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WORLD MAPS OF F2 CRITICAL

FREQUENCIES AND MAXIMUM

USABLE FREQUENCY FACTORS

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCENATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

National Bureau of Standards

SEP 2 1 1980

105,354

QC100.U5753

Copy 1

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

April 1959

WORLD MAPS OF F2 CRITICAL FREQUENCIES ANDMAXIMUM USABLE FREQUENCY FACTORS

Donald H. Zacharisen

This work was prepared in response to

Study Program 60 and Recommendation176 of the International Radio Consulta-tive Committee (CCIR).

NBS Technical Notes are designed to supplement the Bu-reau's regular publications program. They provide a

means for making available scientific data that are of

transient or limited interest. Technical Notes may be

listed or referred to in the open literature. They are for

sale by the Office of Technical Services, U. S. Depart-

ment of Commerce, Washington 25, D. C.

DISTRIBUTED BY

UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

OFFICE OF TECHNICAL SERVICES

WASHINGTON 25, D. C.

Prlce$ 3. 50

uSC0»»->«5-Bl

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

I. INTRODUCTION AND HISTORY 1

II. A DESCRIPTION OF WORLD PREDICTION MAPS,

PREDICTION CHARTS AND AIDS 2

III. INSTRUCTIONS FOR USE OF WORLD PREDICTIONMAPS, PREDICTION CHARTS, AND AIDS k

IV. SAMPLE CALCULATIONS 9

V. FIGURES AND TABLES - — - Ik

VI. WORLD PREDICTION MAPS AND PREDICTIONCHARTS - 22

WORLD MAPS OF F2 CRITICAL FREQUENCIES ANDMAXIMUM USABLE FREQUENCY FACTORS

by

Donald' H. Zacharisen

Abstract

This report was prepared for the purpose of present-

ing six months of contour maps and charts for use in pre-

dicting F2-layer maximum usable frequencies. Prediction

maps for each even hour of Greenwich Mean Time and charts

in which time is continuous along the abscissa are given

for the months of January, March, June, July, September

and December.

The four parameters used for predicting MUFs are

foF2 and the ij-000 km MUF factor for a twelve -month running

average Zurich sunspot number of 50, and the rates of

change of foF2 and J+000 km MUF factor with sunspot number.

The first three parameters use a map presentation with GMT

constant over the surface of the map. The fourth param-

eter uses a chart presentation in which the ordinate is

geomagnetic latitude and the abscissa is local time.

1. INTRODUCTION AND HISTORY

The preparation of world prediction maps for use in predict-

ing median maximum usable frequencies (MUFs) for F2-layer trans-

mission has been undertaken at the Central Radio Propagation

Laboratory and it is the purpose of this report to present the

first six months of maps. The prediction maps are prepared for

average conditions.

Construction of these prediction maps is based on the

observed regression of F2 ordinary-wave critical frequency (foF2

)

and F2 maximum usable frequency factor (M-^000, the MUF factor

for a transmission distance of k-000 km, in particular) on the

twelve -month running-average Zurich sunspot number (RASSN) at a

given location, month of the year, and time of day as estimated

from the data collected at many ionospheric sounding stations.

The regression curves are not known precisely, but by now up to

15 points (one for each year) are available for estimating them,

and this information has been considered sufficient to warrant

the construction of world maps of foF2 and M-^000 factor covering

essentially all sunspot numbers. Since the regression curves are

observed to be essentially straight lines over a wide range of

RASSN, every RASSN in that range can be included by giving, for

example, the ordinate to the line (foF2 or M-4000) at RASSN 50

and the slope of the line.

Each final prediction map corresponds to an even hour of

Greenwich Mean Time (GMT) which is also known as Universal Time

(UT), Zebra Time (ZT), or 0° longitude time. To plot the value

of one of the four parameters at any given station for the given

GMT directly from the regression lines, which are given for each

hour of local time (LT), requires an interpolation between adja-

cent hours of LT in general. Linear interpolation would introduce

a systematic error, or bias, which may be substantial due to the

rapid non-linear diurnal variation of foF2 c An alternative, and

the method used, is to draw contour "maps" for each of which the

LT, rather than the GMT, Is constant and the abscissa is GMT as

well as longitude and subsequently to draw the final GMT predic-

- 2 -

tion maps using as many points as desired from the LT maps.

This procedure is used by Naismith with the monthly predictions

of the Radio Research Station (Bulletin A), Slough, England. A

study of the errors of the procedure described above has been

considered by Crow and Zacharisen. Prediction tables for

points on the surface of the earth at latitudes greater than 35°

North have been prepared by the Radio Physics Laboratory of

Canada

.

Construction of the prediction maps has been greatly facili-

tated by the availability of data collected from many ionospheric

sounding stations for the years beginning about 19^3 or later e

(Earlier data are not always used because of changes in instru-

mentation and methods of scaling.) These data were in a form

suitable for preparing world prediction maps because of their

previous or simultaneous inclusion in the monthly Basic Radio

Propagation Predictions (CRPL Series D), which the Central Radio

Propagation Laboratory has been publishing since July 1, 19^6

(published as IRPL Series D from September 1, 19^ to June 1,

19^6). A description of the preparation and use of these pre-

dictions may be found in Sections 6 .k and 6 6 of Reference 3 and

in Reference k.

II. A DESCRIPTION OF WORLD PREDICTION MAPSPREDICTION CHARTS AND AIDS

Figure k shows the map projection that was used in producing

all of the world prediction maps. This map will be used in deter-

mining the location of the desired communication path endpoints.

Figure 5, a great circle chart centered on the equator, is based

on the same projection used in the above map of the world. The

two will be used together in order to determine the great circle

communication path lying between a transmitting and receiving sta-

tion that are of interest to the user. The world prediction maps

are all presented for each even hour of the day. The prediction

charts of slope of regression line of M-4000 factor on RASSN do

not utilize a map of the world but instead have time of day rather

than longitude as the abscissa. Hence there are fewer charts to

represent this parameter than there are maps to represent the

other parameters. It was determined, from the results of a pilot

study, that it would be of doubtful value to attempt to specify

this parameter in much detail.

Figure 6, a distance nomogram, is used to obtain F2-layer

MUFs for communication paths of intermediate distances (0 to ^000

km) between the values of foF2 and F2-4000 MUF provided by the

world prediction maps and prediction charts. The nomogram has

F2-zero-MUF rather than foF2 along the left vertical axis. The

required value of F2-zero-MUF may be obtained by adding an

approximate value of one-half of the gyrofrequency (f ) to the

value of foF2 obtained from the prediction maps* This value of

- 3 -

If is obtained from Table 1 in which it is assumed that f

depends only on geomagnetic latitude. The geomagnetic latitude,

for a given geographic latitude and longitude, may be obtained

from Table 2.5

The prediction maps for foF2 at RASSN 50 and M-lj-000 factor

at RASSN 50 are used respectively with those for the slope of

regression of foF2 on RASSN and the prediction charts of the

slope of regression of M-4000 factor on RASSN . The prediction

maps of the first two parameters above give the value of foF2 or

M-lj-OOO factor at a RASSN of 50 for a given geographical location.

The prediction maps of the third parameter give the rate of

change of foF2 with RASSN for a given geographical location.

The prediction charts of the fourth parameter give the rate of

change of M-^000 factor with RASSN for a given geomagnetic lati-

tude. For example, a value from the map of foF2 at RASSN 50

used with a corresponding value from the map of the rate of

change of foF2 with RASSN will give the value of foF2 for essen-

tially all values of RASSN.

The prediction maps and aids included in this report are

seen to require an additional factor before the desired MUFs can

be calculated. This missing factor is a predicted value of

RASSN such as is supplied five months in advance of the month in

question by CRPL using the McNish-Lincoln method.

There is a rather simple set of equations that may be used

to obtain MUFs and optimum working frequencies (OWFs) from the

world prediction maps, prediction charts, and aids included in

this report and a predicted value of RASSN » The following sym-

bols, some abbreviated from regular usage, will be defined for

their use in presenting these equations:

R = predicted RASSN

f (R) = median ordinary-wave critical frequency(median foF2) at RASSN R (denotes medianfoF2 as a function of R),

f (50) = median foF2 at RASSN 50.

b„ = slope of the regression line of median foF2on RASSN (the rate of change of median foF2with RASSN).

M(R) = median maximum usable frequency factor fora transmission distance of ^000 kilometers(median M-4000) at RASSN R.

M(50) = median M-^000 at RASSN 50.

bM = slope of the regression line of median M-^000factor on RASSN (rate of change of medianM-lj-000 factor with RASSN).

F2-zero-MUF(R) = maximum usable frequency for a transmissiondistance of zero kilometers at RASSN R.

