduction � � � � ..............................................biodiversity enhancement � � � � ..............................................reduction of wind velocity � � � � ..............................................

others (specify): ...................................................... � � � � .................................................................................................... � � � � .................................................................................................... � � � � ..............................................

3.1.2.4 Other benefits (specify):

...................................................... � � � � ..............................................

...................................................... � � � � ..............................................

...................................................... � � � � ..............................................

...................................................... � � � � ..............................................


Downstream effect: Reservoir siltation is a common negative effect of erosion in the catchment. Expensive rehabilitation by desilting the reservoir only helps in the long run, when the catchment is protected. Mukogodo, Kenya. (Photo: Hanspeter Liniger)

Harvesting silt from a reservoir to use as fertile soil in vegetable gardens. Java, Indonesia. (Photo: Will Critchley)


3.1.3 Indicate off-site benefits (if any). Tick and quantify / specify if possible.

Several answers possible

negligible(0-10%)

little (10-20%)

medium(20-50%)

high (>50%)

specify / comments

reduced downstream flooding � � � � ..............................................increased stream flow in dry season � � � � ..............................................reduced downstream siltation � � � � ..............................................reduced river pollution � � � � ..............................................reduced wind transported sediments � � � � ..............................................others (specify): ............................................... � � � � ............................................................................................. � � � � ............................................................................................. � � � � ..............................................

3.1.4 How could the technology be improved to achieve more benefits? Indicate briefly your opinion, reasons and suggestions, and the expected increase of effectiveness.

Increase of effectiveness little

(10-20%) medium

(20-50%) high

(>50%)

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3.1.5 Indicate the on-site disadvantages the technology has shown. Tick and quantify / specify if possible.

Several answers possible

negligible(0-10%)

little (10-20%)

medium(20-50%)

high (>50%) specify / comments

3.1.5.1 Production and socio-economic disadvantages

reduced production � � � � ................................................... loss of land � � � � ................................................... increased economic inequity � � � � ................................................... increased labour constraints � � � � ................................................... increased input constraints � � � � ................................................... hindered farm operations � � � � ................................................... others (specify): ............................................... � � � � ................................................... ............................................... � � � � ................................................... ............................................... � � � � ................................................... ............................................... � � � � ...................................................

3.1.5.2 Socio-cultural disadvantages

socio-cultural conflicts � � � � ................................................... others (specify):

............................................... � � � � ...................................................

............................................... � � � � ...................................................

............................................... � � � � ...................................................

............................................... � � � � ...................................................

3.1.5.3 Ecological disadvantages

soil erosion increase (locally) � � � � ................................................... waterlogging � � � � ................................................... others (specify): ............................................... � � � � ................................................... ............................................... � � � � ................................................... ............................................... � � � � ................................................... ............................................... � � � � ...................................................

3.1.5.4 Other disadvantages (specify):

............................................... � � � � ....................................................

............................................... � � � � ....................................................

............................................... � � � � ....................................................

............................................... � � � � ....................................................


3.1.6 Off-site disadvantages:

Note: In certain situations sediments (from erosion upstream) may be trapped productively downstream to increase soil fertility.

A damaged bridge as a downstream impact of runoff and erosion, Kenya. (Photo: Will Critchley) 3.2.2 and 3.2.3:

Note: Please give information for land where the SWC Technology has not been applied yet but where the natural and the human environments (eg slope, soil, land use) are similar to where the SWC Technology has been applied.

3.2.2 – 3.2.6: Gross production value: average market value of goods produced on one hectare during one year,

without regard to whether they were intended for home-consumption (self-sufficiency) or for the market.

3.2.3 Without SWC, estimate by what percentage production value will increase or decrease in 10 years, assuming current inputs and prices. Mark your estimate on the scale below. (Example)

Note: Please make a clearly visible mark on the scale.

eg same production value would be 0 double the production value would be +100 half the production value would be –50


3.1.6 Indicate off-site disadvantages (if any). Tick and quantify / specify if possible.

Several answers possible negligible(0-10%)

little (10-20%)

medium(20-50%)

high (>50%) specify / comments

reduced riverflows � � � � ..................................................

reduced sediment yields � � � � ..................................................

others (specify):

............................................... � � � � ..................................................

............................................... � � � � ..................................................

............................................... � � � � ..................................................

............................................... � � � � ..................................................

............................................... � � � � ..................................................