F2-^-000-MUF(R) = maximum usable frequency for a transmissiondistance of ^000 kilometers at RASSN R.

frr = gyrofrequency.n

f (R) = f (50) + (R-50)bf

.

M(R) = M(50) + (R-50)bM

.

f (R) + fH/2= median F2-zero-MUF(R).

[f(R)][M(R)] = median F2-^000-MUF(R).

f (50), bf , and M(50) are read from their respective maps at the

geographical location of the midpoint of the great-circle path

between the transmitting and receiving stations b,, is readM

from a chart at the geomagnetic latitude of the midpoint of the

- k -

great circle path between the transmitting and receiving sta-

tions-. The predicted value of RASSN sent out to the users of

this report will be one that would be expected to give the user

the best results in predicting MUFs rather than one that will

predict most closely a correct value of RASSN. Even with this

condition, the value of RASSN that will be sent to the user will

follow closely the predicted or expected value of RASSN.

The world prediction maps of foF2 at RASSN 50 and M-^000

factor at RASSN 50 were drawn from median values and so using

the values from these maps in the above equations will result in

median values of F2-4000-MUF(R) and F2-zero-MUF(R) The median

value is of course the middle value when the observed data are

arranged in order of magnitude. Oommunications at the MUF calcu-

lated from these prediction maps and charts should be effective

approximately 50$ of the time.

A value of F2-MUF that should be effective approximately 90$

of the time may be easily obtained from the above median F2-MUF.

It might be found by taking 85$ of the median F2-4000-MUF(R) and

85$ of the median F2-zero-MUF(R), but it is simpler just to take

85$ of the median F2-MUF for which the distance interpolation has

already been made. Both" methods can be seen to yield the same

results.

III. INSTRUCTIONS FOR USE OF WORLD PREDICTIONMAPS, PREDICTION CHARTS AND AIDS

A good deal of the material in this section has been takeniirectly from National Bureau of Standards Circular 465.^ This

circular is probably familiar to many users of this report and

it was felt that as it has stood the test of many years of serT

vice that, where applicable, the use of the same text would aid

in determining F2-layer MUFs from the material included herein.

It is suggested that this report be placed in a standard three

-

ring, looseleaf notebook and the staples removed so that the

pages will lie flat.

1. Determination of Great-Circle Distances andLocations of Transmission Control Points

Figure k is a map of the world. Figure 5 is a chart to the

same scale as Figure 4, on which the solid-line curves crossing

the equator at two points l80° apart represent great circles.

The numbered dot-dash lines crossing the great circles indicate

distances along them in thousands of kilometers. In using Fig-

ures k and 5, proceed as follows:

(a) Place a piece of transparent paper over the map,

Figure 4, and draw the equatorial line (zero degrees) and the

120 °W longitude line. Place dots over the locations of the

transmitting and receiving stations. Also mark the Greenwich

meridian (0°) for use in determining GMT from the prediction

charts of slope of regression line of M-^000 factor on RASSN.

(b) Place this transparency over the chart, Figure 5, and,

keeping the equatorial line of the transparency always on the

equatorial line of Figure 5, slide the transparency horizontally

until the terminal points marked on it either fall on the same

great circle or are the same proportional distance between adja-

cent great-circle curves Q Draw in the great-circle path which

passes through the terminal points. The paths between Washing-

ton, D. C. and Miami, Florida, and Washington, D u C. and Trieste

- 5 -

are shown in their correct positions on Figure 2.

(c) For paths shorter than 1+000 km, locate the midpoint of

the path, keeping the transparency in position on Figure 5 and

using as a distance scale the points at which the numbered lines

in Figure 5 cross the path as drawn on the transparency. The

midpoint of the Washington-Miami path is at M on Figure 5.

(d) For paths longer than ^000 km, designating the ends as

the A-end and B-end, respectively, locate on the path and mark

with a dot the following "control points", scaling the distances

as in (c) above:

Points A and B, 2000 km from each end. These points

for the Washington Trieste path are shown in Figure 5«

2. Calculation of Maximum Usable Frequenciesand Optimum Working Frequencies

2.1 Determination of MUF and 0WF for distances lessthan or equal to ^000 km

(a) The use of a work sheet similar to that of Figure 7 is

suggested. Put a check in the space "Path less than or equal to

i+000 km "

.

(b) To determine the MUF:

(l) Place the great circle transparency over the map

of foF2 at RASSN 50 for 0000 hours GMT and keep the equa-

torial line of the transparency over the equatorial line of

the map and the 120 °W line of the transparency over the

120°W line of the map (ignoring the Greenwich meridian for

the present).

(2) Read the value of foF2 for the midpoint of the

path and enter as f(50) in Column a. of Figure 7«

(3) Repeat for the 0200, 0^00, 0600, etc. maps.

(h) Repeat steps (l), (2), and (3) for the maps of

the slope of the regression line of foF2 on RASSN and again

for the maps of M-1+000 factor at RASSN 50 and enter values

as b„ in Column b. and as M(50) in Column e., respectively,

of Figure 7.

(5) Compute the value of (R-50), using the predicted

value of R for the desired month, and enter this value in

Columns c. and g. of Figure 7«

(6) From Figure k, determine the geographical coordin-

ates of the communication path midpoint which was located

in Section l(c) above. Table 2 is then used to find the

geomagnetic latitude of the midpoint. Geographic latitude

is located along the vertical axis of Table 2 and geographic

longitude is located along the horizontal axis. From l80°E

to 36O °E longitude on Table 2 corresponds to the same seg-

ment of the earth as from l80°W to 0° longitude,,

(7) Place the great circle transparency over the pre-

diction chart of the slope of the regression line of M-4000

factor on RASSN and keeping the equatorial line of the trans-

parency over the equatorial line of the chart, mark the geo-

magnetic latitude by a dot on the meridian passing through

the midpoint determined in Section l(c). In other words,

- 6 -

place the dot at the correct geomagnetic latitude, using

the vertical scale of the prediction chart as a guide, on

a line perpendicular to the equatorial line and passing

through the path midpoint, already on the transparency.

(8) Again keeping the equatorial line of the trans-

parency over the equatorial line of the chart, slide the

transparency horizontally until the Greenwich meridian of

the transparency coincides with 0000 hours on the local

time (LT) scale.

Note that all points on the great-circle path are in their

proper LT relationship to Greenwich because 2k hours on the

time scale of the prediction chart is drawn to the same

scale as 360 of longitude on the world map.

(9) Read the value of the slope of the regression

line of M-14-000 factor on RASSN for the location of the dot

determined in Instruction (7) above and enter as bw inMColumn f . of Figure 7.

Note that on the prediction chart (-) refers to an alge-

braic increase in a negative direction of values inside the

contour so specified while (+) refers to an algebraic

decrease in a negative direction of values inside of the

contour so specified.

(10) Repeat for 0200, 0^00, 0600, etc. on the time

scale. Frequently it will be necessary to make the Green-

wich meridian of the transparency coincide with an imagined

2600, 2800, 3000, etc. on the time scale. A convenient aid

is to place marks at two hour intervals on the equatorial

line of the transparency.

(11) Compute the values for Columns d, h, and i. of

Figure 7 from the equation at the heading of each of these

columns. The equation from Column d. is f (R) = f (50) +

(R-50)b . It might be noted that f(R) and f (50) indicate

the median foF2 as a function of RASSN R and RASSN 50,

respectively, while (R-50)b indicates a multiplication of

the factor (R-50) times b , the rate of change of median

foF2 with RASSN.

(12) Use the value of geomagnetic latitude of the

path midpoint found in Instruction (6) above to obtain one-

half of the gyrofrequency (f_) from Table 1. Add thisn

value of f /2 to the value of median foF2 for all even

hours to obtain median F2-zero-MUF(R) and insert the values

in Column j. of Figure 7.

(13) For each hour place a straightedge between the

values of F2-zero-MUF(R) and F2-^000-MUF(R) at the left-

hand and right-hand sides, respectively, of the grid nomo-

gram, Figure 6, and read the value of the MUF for the

actual path length at the intersection point of the

straightedge with the appropriate vertical distance line,

interpolating between the oblique lines. Enter the values

in Column k. of Figure 7.

(Ik) Calculate the F2-0WF by multiplying each value

of median F2-MUF in Column k. by the factor 0.85 or by

- 7 -

using the conversion scale contained in Figure 6. Enter

the values in Column 1. of Figurer

J.

2.2 Determination of MUF and OWF for distancesgreater than 4000 km

(a) General Considerations:

The procedure outlined below is based on the follow-

ing assumptions:

(1) That there are F2-layer control points A and B.

(2) That the highest frequency that can be propa-

gated from the A-end to the B-end is the lower of the two

frequencies of A and B above.

(3) That the frequency obtained in (2) is the same

for propagation from the B-end to the A-end.

(b) The use of a work sheet similar to Figure 7 is sugges-

ted. Two sheets should be used with one for the A-end and one

for the B-end. Put a check on both sheets in the space on the

top of the sheet entitled "Path greater than ^000 km ".

For the first sheet, place a check in "A-end " and for the

second sheet, place a check in "B-end ". Column j. will

not be used in either sheet. The lower of A and B will be

entered in Column k. of one of the sheets and the OWF will be

computed from this and entered in Column 1. of the same sheet.

Columns k. and 1. in the second sheet can remain blank or be

filled in with the same information as the first sheet in order

to provide a more complete record.

(c) Locate the control points A and B as explained in

Section 1. For very long paths the "short route" (minor arc of

the great-circle path) and the "long route" (major arc) need be

considered.

(d) To determine the MUF:

(1) Place the great circle transparency over the map

of foF2 at RASSN 50 for 0000 hours GMT and keep the equa-

torial line of the transparency over the equatorial line

of the map and the 120 °W line of the transparency over the

120%/ line of the map (ignoring the Greenwich meridian for

the present).

(2) Read the value of foF2 for control point A and

enter as f(50) in Column a. of Figure r

J. The designation

"A-end" at the top of the work sheet will have been checked

for this work sheet in Instruction 2.2(b) above.

(3) Repeat for the 0200, 0^00, 0600, etc. maps.

(k) Repeat steps (l), (2), and (3) for the maps of

the slope of the regression line of foF2 on RASSN and

again for the maps of M-^000 factor at RASSN 50 and enter

values as b in Column b. and as M(50) in Column e, respec-

tively, of Figure 7.

(5) Compute the value of (R-50), using the predicted

value of R for the desired month, and enter this value in

Columns c. and g. of Figure 7»

- 8 -

(6) From Figure k, determine the geographical coor-

dinates of the location of control point A which was loca-

ted in Section l(d) above. Table 2 is then used to find

the geomagnetic latitude of A. Geographic latitude is

located along the vertical axis of Table 2 and geographic

longitude is located along the horizontal axis. From l80°E

to 360°E longitude on this chart corresponds to the same

segment of the earth as from 180 W to 0° longitude.

(7) Place the great circle transparency over the pre-

diction chart of the slope of the regression line of M-^000

factor on RASSN and keeping the equatorial line of the

transparency over the equatorial line of the chart, mark

the geomagnetic latitude by a dot on the meridian passing

through control point A determined in Section l(d). In

other words, place the dot at the correct geomagnetic lati-

tude, using the vertical scale of the prediction chart as a

guide, on a line perpendicular to the equatorial line and

passing through control point A, already on the transpar-

ency.

(8) Again keeping the equatorial line of the trans-

parency over the equatorial line of the chart, slide the

transparency horizontally until the Greenwich meridian of

the transparency coincides with 0000 hours on the local time

(LT) scale.

Note that all points on the great-circle path are in their

proper LT relationship to Greenwich because 2k hours on the

time scale of the prediction chart is drawn to the same

scale as 36O of longitude on the world map.

(9) Read the value of the slope of the regression

line of M-^000 factor on RASSN for the location of the dot

determined in Instruction (7) above and enter as b in

Column f . of Figure 7.

Note that on the prediction chart (-) refers to an alge-

braic increase in a negative direction of values inside of

the contour so specified while (+) refers to an algebraic

decrease in a negative direction of values inside of the

contour so specified.

(10) Repeat for 0200, 0^00, 0600, etc. on the time

scale. Frequently it will be necessary to make the Green-

wich meridian of the transparency coincide with an imagined

2600, 2800, 3000, etc. on the time scale. A convenient aid

is to place marks at two hour intervals on the equatorial

line of the transparency.

(11) Compute the values for Columns d, h, and i. of

Figure 7 from the equation at the heading of each of these

columns.

(12) Repeat steps (l) through (ll) for control point

B. The second work sheet which has a check, from Instruc-

tion 2.2(b) above, in the designation "B-end " at the

top of the work sheet will be used to record the values

from control point B»

- 9 -

(13) For each of the even hours compare the two

values of median F2-lK)00-MUF(R), Column i. of Figure 7,

from the two work sheets representing control point A and

control point B. The lower of the two values, the MUF for

the A-end and the MUF for the B-end, is the MUF for a given

even hour for the transmission path. Record this median

F2-MUF for the path in Column k. of one of the two work

sheets. The same information may be recorded in Column k.

of the other work sheet for a more complete record.

(lk) The values in Column k. are then multiplied by

0.85 or fitted to the conversion scale in Figure 6 in order

to find the F2-0WF for the path. The values obtained are

inserted in Column 1. of the one sheet (or both sheets if

desired) that has the values of median F2-MUF for the path

in Column k.#

IV. SAMPLE MUF AND OWF CALCULATIONS

1. Short Path

The MUF and OWF for the great-circle communication path

between Washington, D. C. (39.0°N, 77-5 °W) and Miami, FLorida

(25.7°N, 80.5 °W) have been determined for average conditions for

the month of June using a RASSN of 35. This was the observed

RASSN for June of 1955 and so the values that have been computed

would correspond to the conditions encountered during that

period. This of course does not mean that this is the value of

RASSN that would have been predicted. It is possible that the

predicted value would fit the conditions encountered more pre-

cisely than the observed RASSN.

The values that have been calculated are shown in Figure 1.

It will be noted here that the values recorded in Columns a, b,

e, and f . of Figure 1 will always apply for the above communica-

tion path for the month of June. The values in Columns c. and

g. will vary from year to year with changes in the value of RASSN,

The values for Columns a, b, e, and f . could therefore be scaled,

for a given month and transmission path, well in advance of the

receipt of the predicted value of RASSN.

2. Long Path

The MUF and OWF for the great-circle communication path

between Washington, D. C. (39.0°N, 77-5°W) and Trieste (^5.7°N,

I3.8 °E) have been determined for average conditions for the

month of December using a RASSN of 8l. This was the observed

RASSN for December of 1955 and so the values that have been

computed would correspond to the conditions encountered during

that period. Again, this does not mean that this is the value

of RASSN that would have been predicted. It is again possible

that the predicted value would fit the conditions encountered

more precisely than the observed RASSN.

The values that have been calculated for the control point

A are shown in Figure 2 and the values calculated for control

point B are shown in Figure 3. Column j. is not used and

Columns k. and 1. contain the same values for both sheets.

- 10 -

Again, it will be noted that the values recorded in Columns a,

b, e, and f . of both Figures 2 and 3 "will always apply for the

above communication path for the month of December. The values

in Columns c, and g. will vary from year to year with changes in

the value of RASSN. The values for Columns a, b, e, and f

.

could therefore be scaled, for a given month and transmission

path, well in advance of the receipt of the predicted value of

RASSN.

REFERENCES

1. Crow, E. L. and Zacharisen, D. H., "The error in prediction

of F2 maximum usable frequencies by world maps based on

sunspot number", Rroc . of the Symposium on Statistical

Methods in Radio Wave Propagation (U.C.LoA. June 18-2),

1958) W. C. Hoffman ed. Pergamon Press (^7 ms. pp., in

press).

2 Radio Physics Laboratory Report No 1-1- 3, "Prediction of

optimum traffic frequencies for northern latitudes", Defence

Research Board, Canada, November 195^-.

3. NBS Circular 462, "ionospheric radio propagation", U. S. Govt

Printing Office, 19^9.

k. NBS Circular 465, "instructions for the use of basic radio

propagation predictions", U. S. Govt Printing Office, 19^7.

5. Vestine, E. H., Laporte, L., Lange, I., Cooper, C, Hendrix,

W. C, "Description of the earth 1 s main magnetic field and

its secular change 1905-I945", Carnegie Institution of

Washington Publication 578, Washington, D. C D , 1948, pp.

28-33.

6. McNish, A. G., and Lincoln, J. V., "Prediction of sunspot

numbers", Trans, of the Amer. Geophys. Union, Vol. 30,

pp. 673-685, 19^9

o

- 11 -

SOLUTION OF F2-LAYER TRANSMISSION PROBLEM

From Washington, P. C To Miami, Florida Distance 1500 km. Predicted for June 19

Check correct ones:Path less than or equal to (^) 4000 km„ __X

Path greater than (>) km ; A-end or B-end

Geomagnetic latitude for path midpoint 43 °N ; or for control point A _One-half gyrofrequency for path midpoing 0.6 Mc; or for control point A

or control point B _Mc or control point B Mc

Note : All frequencies are in Megacycles

GMT f(50) bf

(R-50)f GO =

f(50) + (R-50)bf

M(50) bM

(R-50)M(R) =

M(50) + (R-50)bM

[f(R)][M(R)] =

medianF2-4000-MUF(R)

f(R) + fH/2 =

medianF2-zero-MUF(R)

median F2-MUF forpath

F2-0WFfor

patha b c d e f g h i J k 1

frocedurc Scale Scale Compute Compute Scale Scale Compute Compute Compute Compute

Scale for ^4000 km.