3.1.7 How did the land users overcome the disadvantages (on-site and off-site)?

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3.2 Economic analysis

3.2.1 Are data available on the economic returns resulting from conservation measures?

no � yes, few � yes, some � yes, sufficient �

If data are available, give actual figures below. If not, try to give your best estimates.

3.2.2 Without SWC, what is today’s gross production value in US dollars (US$) per hectare per year around the SWC Technology area?

Give value in: or if you have only rough estimates, tick a box: US$ per hectare per year: ........................ � less than 100 US$ per hectare per year � 100 - 200 US$ per hectare per year � 200 - 500 US$ per hectare per year � 500 - 1,000 US$ per hectare per year � more than 1,000 US$ per hectare per year

3.2.3 Without SWC, estimate by what percentage gross production value will increase or decrease in 10 years, assuming current inputs and prices. Mark your estimate on the scale below.


Obvious increase in crop production due to a water harvesting technology (called ‘demi-lunes’) in Niger. Without SWC (left), no biomass is produced. With ‘demi-lunes’ a harvest of millet can be produced. (Photo: Hanspeter Liniger)

How do benefits compare with the investment costs? Shaanxi Province, China. (Photo: Malcolm Douglas) 3.2.7 and 3.2.8: Short term: 1 - 3 years Long term: 10 years


3.2.4 With the SWC Technology, what is today’s gross production value in US$ per hectare per year?

Give value in: or if you have only rough estimates, tick a box: US$ per hectare per year: ........................ � less than 100 US$ per hectare per year � 100 - 200 US$ per hectare per year � 200 - 500 US$ per hectare per year � 500 - 1,000 US$ per hectare per year � more than 1,000 US$ per hectare per year

3.2.5 Compared to the situation without conservation (see 3.2.2), estimate by what percentage gross production value increased or decreased 3 years after implementing SWC. This estimate should take into account any production losses due to the area rendered non-productive because of the presence of the SWC measures. Assume current inputs and prices. Mark your estimate on the scale below.

3.2.6 Compared to the situation without conservation (see 3.2.2), estimate by what percentage gross production value increased or decreased 10 years after implementing SWC. Consider also the space occupied by conservation measures and assume current inputs and prices. Mark your estimate on the scale below.

3.2.7 How do the benefits compare with the investment costs (from land users’ perspective!) ?

very negative

negative slightly negative

neutral / balanced

slightly positive

positive very positive

short-term returns: � � � � � � � long-term returns: � � � � � � �

3.2.8 How do the benefits compare with the maintenance costs (from land users’ perspective!) ?

very negative

negative slightly negative

neutral / balanced

slightly positive

positive very positive

short-term returns: � � � � � � � long-term returns: � � � � � � �


Adaptation: Bund and ditch below with Napier grass cover was encouraged by the extension service. The farmer added fruit trees on top and Grevillea trees below the structure. Highlands in Kenya. (Photo: Hanspeter Liniger)


3.3 Adaptation

We define Adaptation as changes to a technology to meet local conditions. This may involve certain design changes or the inclusion of specific supplementary technologies. Where traditional / indigenous technologies have been maintained to the present day, we are interested in how these have evolved into their present form.

3.3.1 What changes have been made to the technology - or in what specific ways has the traditional / indigenous technology evolved?

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3.3.2 Who made which modifications, why were they done and what were extra benefits?

Several answers possible who

which when (year) why done what extra benefits

SWC specialist

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land users � ...................................

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others (specify) ................

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3.3.3 Adaptability

Is the SWC Technology designed in such a way that it allows changes by the land users (eg to adapt to changing land use practices such as mechanisation)?

no � yes, little � yes, moderately � yes, greatly �

If yes, describe: ...................................................................................................................................................................

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If no, what are the consequences? ......................................................................................................................................

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3.4.1.1 Incentive support: Technical guidance is not considered as incentive.

SWC activity addressed to nomads. However, they seem to be little involved and not very interested (left) during the demonstrations by the SWC specialists (right). Eastern Africa. (Photo: Hanspeter Liniger)


3.4 Acceptance or adoption

We differentiate between acceptance with incentives (meaning land users implementing a technology with financial and / or material support) and spontaneous adoption (the voluntary adoption of a technology without external assistance other than technical guidance).

3.4.1 Acceptance with incentives

If no incentives were used, go to 3.4.2

3.4.1.1 How many land users who have implemented the technology have done it with incentive support (eg food-for-work, payment, subsidised machinery)?

...................................... % of land user families that have applied the SWC Technology*

...................................... number of land user families

...................................... % of area stated in 1.3.1* Information based on estimates � or survey results �

* Note: together with 3.4.2.1 this has to add up to 100%, as only those land users who have implemented the technology are considered

3.4.1.2 Which groups in particular (eg by gender, age, wealth) implemented the technology with incentive support?

groups what incentives reasons for implementing technology

1 ............................... ..................................

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3.4.1.3 Which groups did not implement the technology, even with incentive support?

groups what incentives reasons for not implementing technology

1 ............................... ..................................

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2 ............................... ..................................

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Which farmers adopt a technology, eg contour planting? Cochabamba, Bolivia. (Photo: Martin Moll)


3.4.2 Spontaneous adoption

We define spontaneous adoption as the voluntary adoption of a technology without external assistance other than technical guidance.

3.4.2.1 How many land users who have implemented the technology have done it wholly voluntarily, without any incentives other than technical guidance?

..................................... % of land user families that have applied the SWC Technology*

..................................... number of land user families

..................................... % of area stated in 1.3.1* Information based on estimates � or survey results �

* Note: together with 3.4.1.1 this has to add up to 100%, as only those land users who have implemented the technology are considered

3.4.2.2 Which groups in particular (eg by gender, age, wealth) adopted the technology spontaneously?

groups reasons for adoption

1 ........................................................... ........................................................................................................

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2 ........................................................... ........................................................................................................

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3 ........................................................... ........................................................................................................

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3.4.2.3 Which groups did not spontaneously adopt the technology?

groups reasons for non-adoption

1 ........................................................... ........................................................................................................

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2 ........................................................... ........................................................................................................

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3 ........................................................... ........................................................................................................

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3.4.2.4 Adoption trend

Is there a trend towards (growing) spontaneous adoption of the technology?

no � yes, little � yes, moderate � yes, strong � Comments: ................................................................................................................................................................ ...................................................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................................................

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Why are previously implemented conservation measures not maintained or even destroyed? Kembata, Ethiopia. (Photo: Karl Herweg)

Are old systems of terracing well maintained? Why not? Near Titicaca Lake, Bolivia. (Photo: Martin Moll)


3.4.3 Maintenance

Have land users adequately maintained or managed what has been implemented?

no � partially � yes �

If no or partially, give reasons: ...........................................................................................................................................

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If yes, for what length of time has maintenance already been carried out? ......................................................................

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3.4.4 Replicability

Is there enough local skill or local support to expand the SWC Technology?

no � yes � uncertain �

Specify: ............................................................................................................................................................................

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3.4.5 Durability

Is the SWC Technology set up in such a way that it will be durable, or can be easily maintained and kept in good shape?

no � yes � uncertain � Specify? ...............................................................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................................................................................


Traditional banana mulching in Uganda. (Photo: Will Critchley)


3.5 Concluding statements

3.5.1 List the major strengths / advantages of the technology and how they can be sustained / enhanced

Give a concluding statement about the technology. Strengths / advantages

How can they be sustained / enhanced?

in your opinion 1) ...............................................................................

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2) ...............................................................................

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in the land users' view

1) ...............................................................................

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3.5.2 List the major weaknesses / disadvantages of the technology and how they can be overcome

Weaknesses / disadvantages How can they be overcome?

in your opinion 1) ...............................................................................

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in the land users' view

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References used:

Community Forests and Soil Conservation Development Department. 1986. Guidelines for Development Agents on Soil Conservation in Ethiopia. Ministry of Agriculture, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.

International Soil Reference and Information Centre (ISRIC). 1995. Global and National Soils and Terrain Digital Databases (SOTER). Procedures Manual. FAO, ISRIC, ISSS, UNEP.

Kerr, J.M. 1994. How subsidies distort incentives and undermine watershed development projects in India. Draft paper prepared for the IIED New Horizons Conference on Participatory Watershed Management, Bangalore, Nov 28 – December 2, 1994.

Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation (SDC). 1996. Getting to know PEMT. Brochure in the Series: Working Instruments for Planning, Evaluation, Monitoring, Transference into Action (PEMT). SDC, Berne, Switzerland.

United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) / Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). 1994: Report of the Expert Meeting on Harmonising Land Cover and Land Use Classifications. Earthwatch Global Environment Monitoring System. GEMS Report Series No. 25. UNEP, Nairobi, Kenya.