Lower of A and B

for > 4000 km.

Compute

00 7*2 o023 -15 6.9 3.42 -.0043 -15 3.48 24o0 7.5 14.0 11.9

02 6.5 .026 -15 6.1 3.35 -.0051 -15 3.43 20.9 6.7 12.3 10.5

04 5.2 .029 -15 4.8 3.25 -.0052 -15 3.33 16.0 5.4 9.6 8.2

06 4.7 .030 -15 4.2 3.21 -.0042 -15 3.27 13.7 4.8 8.3 7.1

08 4.2 .025 -15 3.8 3.32 -.0042 -15 3.38 12.8 4.4 7.8 6.6

10 4.0 o021 -15 3.7 3.35 -.0043 -15 3.41 12.6 4o3 7.6 6.5

12 5*3 .019 -15 5.0 3.40 -.0042 -15 3.46 17o3 5.6 10.3 8.8

14 6.1 .021 -15 5.8 3.23 -.0042 -15 3.29 19.1 6.4 11.4 9.7

16 6.4 .024 -15 6.0 3.14 -.0043 -15 3.20 19.2 6.6 11.6 9.9

18 6.7 .025 -15 6.3 3.16 -.0041 -15 3.22 20.6 6.9 12.3 10.5

20 6.7 .025 -15 6.3 3.18 -.0039 -15 3.24 20.4 6„9 12.3 10.5

22 7.1 .023 -15 6.8 3.25 -.0040 -15 3.31 22.5 7.4 13.4 11.4

Done by

Checked

Solution of short-path transmission problem (less than or equal to 4000 km) - use one work sheet.

Solution of long-path transmission problem (greater than 4000 km) - use two sheets, one for control point A and one for control point B.

FIGURE 1

- 12 -


From Washington, D. C. To Trieste Distance, 7100 km. Predicted for December 19

Check correct onesPath less than or equal to (^) 4000 km

Path greater than (>) 4000 km X J A-end_ X or B-end

Geomagnetic latitude for path midpoint __

One-half gyrofrequency for path midpoint

; or for control point A 60 °N or control point B

Mc; or for control point A 0.7 Mc or control point B Mc

Note: All frequencies are in Megacycles

GMT f(50) bf

(R-50)fOO =

f (50) + (R-50)bf

M(50) bM

(R-50)m(r) =

m(50) + (R-50)bM

[f(R)J[M(R)J =


f (R) + fH/2 =



F2-0WFfor

path

a b c d e f g h i J k 1

Procedure Scale Scale Compute Compute Scale Scale Compute Compute Compute

Scale for ^4000 km.

Compute - jOWer of a and Bfor > 4000 km.

Compute

00 3.7 .028 31 4.6 3.30 -.0028 31 3.21 14.8 9.5 8.1

02 3.0 .015 31 3-5 3.21 -.0029 31 3.12 10.9 10o0 8.5

04 2.9 .013 31 3.3 3.21 -.0029 31 3.12 10.3 9*4 8.0

06 2.8 .016 31 3.3 3.23 -.0029 31 3.14 10.4 8.5 7.2

08 2.8 .016 31 3.3 3.30 -.0029 31 3.21 10.6 10.6 9.0

10 2.7 .015 31 3.2 3.34 -.0029 31 3.25 10.4 10.4 8.8

12 5.2 .029 31 6.1 3.70 -.0030 31 3*61 22.0 22.0 18.7

l4 7.6 .048 31 9.1 3.76 -.0040 31 3.64 33.1 33.1 28.1

16 8.1 .051 31 9.7 3.68 -.0041 31 3.55 34.4 31.4 26.7

18 8.1 .051 31 9.7 3.65 -.oo4i 31 3.52 34.1 20.3 17.3

20 6.7 .047 31 8.2 3.62 -.0035 31 3.51 28.8 13.6 11.6

22 4.8 .039 31 6.0 3.50 -.0029 31 3.41 20.5 10.5 8.9

Done by

Checked

Solution of short-path transmission problem (less than or equal to 4000 km) - use one -work sheet.Solution of long-path transmission problem (greater than 4000 km) - use two sheets, one for control point A and one for control point B.

FIGURE 2

- 13 -


From Washington, D. C. To Trieste Distance, 7100 km. Predicted for December 19

Check correct ones:Path less than or equal to (^) 4000 km.

Path greater than (>) 4000 km. X ; A-end or B-end X

Geomagnetic latitude for path midpoint __

One-half gyrofrequency for path midpoint

; or for control point A__

Mc; or for control point A

or control point B 57°N

Mc or control point B 0.6 Mc

Note : All frequencies are In Megacycles

GMT f(50) bf

(R-50)

fGO =

f(50) + (R-50)bf

M(50) bM

(R-50)M(R) =

M(50)+(R-50)bM

[f(R)][M(R)] =


f (R) + fH/2 =



F2-0WFfor

path

a b c d e f g h i J k 1

Procedure Scale Scale Compute Compute Scale Scale Compute Compute Compute Compute

Scale for ^4000 km.

Lower of A and Bfor > 4000 km.

Compute

00 2.9 .008 31 3.1 3.16 -.0030 31 3.07 9.5 9.5 8.1

02 3.0 .009 31 3.3 3.13 -.0030 31 3.04 10.0 10.0 8.5

04 2.8 .010 31 3.1 3.12 -.0030 31 3.03 9.k 9A 8.0

06 2.4 .011 31 2.7 3.24 -.0030 31 3.15 8.5 8.5 7.2

08 2.9 .018 31 3.5 3.31 -.0030 31 3.22 11.3 10.6 9.0

10 6.5 .038 31 7.7 3.79 - . 0040 31 3.67 28.3 10.4 8.8

12 8.0 .050 31 9.5 3.83 -.0042 31 3.70 35.2 22.0 18.7

14 7.9 .052 31 9.5 3c 73 - . 0043 31 3.60 3^.2 33.1 28.1

16 7.3 .048 31 8.8 3.70 -.0042 31 3.57 3iA 31

A

26.7

18 4.7 .037 31 5-8 3.60 -.0032 31 3.50 20.3 20.3 17.3

20 3.5 .022 31 4.2 3.3^ -.0029 31 3.25 13.6 13.6 11.6

22 3.0 .014 31 3.k 3.19 -.0029 31 3.10 10.5 10.5 8.9

Done by

Checked

Solution of short-path transmission problem (less than or equal to 4000 km) - use one work sheet.

Solution of long-path transmission problem (greater than 4000 km) - use two sheets, one for control point A and one for control point B.

FIGURE 3

- Ik -

V. FIGURE AND TABLES

-15-

MAP OF THE WORLD

90°i—80° 100° 120° 140° 160° east 180° west 160° 140° 120° I00 c 80 c 60 £ 40° 20° WEST 0° EAST 20c 40°

90

)0°

CRPL BASE MAP•ooirito cimoiuc*!. »*oj(ctio«

60° 80° 100° 120° 140° 160° east I80°west 160° 140° 120° 100° 80° 60° 40° 20° west 0° east 20° 40 £ «?0°

FIGURE 4

-16-

GREAT CIRCLE CHART CENTERED ON EQUATOR. SOLID LINES REPRESENT GREAT CIRCLES. NUMBERED DOT-DASH LINES INDICATEDISTANCES IN THOUSANDS OF KILOMETERS.

FIGURE 5

- 17 -

ii-

oJ J_ "^T^r

Z> U.

I*<Ooo

dfllAJ 0001? LU OOO

LUO2<h-co

QI 'i

c 6rOCO

m CO —o O eu b

6 m CO

r-

ou> ID Ji

o ~ 6

JT — =>

t 3'i'

=O ->

u. <3

u. 9:O I-

«=2

5*5

00t>002

JDIAI 0d3Z

IOOJ

Oh-

u_3

cr

>oo00l-Ll

o1 &o y-

o 92O Q

IBQ 00

i

ocrUJN

< .

cr ooH UJ

LUO

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cr ll-

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UJ £==> h-O Q.LU OcrLi- C9z

§£«S8

FIGURE 6

- 18 -


From To Distance, km. Predicted for 19

Check correct ones:Path less than or equal to (^) 4000 km.

Path greater than (>) 4000 km. ; A-end or B-end

Geomagnetic latitude for path midpoint _One -half gyrofrequency for path midpoint

; or for control point A

Mc; or for control point Aor control point B

Mc or control point B Mc

Note: All frequencies are in Megacycles

GMT f(50) \ (R-50)f(R) =

f (50) + (R-50)bf

M(50)M

(R-50)M(R) =

M(50) + (R-50)!^

[f(R)][M(R)] =


f (R) + fH/2 =


median F2-MUF for

path

F2-0WFfor

path

a b c d e f g h l i k 1

Erocedure Scale Scale Compute Compute Scale Scale Compute Compute Compute Compute

Scale for ^^000 km.