WOCAT Technologies QT 54 Annex 1

ANNEX T1

List the names of other contributing SWC specialists who assisted in filling out this questionnaire. Note that on QT 1 the main responsible person needs to be indicated. Last name / surname First name(s) Institution, address, fax, tel., e-mail ..................................... ....................................... ..........................................................................................

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Available documentation

List all useful references, reports, technical manuals, videos, training materials, etc. and contacts (individuals or projects with address) that relate to the technology you have described:

References / reports: title, author, year where available / costs ......................................................................................................... .....................................................................

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Contact person / institution: Last name / surname First name(s) Institution, address, fax, tel., e-mail ..................................... ....................................... ..........................................................................................

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ANNEX T2

Your judgment of the SWC Technology questionnaire

I liked: ....................................................................................................................................................................

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I disliked: ................................................................................................................................................................

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I suggest: ................................................................................................................................................................

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Did the questionnaire help you in evaluation and analysis of SWC activities? (rate 1 = very little ... to 5 = very much) rate: ..................

Comments:

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Please add relevant reference materials here, particularly: • Maps (land use, topography, soils, demography, etc.) • Photos showing people working • Pamphlets and brochures on SWC activities • Technical manuals


ANNEX T3 Additional information (please always make proper reference to particular questions and page numbers!)

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Additional information (please always make proper reference to particular questions and page numbers!)

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WOCAT Technologies ET 58 Annex 4

ANNEX T4 WOCAT SWC Technologies categorisation system H.P. Liniger, D. Cahill, W. Critchley, G.v. Lynden, G. Schwilch, D.B. Thomas Principles of newly proposed system: - Hierarchical system consisting on 3 types of information: (1) land use, (2) degradation type(s) addressed

and (3) conservation measure(s) - Each of the 3 types is subdivided into main types and subtypes 1. Land use:

Main types and subtypes (as defined in QT: p. ET4):

C: Cropland:

Ca: annual cropping Cp: perennial cropping Ct: tree and shrub cropping

G: Grazing land:

Ge: extensive grazing Gi: intensive grazing

F: Forest / woodland:

Fn: natural Fp: plantations, afforestation Fo: other (eg selective cutting of natural forests and incorporating planted species)

M: Mixed land:

Mf: agroforestry (cropland and forest) Mp: agropastoralism (cropland and grazing land) Ma: agrosilvopastoralism (cropland, grazing land and forest) Ms: silvopastoralism (forest and grazing land) Mo: other

O: Other land:

Oi: mines and extractive industries Os: settlements, infrastructure network (roads, railways, pipe lines, power lines) Oo: others: wastelands, deserts, glaciers, swamps, recreation areas, etc.

If subcategories cannot be differentiated, just indicate the main type with a “–“ instead of a letter: eg: C-, G-, F-, etc.


2. Degradation type addressed

Main types and subtypes (as defined in QM):

W: Water erosion:

Wt: loss of topsoil / surface erosion Wg: gully erosion / gullying Wm: mass movements Wr: riverbank erosion Wc: coastal erosion Wo: offsite degradation effects: deposition of sediments, downstream flooding, siltation of reservoirs and

waterways, and pollution of water bodies with eroded sediments.

E: Wind erosion:

Et: loss of topsoil / surface erosion Ed: deflation and deposition Eo: offsite degradaion effects: covering of the terrain with windborne sand particles from distant sources

("overblowing")

C: Chemical deterioration

Cn: fertility decline and reduced organic matter content not caused by erosion, eg leaching, soil mining. Ca: acidification: lowering of the soil pH Cp: soil pollution: contamination of the soil with toxic materials Cs: salinisation/alkalinisation: a net increase of the salt content of the (top)soil leading to a productivity

decline

P: Physical deterioration

Pc: compaction: deterioration of soil structure by trampling or the weight and/or frequent use of machinery

Pk: sealing and crusting: clogging of pores with fine soil material and development of a thin impervious layer at the soil surface obstructing the infiltration of rainwater

Pw: waterlogging: effects of human induced stagnant water (hydromorphism), excluding paddy fields Ps: subsidence of organic soils, settling of soil Pu: loss of bio-productive function due to other activities (eg construction, mining) Pa: aridification / soil moisture problem: decrease of average soil moisture content, lowering of ground

water table

If subcategories are not specified, a -” should be added instead of a letter.