Lower of A and Bfor > 4000 km.

Compute

00

02

0U

06

08

10

12

Ik

16

18

20

22

Done by

Checked

Solution of short-path trans

Solution of long-path transn

mission problem (less than or equal to 4000 km) - use one work sheet.lission problem (greater than ^000 km) - use two sheets, one for control point A and one for control point B.

FIGURE 7

- 19 -

An Approximate Value of One-halfthe Gyrofrequency (fjj) as a Function

of Geomagnetic Latitude

(For use with values of foF2 sufficiently large with respect to f )rl

\ Gyrofrequency (fR ) Geomagnetic Latitude

0.8 81 °N - 90 °N

0.7 60°N - 80 °N

0.6 4o°N - 59°N

0.5 21°N - 39°N

O.k 20°N - 20°S

0.5 21°S - 39°S

0.6 ^0°S - 59 °S

o.7 6o°s - 8o°s

0.8 8l°S - 90°S

TABLE 1

- 20 -

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TABLE 2

- 21 -

K3 CM O en CO T « O IBCO 10 CM N CM N N H m o oo o <r N O N <f IO CO O CM *f CO r- en h to

i i i

ss o en i-* to m10 IO »t < >t r~ r- r- r~

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38

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CO t CM O COCO CO CO CO CM

CM CM rH rH

3 cm r-i a> o« N H H

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r-i

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Ol t> lO CO rH

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Ol t> lO CO rH

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Ol f> lO CO rH

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S3

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513

r-i co in o oi.T «* T T T

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rH to in c^ o>T T T <T TI I I I I

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rH to in f> Olm in m m mi i i i i

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r-i to in r> enCO CO CO co CO

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r-i to in r>r> o o r>

r~ r- t> r-

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CM 01CO CO

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CM * CO OD Or-l r-l r-i r-l CM

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CO U> t> Ol rHr-i r-i r-i r-l CM

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in r- oi rH torH rH rH CM Ol

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CO CO O CM tOCM Ol tO CO tO

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cm ^r in o oiin m in in in

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rH to in to coCO CO CO CO CO

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to in t> co oCO to CO CO O

I I I I I

cocoI

oi

r-to *o o

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tO O 00 00o r- r~

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to rr in r> too o t> r- oi i i i i

IN CO Ol Olc- r> r- o

en Ol Ol oi

« «.C T3

o «

CO co V CM Oop CO CO CO COto to « Ol oc> t> t> r> o+ + + + +

00 CO 't 01 oCO CO CO CO co+ + H- + +

CO CO « CM Om m in in m+ + + + +

SCO ^ 01 o+ + + + +

SCO^tCMO CO CO ^ CM OOl CM CM CM HrtHHH

+ ++ + + + + + + +oo co ^r cm o+ + + +

Ol «f IO CO oI I I I

ol ^ CO CO oin in in in co

i i i i i

N n to to oto co co io o

I I I I I

TABLE 2

- 22 -

VI. WORLD PREDICTION MAPS AND PREDICTION CHARTS

foF2 AT RASSN 50

JANUARY 0000 HOURS GMT

P. 23

60° 120° 180°

EAST i WEST

120

LONGITUOE

cr:

WEST i EAST

P. 24 foF2 AT RASSN 50


60(

120 180

EASTi WEST

CO

120'

L0N6ITU0E

60° 0°

WEST i EAST

60s

60c

foF2 AT RASSN50JANUARY 0400 HOURS GMT

P. 25

120 180°

EASTiWEST

120'

LONGITUDE

CO

WEST i EAST



60#

180*

EASTi WEST

CO

120°

LONGITUDEWEST | EAST

foF2 AT RASSN 50


P. 27

60( 120' 180°

EASTiWEST

120"

LONGITUDE

CO

60' 0°

WEST i EAST

60u



60(

180°

EASTi WEST

120°

LONGITUOE

WESTI EAST

60(

foF2 AT RASSN 50


P. 29

CO

180°

EAST j WEST

120"

LONGITUDE

WEST I EAST

P. 30 foF2 ATRASSN 50


180

EASTi WEST

120'

LONGITUDE

co

WEST | EAST

foF2 AT RASSN 50


P. 31

60' 120' 180°

EASTi WEST

120

LONGITUDE

WEST i EAST



60c

180°

EASTi WEST

120°

LONGITUDE

CO

WEST | EAST

foF2 AT RASSN 50


P. 33

60 120180°

EAST i WEST

120'

LONGITUDE

oCO

WEST I EAST

P. 34 f6F2 AT RASSN 50


60°180°

EASTi WEST

120'

LONGITUDE

co

WEST I EAST

SLOPE OF REGRESSION LINE OF foF2 ON RASSN

JANUARY OOOO HOURS GMT

P. 35

60' 120 180°

EASTiWEST WEST I EAST

CO

LONGITUDE

P. 36 SLOPE OF REGRESSION LINE OF foF2 ON RASSN


60"

CO

180°

EASTi WEST

120°

LONGITUDE

WESTi EAST

60* 120°



P. 37

co

180°

EASTiWEST WEST i EAST

LONGITUDE



60'180

EAST j WEST

120'

L0NGITU0E

WEST | EAST



P. 3 9

oo

60° 120 180°

EAST i WEST

120

LONGITUOE

WEST i EAST



60° 180°

EASTi WEST WEST i EAST

CO

LONGITUDE



P. 41

CO

60* 120 180°

EASTiWEST

120°

LONGITUDE

WEST i EAST



CO

G0C

180

EASTi WEST

120

LONGITUDE

WEST I EAST



P. 43

60*

CO

120 180°

EAST i WEST

120°

LONGITUDE

WEST i EAST



co

60(

180°

EAST j WEST

120°

LONGITUDE

WESTi EAST

60'

SLOPE OF REGRESSION LINE OF foF2 AT RASSN


P. 45

oGO

120 180°

EASTiWEST WEST i EAST

LONGITUDE

P 46 SLOPE OF REGRESSION LINE OF foF2 ON RASSN


oCO

60c

180°

EASTi WEST

120'

LONGITUDE

WESTi EAST

M-4000 FACTOR AT RASSN 50


P. 47

60( 180°

EASTiWEST

120

LONGITUDE

CO

WEST I EAST

R 48 M-4000 FACTOR AT RAS8N 50


60(

180

EASTi WEST

120'

LONGITUDE

WESTi EAST

az

oCO

60° 120



P. 49

180°

EAST iWEST

CO

WEST i EAST

LONGITUDE

P. 50

60c



to

180°

EASTi WEST

120°

LONGITUDE

WESTI EAST

60' 120



P. 51

180°

EASTiWEST

(=>

CO

0°

WEST i EAST

60v

LONGITUDE

P. 52 M-4000 FACTOR AT RASSN 50


60*180

EASTi WEST

120°

LONGITUDE

CO

WEST| EAST



P. 53

60(

120 180°

EAST i WEST

120'

LONGITUDE

WEST I EAST

CO



ac

CO

180

EASTi WEST

120

LONGITUDE

60(

0°

WESTi EAST

60*



P. 55

60*180°

EAST iWEST

120'

LONGITUDE

CO

WEST IEAST

P. 5«

60°



120 180°

EASTi WEST

120°

LONGITUDE

60°

oCO

0'

WEST j EAST

60"

60°

M -4000 FACTOR AT RASSN 50


P. 57

CO

120' 180°

EAST iWEST

120'

LONGITUDE

60' 0°

WEST i EAST

60o90°

P. 5* M-4000 FACTOR AT RASSN 50


60c

180*

EAST j WEST

120*

LONGITUOE

WESTi EAST

SLOPE OF REGRESSION LINE OF M-4000 FACTOR ON RASSN

JANUARY

P. 59

LOCAL TIME

p. eo foF2 AT RASSN 50

MARCH 0000 HOURS GMT

60'180"

EASTi WEST

120°

LONGITUDE

CO

WEST | EAST

60(

120

foF2 AT RASSN 50


P. 61

180°

EASTiWEST

120'

LONGITUDE

co

WEST I EAST

P. 62

60*

foF2 AT RASSN 50


180

EASTi WEST

120

LONGITUOE

WEST | EAST

60c

foF2 AT RASSN 50


P. 63

90l

120 180°

EAST iWEST

120'

LONGITUDE

CO

WEST I EAST

P. 64

60°

foF2 AT RASSN 50


CO

180°

EAST i WEST

120'

LONGITUOE

WEST I EAST

foF2 AT RASSN 50


P. 65

60(

co

120 180°

EASTiWEST

120°

LONGITUDE

WEST i EAST



co

60* 180°

EASTi WEST

120°

LONGITUOE

60° 0°

WESTi EAST

60u

foF2 AT RASSN 50

MARCH 1400 HOURS GMTP. 67

60(

120 180°


co

LONGITUDE



60°180

EASTi WEST

120'

LONGITUDE

WESTi EAST

CO

foF2 AT RASSN 50

MARCH 1800 HOURS GHT

P. €9

60 120180°

EAST iWEST

120"

LONGITUDE

WEST IEAST

<s>



60°180°

EAST j WEST

120°

L0NGITU0E

WEST I EAST

foF2 AT RASSN 50


60° 120 180°

EAST iWEST

120'

LONGITUDE

WEST i EAST

oO

P. 72 SLOPE OF REGRESSION LINE OF foFt ON RASSN

MARCH OOOO HOURS GMT

60'180

EASTi WEST

120°

LONGITUDE

0°

WESTi EAST

CO

SLOPE OF REGRESSION LINE OF foFs ON RASSN


P. 73

co

60#

120' 180*

EAST iWEST

120

LONGITUDE

WESTi EAST

P. 74 SLOPE OF REGRESSION LINE OF Uh ON RASSN


180

EASTi WEST

120'

LONGITUOE

WESTi EAST

60°

SLOPE OF REGRESSION LINE OF f F, ON RASSN


oCO

120 180°

EAST i WEST

120'

LONGITUDE

0°

WEST i EAST

60u

P. 7 6 SLOPE OF REGRESSION LINE OF foFz ON RASSN


or

co

60°180

EASTi WEST

120'

L0NGITU0E

WESTI EAST


MARCH IOOO HOURS GMT

P. 7T

60 120180°

EAST iWEST

0°

WEST i EAST

CO

LONGITUDE

P 78 SLOPE OF REGRESSION LINE OF foF* ON RASSN


60*180*

EASTi WEST

120*

LONGITUDE

60' 0*

WEST i EAST

. 60"

SLOPE OF REGRESSION LINE OF foFz ON RASSN


P. 79

oCO

60c

120180°

EAST iWEST

120'

LONGITUDE

WEST I EAST

P. 80 SLOPE OF REGRESSION LINE OF fob ON RASSN


60c

180°

EASTi WEST

120°

LONGITUOE

WESTi EAST

SLOPE OF REGRESSION LINE OF foF* ON RASSN


P. 8

60c

120180°

EAST iWEST WEST I

EAST

LONGITUDE

P. 82 SLOPE OF REGRESSION LINE OF foFt ON RASSN

MARCH 2000 HOURS 6HT

180°

EASTi WEST

120'

LONGITUOE

CO

WEST | EAST

SLOPE OF REGRESSION LINE OF foF* ON RASSN


P. 83

CO

60° 120'180°

EAST iWEST

120

LONGITUDE

WEST I EAST



GO

WEST I EAST



P. 85

60 120180

EAST iWEST

CO

WEST IEAST

LONGITUDE


MARCH 0400 HOURS 6HT

60c

180°

EASTi WEST

120




P. 87

60( 120'

180°

EAST iWEST

120

LONGITUOE

WEST IEAST

p.

60°



CO

180°

EAST j WEST

120°

LONGITUDE

WESTI EAST

60c



120' 180°

EASTiWEST

CO

120

LONGITUDE

WESTI EAST

P. 90

60°



180°

EASTi WEST

120

LONGITUOE

60(

0'

WESTi EAST

60w

60

M-4000 FACTOR AT RASSN 50MARCH 1400 HOURS GMT

P. 91

120180°

EAST iWEST

120'

LONGITUDE

WEST i EAST

CO

P. 92 M-4000 FACTOR AT RASSN 50MARCH 1600 HOURS GMT

60180

EASTi WEST

120°

LONGITUDE

60° 0°

WESTi EAST

60"

60* 120'


MARCH 1800 HOURS CMT

P. 93

180°

EAST iWEST

120'

LONGITUDE

WEST I EAST

CO


MARCH 2000 HOURS CMT

60#

180*

EASTi WEST

120°

LONGITUDE

CO

WEST i EAST



P. 95

cO

w 120180

EAST iWEST

0°

WEST iEAST

LONGITUDE

P. 96 SLOPE OF REGRESSION LINE OF M-4000 FACTOR ON RASSN

MARCH

<_>

C9

s

foF2 AT RASSN 50JUNE 0000 HOURS GMT

P. 97

60

CO

120 180°

EAST i WEST

120°

LONGITUDE

0°

WEST i EAST

60'

P. 98

60

foF2 AT RASSN 50

JUNE 0200 HOURS GMT

180°

EAST i WEST

20°

LONGITUDE

(

WEST i EAST

60 c 20<

foF2 AT RASSN 50

JUNE 0400 HOURS GMT

P. 99

180°

EAST i WEST

120°

LONGITUDE

WEST i EAST

R 100

60

foF2 AT RAS8N 50

JUNE 0600 HOURS GMT

180°

EAST i WEST

20°

LONGITUDE

0°

WEST l" EAST

60c

60'

foF2 AT RASSN 50

JUNE 0800 HOURS GMT

p. 101

20c 180°

EAST 'IWEST

120°

LONGITUDE

WEST I EAST

P. 102

60 c

foF2 AT RASSN 50

JUNE 1000 HOURS GMT

80°

EAST i WEST

120°

LONGITUDE

WEST I EAST

60'

foF2 AT RASSN 50

JUNE 1200 HOURS GMT

P 103

120 180*

EAST I WEST

20f

LONGITUDE

WEST I EAST

P. 104

60<

foF2 AT RASSN 50

JUNE 1400 HOURS GMT

180°

EAST I WEST

20°

LONGITUDE

WEST I EAST

foF2 AT RASSN 50

JUNE 1600 HOURS 6MT

P. 105

60 120180°

EAST i WEST

20°

LONGITUDE

WEST I EAS

P. 106

60c

foF2 AT RASSN 50

JUNE 1800 HOURS GMT

180°

EAST i WEST

120°

LONGITUDE

WEST I EAST

60 c120

foF2 AT RA8SN 50

JUNE 2000 HOURS GMT

P. 107

180°

EAST i WEST

20°

LONGITUDE

oO

WEST i EAST

P. 108

60

foF2 AT RASSN 50

JUNE 2200 HOURS GMT

180°

EAST i WEST

LONGITUDE

0°

WEST i EAST

60*


JUNE OOOO HOURS GMT

P. 109

c/>

WEST ! EAST

p. no SLOPE OF REGRESSION LINE OF foF2 ON RASSN

JUNE 0200 HOURS GMT

co

60(

180°

EAST i WEST

120°

LONGITUDE

0°

WEST i EAST

60(


JUNE 0400 HOURS GMT

p. in

—i 90°

60 120180°

EAST i WEST

20°

LONGITUDE

WEST I EAST

P. 112

60"


JUNE 0600 HOURS GMT

CO

180°

EASTI' WEST

120°

LONGITUDE

WEST i EAST

SLOPE OF REGRESSION LINE OF foF2 ON RASSNJUNE 0800 HOURS GMT

p. 113

60 120 180°

EAST i WEST

120°

LONGITUDE

0°

WEST i EAST

CO

60<


JUNE IOOO HOURS GMT

60(

80°

EAST i WEST

120°

LONGITUDE

WEST I EAST

60' 120

SLOPE OF REGRESSION LINE OF f F2 RASSN

JUNE 1200 HOURS GMT

P. 115

180°

EAST I

WEST

120°

LONGITUDE

60'

WEST EAST

CO

P. 116SLOPE OF REGRESSION LINE OF f F2 ON RASSN

JUNE 1400 HOURS GMT

60'180°

EAST i WtST

LONGITUDE

WEST i EAST

60' 20


P. 117

180°

EAST i WEST

120°

LONGITUDE

CO

WEST I EAST

P. 118

60'


JUNE 1800 HOURS GMT

180°

EAST i WEST20°

LONGITUDE

WEST I EAST


P. 119

60 120 180°

EAST i WEST

120°

LONGITUDE

WEST I EAST

P. 120SLOPE OF REGRESSION LINE OF foF2 ON RASSN

JUNE 2200 HOURS GMT

60'

cr:

180°

EAST i WEST

120°

LONGITUDE

WESTI EAST

M-4000 FACTOR AT RASSN 50JUNE 0000 HOURS GMT

P. 121

to

60 20 180°

EAST i WEST

120°

LONGITUDE

-

WEST I EAST

60'