3. Conservation measure (as defined in QT E6)

Main types and subtypes (as defined in QT: p. ET6):

M: Overall Management:

M1: Change of land use type: - enclosure / resting - protection - change from crop to grazing land, from forest to agroforestry, from grazing land to cropland, etc.

M2: Change of management / intensity level: - from grazing to cutting (for stall feeding) - farm enterprise selection: degree of mechanisation, inputs, commercialisation - from mono-cropping to rotational cropping - from continuous cropping to managed fallow - from “laissez-faire” (unmanaged) to managed, from random (open access) to controlled access

(grazing land forest land eg access to firewood), from herding to fencing - adjusting stocking rates - staged use to minimise exposure (eg staged excavation)

M3: Layout according to natural and human environment: - exclusion of natural waterways and hazardous areas - separation of grazing types - distribution of water points, salt-licks, livestock pens, dips (grazing land)

M4: Major change in timing of activities: - land preparation - planting - cutting of vegetation

M5: Control / change of species composition (not annually or in a rotational sequence: if annually or in a rotational sequence as done eg on cropland -> A1) - reduction of invasive species - selective clearing - encouragement of desired species - controlled burning / residue burning

A: Agronomic / soil management

A1: Vegetation / soil cover - better soil cover by vegetation (selection of species, higher plant density) - early planting (cropland) - relay cropping - mixed cropping / intercropping - contour planting / strip cropping - cover cropping - retaining more vegetation cover (removing less vegetation cover) - mulching (actively adding vegetative / non-vegetative material or leaving it on the surface) - temporary trash lines (and in A2 as “mobile compost strips”) - others

A2: Organic matter / soil fertility - legume inter-planting (crop and grazing land; induced fertility) - green manure (cropland) - applying manure / compost / residues (organic fertilisers), including “mobile compost strips”

(trash lines) - applying mineral fertilisers (inorganic fertilisers) - applying soil conditioners (eg use of lime or gypsum) - rotations / fallows (associated with M) - others


A3: Soil surface treatment - conservation tillage: zero tillage, minimum tillage and other tillage with reduced disturbance of

the top soil - contour tillage - contour ridging (crop and grazing land), done annually or in rotational sequence - breaking compacted top soil: ripping, hoeing, ploughing, harrowing - pits, redone annually or in rotational sequence - others

A4: Subsurface treatment - breaking compacted subsoil (hard pans): deep ripping, “subsoiling”, … - deep tillage / double digging - others

V: Vegetative

V1: Tree and shrub cover - dispersed (in annual crops or grazing land): eg Faidherbia, Grevillea Sesbania - aligned (in annual crops or grazing land): eg live fences, hedges, barrier hedgerows, alley cropping

Subcategories: - on contour - graded - along boundary - linear - against wind

- in blocks Subcategories: - woodlots - perennial crops (tea, sugar cane, coffee, banana) - perennial fodder and browse species

Further subcategories for dispersed, aligned and in blocks: - natural reseeding - reseeding - planting

V2: Grasses and perennial herbaceous plants - dispersed - aligned (grass strips)

Subcategories: - on contour - graded - along boundary - linear - against wind - in blocks

Further subcategories for dispersed, aligned and in blocks: - natural reseeding - reseeding - planting


S: Structural: Structures constructed with soil or soil enforced with other materials (S1-S7) or entirely from other materials such as stone, wood, cement, others (S-8)

S1: bench terraces (<6%) - level (incl. rice paddies) - forward sloping /outward sloping - backward sloping / back-sloping / reverse

S2: forward sloping terraces (>6%) S3: bunds / banks

- level - tied - non-tied

- graded - tied - non-tied

- semi-circular - v-shaped - trapezoidal - others

S4: graded ditches / waterways (to drain and convey water) - cut-off drains - waterways

S5: level ditches / pits - infiltration, retention - sediment / sand traps

S6: dams / pans: store excessive water S7: reshaping surface (reducing slope, …) / top soil retention (eg in mining storing top soil and re-

spreading (*) S8: walls / barriers / palisades, (constructed from wood, stone concrete, others, not combined with earth) S9: others

Note: Often there are combinations: list them according to priorities: eg Ge/Wt/A3V2

WORLD OVERVIEW OF CONSERVATION APPROACHES AND TECHNOLOGIES soil and water conservation.pdf · WORLD...

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