P. 122

120


JUNE 0200 HOURS GMT

180°

EAST I WEST

120°

LONGITUDE

60' 0°

WEST i EAST

90°

60°


JUNE 0400 HOURS GMT

P. 123

60 20' 180°

EAST i WEST

OCO

120

LONGITUDE

60' 0°

WEST I EAST

90#

60#


JUNE 0600 HOURS GMT

or

CO

120 180°

EAST I WEST

120°

LONGITUDE

60' 0°

WEST i EAST

90°

60°

60 120


P. 125

CO

180°

EAST i WEST

120°

LONGITUDE

0°

WEST I EAST

90°

60°


JUNE 1000 HOURS GMT

60180°

EAST I WEST

120°

LONGITUDE

60« 0°

WEST I EAST

90°

60°


JUNE 1200 HOURS GMT

P. 127

CO

60 120180°

EAST I WEST

120°

LONGITUDE

0°

WEST i EAST

P 128

60


JUNE 1400 HOURS GMT

180*

EAST i WEST

120°

LONGITUDE

60 c

0°

WEST i EAST

BO'


JUNE 1600 HOURS GMT

P. 129

60 120 180°

EAST i WEST

120°

LONGITUDE

60' 0°

WEST i EAST

R 130

60'


JUNE 1800 HOURS GMT

180°

EAST i WEST120°

LONGITUDEWEST I EAST


R 13

60 120 180°

EAST I WEST120°

LONGITUDE

60'

CO

.1WEST I EAST

P. 132

60'

M-4000FACT0RATRASSN50JUNE 2200 HOURS GMT

180°

EAST i WEST

120°

LONGITUDE

0°

WEST I EAST

J 90°

60°


JUNE

P. 133

£

cs

cs>


JULY 0000 HOURS GMT

60c

180'

EASTi WEST

120


60c

120

foF2 AT RASSN 50

JULY 0200 HOURS GMTP. 135

180°

EASTiWEST

120

LONGITUDE

WEST I EAST

CO

P. 136

60(

foF2 AT RASSN 50

JULY 0400 HOURS GMT

180°

EASTi WEST

120°

LONGITUOEWEST | EAST

60(

foF2 AT RASSN 50

JULY 0600 HOURS GMTP. 137

120 180°

EASTiWEST

CO

WEST I EAST

LONGITUDE

P. 138foF2 AT RASSN 50

JULY 0800 HOURS GMT —i 90'

180°

EASTi WEST

120°

LONGITUDE

co

WEST IEAST

foF2 AT RASSN 50

JULY 1000 HOURS GMT

P. 139

CO

60< 120180°

EAST iWEST WEST I EAST

LONGITUDE

P. 140

60*

foF2 AT RASSN 50

JULY 1200 HOURS GMT

120 180°

EAST i WEST

120

LONGITUDE

WEST i EAST

foF2 AT RASSN 50

JULY 1400 HOURS GMT

P. 14

CO

60* I20( 180°

EASTIWEST

120

L0NGITU0E

60v #

WEST iEAST

- flfl

-

60^


JULY 1600 HOURS GMT

180°

EAST |* WEST

120°


foF2 AT RASSN 50

JULY 1800 HOURS GMT

P. 143

60c

120180°

EAST iWEST

120

LONGITUDE

CO

WEST IEAST

P 144 foF2 AT RASSN 50

JULY 2000 HOURS GMT

W 180*

EAST j IEST

120*

LONGITUDEWEST

i EAST

foF2 AT RASSN 50

JULY 2200 HOURS GMT

P. 145

60180°

EASTiWEST

120

LONGITUDE

WEST I EAST

oCO


JULY OOOO HOURS GMT

60°180°

EASTi WEST

120°



JULY 0200 HOURS GMT

P. M7

CO

60° 120 180°

EAST iWEST

120°

LONGITUDE

60#

WEST iEAST

P. 148 SLOPE OF REGRESSION LINE OF foF2

JULY 0400 HOURS GMT

ON RASSN

aro

CO

120 180°

EAST i WEST

120°

LONGITUDE

60° 0'

WESTi EAST

—'#)

60°

SLOPE OF REGRESSION LINE OF f„F2 ON RASSN

JULY 0600 HOURS GMT

P. H9

CO

60 120 180

EAST iWEST

120'

LONGITUDE

WEST i EAST


JULY 0800 HOURS GMT

GO

60(

180°

EASTi WEST

120'

LONGITUDE

WESTI EAST

SLOPE OF REGRESSION LINE OF foF2 ON RASSNJULY IOOO HOURS GMT

P. 151

CO

60c

120180°

EAST i WEST

120'

LONGITUOE

60"

WEST iEAST

P. 152SLOPE OF REGRESSION LINE OF foF2 ON RASSN

JULY 1200 HOURS GMT

60° 120 180°

EAST i WEST

120°

LONGITUDE

WEST I EAST

CO


JULY 1400 HOURS GMT

P. 153

60 120 180°

EASTiWEST

120

LONGITUDE

0°

WEST i EAST

CO


JULY 1600 HOURS GMT

60(

180°

EASTi WEST

120



JULY 1800 HOURS GMT

P. 155

CO

60-

120180°

EAST iWEST

120'

LONGITUOE

#

WEST i EAST

JO*


JULY 2000 HOURS GMT

60°180°

EASTi WEST

120'

LONGITUDE

e=>

CO

WEST| EAST

SLOPE OF REGRESSION LINE OF foF2 ON RASSNJULY 2200 HOURS GMT

P. 157

60 120180°

EASTiWEST

120

LONGITUDE

WEST IEAST

CO


JULY 0000 HOURS GMT

180°

EASTiWEST

120*

LONGITUDE

WEST i EAST

90

CO


JULY 0200 HOURS GMT

P. 159

180°

EAST iWEST

120

LONGITUDE

oo

WEST IEAST


JULY 0400 HOURS GMT

60#

180°

EASTi WEST

120

LONGITUDE

60(

0'

WESTi EAST

60"


JULY 0600 HOURS GMT

P. 161

901

60c

120 180°


LONGITUDE


JULY 0800 HOURS GMT

60*120 180°

EASTi WEST

120°

LONGITUDE

60' 0°

WESTi EAST

60°

.90'


JULY 1000 HOURS GMT

P. 183

60<

CO

120 180°

EAST i WEST

120'

LONGITUDE

WEST I EAST


JULY 1200 HOURS GMT

60* 180°

EASTi WEST

120'

LONGITUDE

WEST | EAST

90'

CO


JULY 1400 HOURS GMT

P. 165

180°

EAST iWEST

co

120

LONGITUDE

WEST IEAST


JULY 1600 HOURS GMT90

60°

en

CO

180°

EAST i WEST

120*

LONGITUDE

WEST I EAST

60e


JULY 1800 HOURS GMT

P. 167

120 180

EAST iWEST

120'

LONGITUDE

WEST IEAST


JULY 2000 HOURS GMT

180°

EASTi WEST

120'

LONGITUDE

CO

WESTi EAST


JULY 2200 HOURS GMT

r 169

90*

w 120' !80f

EAST | WEST

120*

10ICITU0E

NT or

•EST | EAST


JULY

CJ>

C3

<J>

foF2 AT RASSN 50

SEPTEMBER 0000 HOURS GMT

P. 171

CO

60 120 180°

EAST I WEST

120°

LONGITUDE

WEST | EAST

P. 172

SO' 120

foF2 AT RASSN 50


180°

EAST I WEST

120°

LONGITUDE

60' 0°

WEST I EAST

90°60°

foF2 AT RASSN 50


P. 173

60' 120 180°

EAST i WEST

120°

LONGITUDE

0°

WEST I EAST

P. 174

6(V

foF2 AT RASSN 50


180°

EAST i WEST

120°

LONGITUDE

CO

0°

WEST j EAST

90°

60 f

60 120

foF2 AT RASSN 50


P. 175

180°

EAST i WEST

120°

LONGITUDE

WEST I EAST



120 180°

EAST i WEST

CO

120'

LONGITUDE

60« 0°

WEST i EAST

90°

60°

foF2 AT RASSN 50


P. ITT

CO

60' 120180°

EAST I WEST

120°

LONGITUDE

0°

WEST i EAST

90#

60°



60<120 180°

EAST i WEST

120°

LONGITUDE

60<

CO

0°

WEST i EAST

—"90°60°

60' 120

foF2 AT RASSN 50


P. 179

180°

EAST i WEST

120°

LONGITUDE

60 0°

WEST I EAST

90°

60°



60' 120 180°

EAST ( WEST

120°

LONGITUDE

S0(

0°

WEST I EAST

60'

foF2 AT RASSN 50


P. 181

60* I20c 180°

EAST I WEST

120°

LONGITUDE

60' 0<

WEST I EAST

CO

P. 182 f F2 AT RASSN 50


60' 120 180°

EAST i WEST

120°

LONGITUDE

t-O

60

WEST I EAST

SLOPE OF REGRESSION LINE OF f.F2 ON RASSN

SEPTEMBER OOOO HOURS GMT

P. 183

60 120

oa

oCO

180°

EAST I WESTWEST I EAST

LONGITUDE

P 184 SLOPE OF REGRESSION LINE OF foF2 ON RASSN


BO' 180°

EAST I WEST

120°

LONGITUDE

WEST I EAST

60c


SEPTEMBER 0400 HOURS 6NT

P. 185

120

CO

180°

EAST "I WEST

120°

LONGITUDE

WEST I EAST

P. 18 6 SLOPE OF REGRESSION LINE OF f F2 ON RASSN


60'

CO

180°

EAST I WEST

120°




P. 187

CO

60 120180°

EAST I'WEST

120°

LONGITUDE

WEST I EAST


SEPTEMBER IOOO HOURS GMT

60 180°

EAST i WEST

20°

LONGITUDE

WEST I EAST

CO

SLOPE OF REGRESSION LINE OF f F2 ON RASSN


P. 189

60

CO

20 180°

EAST I WEST

120°

LONGITUDE

WEST I EAST



60 180°

EAST I WEST

120°

LONGITUDE

60' 0°

WEST i EAST

CO

60«

60' 120'



P. 191

180°

EAST I WEST

120°

LONGITUDE

60'

CO

0°

WEST i EAST

60'



60 (

120 180°

EAST I WEST

120°

LONGITUDE

60 0°

WEST I EAST

90°

60°



P. 193

60' 120'180°

EAST I WEST

120°

LONGITUDE

600°

WEST I EAST



60'180°

EAST i WEST120°

LONGITUDE

60'

CO

0°

WEST f EAST60

- — - .

60



P. 195

CO

120 180°

EAST i WEST

120°

LONGITUDE

0°

WEST i EAST

60(

P. 196M-4000 FACTOR AT RASSN 50

SEPTEMBER 0200 HOURS GMT90'

60180°

EAST i WEST120°

LONGITUDE

60' 0°

WESTI EAST

60*



P. 197

60'

CO

120" 180°

EAST I WEST

120°

LONGITUDE

60' 0'

WEST I EAST

P 198

60



180° 120°

EAST 1 WEST

LONGITUDE

60

OO

0°

WEST I EAST

60"



P. 139

60c 120

180°

EAST i WEST

120°

LONGITUDE

aso

0°

WEST I EAST

P. 200

60



180°

EAST I' WEST120°

LONGITUDE

60'0°

WEST | EAST

90°

60°

60' 120

M-4000 FACTOR AT RAS8N 50


P. 20

190°

EAST ! WEST

120°

LONGITUDE

WEST I EAST

P. 202

60 120



180°

EAST i WEST

120°

LONGITUDE

60' 0°

WEST I EAST

90°

60°

60



P. 203

120 180°

EAST I"WEST

120°

LONGITUDE

WEST I EAST


SEPTEMBER 1800 HOURS GMT90'

120 180°

EAST i WEST

120°

LONGITUDE

60fi 0'

WEST i EAST

60(


SEPTEMBER 2000 HOURS GMTP. 205

60« 120 18.0°

EAST I WEST120°

LONGITUDE

0°

WEST I EAST

90°

60°

R 206

60c



180°

EAST I WEST120°

LONGITUDE

WEST I EAST


SEPTEMBER

P. 207

LU

00 02 04 06 08 10 12 14

LOCAL TIME

R 208

60

f oF2 AT RASSN 50

DECEMBER 0000 HOURS GMT

80°

EAST i WEST

20°

LONGITUDE

60 c

0°

WEST i EAST

60 c

60«

foF2 AT RASSN 50


P. 209

120180°

EAST i WEST

120°

LONGITUDE

WEST i EAST

R 210

60 (

foF2 AT RASSN 50


CO

180°

EAST i WEST

120°

LONGITUDE

WEST I EAST

60 (

foF2 AT RASSN 50

DECEMBER 0600 HOURS GHT

P. 211

120' 180°

EAST i WEST

120°

LONGITUDE

60c 0°

WEST i EAST

60<

P. 212foF2 AT RASSN 50


60 180°

EAST i WEST

120°

LONGITUDE

60 c

0°

WEST i EAST

- 90°

60°

60 (

foF2 AT RASSN 50


P. 213

20 180°

EAST i WEST

120°

LONGITUDE

CO

WEST i EAST

P. 214

60 20

foF2 AT RA8SN 50


180°

EAST i WEST

120°

LONGITUDE

60 (

0°

WEST I EAST

ce:

GO

60(

60

foF2 AT RASSN 50DECEMBER 1400 HOURS GMT

P. 215

20 180°

EAST i WEST

20

LONGITUDE

60° 0°

WEST I EAST

CO

P. 216

60 120

foF2 AT RA58N 50


180°

EAST i WEST

120°

LONGITUDE

60(

0°

WEST i EAST

60c

foF2 AT RASSN 50


P. 217

60° 20 180°

EAST i WEST

120°

LONGITUDE

WEST I EAST



180°

EAST l" WEST

60< 0°

WEST I EAST

CO

90°

60°

LONGITUDE

60c

foF2 AT RASSN 50


P. 219

20180°

EAST i WEST

20°

LONGITUDE

WEST i EAST

CO

P- 220

60 120'

SLOPE OF REGRESSION LIME OF foF2 ON RASSN

DECEMBER 0000 HOURS GMT.

180°

EAST I WEST

120°

LONGITUDE

60' 0°

WEST j EAST

CO

60"

60

SLOPE OF REGRESSION LINE OF f«F2 ON RASSN


P. 221

20 180°

EAST! WEST

120°

LONGITUDE

WEST i EAST

CO

P. 222

60' 120



180°

EAST i WEST

120°

LONGITUDE

60' 0°

WEST i EAST

CO

60'



P. 225

CO

60 120 180°

EAST i WESTWEST I EAST

LONGITUDE



60« 120 180°

EAST i WEST120°

LONGITUDE

60< 0°

WEST I EAST60«

SLOPE OF REGRESSION LINE OF f F2 ON RASSN

DECEMBER IOOO HOURS GMT

P. 225

180°

EAST I WEST120°

LONGITUDE

P. 226

m

120

SLOPE OF REGRESSION LINE OF f o F2 ON RASSN

DECEMBER 1200 HOURS 6HT

180°

EAST I WEST

120°

LONGITUDE

60 ( 0°

WEST I EAST

90*

— 60'

ck:

30<

— 30'

CO

— 60<

90"

60'

SLOPE OF REGRESSION LINE OF f o F2 ON RASSN


P 227

60 c 120' 180°

EAST I WEST

120

LONGITUDE

0°

WEST I EAST

CO

P. 228 SLOPE OF REGRESSION LINE OF f o F2 ON RASSN


60 180°

EAST i WEST

60' 0'

WEST i EAST

cc

60 (

LONGITUDE



P. 229

90«

— 60c

— 30'

0° !=

30'

CO

— 60

60( 120' 180°

EAST i WEST

120°

LONGITUDE

60'0«

WEST I EAST

60'

90'



60' 120 180°

EAST I WEST120°

LONGITUDE

60' 0°

WEST I EAST

60'



P. 231

co

60 120 180°

EAST i WEST

120°

LONGITUDE

WEST I EAST

P. 232

20



180°

EAST I WEST

120°

LONGITUDE

60 c 0°

WEST i EAST

90°

60°



P. 233

60" 120180°

EASTiWEST

0°

WEST iEAST

LONGITUDE



co

180°

EAST i WEST

120°




P. 235

60< 120180°

EAST! WEST

120°

LONGITUDE

60' 0°

WEST i EAST

— 90°

60°



120 180°

EAST i WEST

120°

LONGITUDE

60c 0°

WEST i EAST

90°

60°

M— 4000 FACTOR AT RASSN 50


P. 23?

60 120' 180°

EAST i WEST

120°

LONGITUDE

60'(

WEST i EAST



60c 180°

EAST I WEST

CO

WEST f EASTLONGITUDE

60«120'


DECEMBER 1400 HOURS CMT

P. 239

180°

EAST I WEST

120°

LONGITUDE

WEST I EAST

P. 240

20'



180°

EAST i WEST

120

LONGITUDE

60' 0°

WEST i EAST

J 90°

60°

60 20



P. 24

180°

EAST i WEST

120°

LONGITUDE

WEST I EAST

P. 242M-4000 FACTOR AT RASSN 50


60 120 180°

EAST i WEST

120°

LONGITUDE

60< 0°

WEST I EAST

60'

M-4000 FACTOR AT RAS8N 50


P. 243

60" 20' 180°

EAST i WEST

20

LONGITUDE

0°

WEST j EAST


DECEMBER

o° ^C9

World maps of F2 critical frequencies and maximum …R)=maximumusablefrequencyforatransmission...

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Transcript of World maps of F2 critical frequencies and maximum …R)=maximumusablefrequencyforatransmission...