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Fluid Mechanics Range

Air Flow and Aerodynamics

Hydraulics

Fluid mechanics is the branch of physics concerned with the mechanics of fl uids – in this case liquids and gases - and the forces on them. It has applications in a wide range of disciplines, including mechanical, civil and chemical engineering.

The P.A. Hilton fl uid mechanics products offer an extensive range of teaching equipment for the comprehensive delivery of courses in fl uid dynamics.

In most instances, a modular base unit allows tutors to change the individual experiment modules on a single, self -contained, base unit. This reduces the cost, experiment set-up time and footprint requirements.

Air Conditioning Combustion Air Flow and Aerodynamics

Heat Transfer UTM Magnus

Mechanisms Propulsion Steam Structures

Theory of Machines

Vibration Vocational Training

Strength of materials

Forces (HFC)

Refrigeration

Renewable Energy

Friction Hydraulics

Air Conditioning Combustion Air Flow and Aerodynamics

Heat Transfer UTM Magnus

Mechanisms Propulsion Steam Structures

Theory of Machines

Vibration Vocational Training

Strength of materials

Forces (HFC)

Refrigeration

Renewable Energy

Friction Hydraulics

HB100A Free and Forced Vortices

• Abenchtopunitdesignedtohelpstudentsvisualiseandanalysekeyprinciplesrelatingtofreeandforcedvorticesusedaspartofthefollowingstudyareas:• Bernoulli’stheorem• Irrationalflow• Turbulentflow• VectorAnalysis• Helmholtz’sTheorem

HB100B Bernoulli’s Theorem Demonstrator

• Bernoulli’stheoremconcernstheconservationofmassandenergythroughaflowingsystemandtherelationshipbetweentheflowvelocityandpressure,suchthatasthevelocityoftheflowincreasesthepressuremustdecrease.

• Theunitallowsstudentstolookattheconversionofenergyindivergent/convergentpipeflowaswellasthepressure/velocitydistribution,whilstrecognisingthefrictioneffectsthatexistswithinpipeflow.

HB100 Base Unit

• TheHB100HydraulicsBenchisthemainsourceofwatersupply/flowforalltheadditionalmoduleswithintheHBseries.

• Mountedonlockablecastorwheelsandconstructedaroundasturdyframeworkontowhichallelementsofthehydraulicsbencharemounted,includingwaterstoragetank.

• On/offcontrolonthefrontoftheframe,togetherwithasafetycutouttocontrolthepump.

• Closedsystem,whichminimisesthelocalwaterrequirementbutallowslargeflowratesandpressurerangestobeaccommodated.

• Duetoitssizetheunitmaybestoredunderasuitablysizedlaboratorybenchtosavespace.

• Spaceisprovidedfortheinclusionofasecondpumptoboostthewaterflowrateandallowseries/parallelpumpexperimentstogetherwithotheroptionalitems

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Pressure in a vortexThe fl uid motion in a vortex creates a dynamic pressure (in addition to any hydrostatic pressure) that is lowest in the core region, closest to the axis, and increases as one moves away from it, in accordance with Bernoulli’s Principle. One can say that it is the gradient of this pressure that forces the fl uid to follow a curved path around an axis.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vortex

HB100D Pressure Losses in Bends and Fittings

• Comprisesdifferentdiameter,roughnessandmaterialpipes,alongwithlongandshortradiusbends,parallelsectionsandconstrictions.

• Theunitalsohasanexpandabletopsectionforlookingatdifferentoptionsorstudents’owndesigns.

• DeterminationofReynoldsnumberinavarietyofpipesizes

• CalculationoftheoreticalpressurelossinapipeusingBernoulli’sequation–comparisonwithpracticalmeasuredpressuredrop.

HB100C Flow Measurement Demonstrator

• Theunitdemonstratesthetheoryofflowthroughdifferenttypesofmeters.

• Therelationshipbetweentheflowvelocityandpressurecanclearlybestudiedandunderstoodthroughthispracticaldemonstration.

• Theunitallowsstudentstolookatthepressure/velocitydistribution,whilstrecognisingthefrictioneffectsthatexistswithinpipeflow.

HB100E Stability of Floating Bodies

• Theunitcomeswith3differenthulldesignsforcomparisontesting.Acalibratedweightsetissuppliedaswellasanintegraldigitalinclinometer.

• Determinationofthemetacentricheightandthecentreofbuoyancybyanalyticalmeans.

• Calculatingtherightingmomentforanglesupto10°

• Experimentaldeterminationofthemetacentricheight

HB100F Centre of Pressure Module

• Abenchmountedunitwithagraduatedscaleonthesideofthefloatmeasuringinmillimetres.

• AsetofweightsissuppliedfortestingaswellasthecounterbalanceloadingsystemandanInstructionmanualformeasuringthehydrostaticpressureinliquids.

• Animportantexperimentforshipbuilding,maritimestructures,chemicalengineeringandtankdesign.

HB100G Impact of a Jet

• TheapparatuscanbeoperatedfromHB100HydraulicsBenchorindependentlyfromalocalwatersource.

• Itisusedtoinvestigatetheforcesappliedondifferentdesigneddeflectorsbeingimpactedbyaconstantjetofwater.

HB100J Osborne Reynolds Apparatus

• TheapparatuscanbeoperatedfromHB100HydraulicsBenchorindependentlyfromalocalmainswatersource.

• TheApparatusisusedfortheillustrationandinvestigationofLaminarandTurbulentflowwiththeactiveflowvisiblethankstoadyeinjectionsystem.

LaminarFlow

TurbulentFlow

HB100K Flow Meter Module

• AvariableareaflowmeterformeasuringtheflowratefromtheHB100andcanbemountedwitheaseontopofthestandardframe.

• Theunitcomeswithagraduatedscaleontheclearplasticcasingmeasuringinlitres/minute.

• TheHB100Kisessentialforoperationofcertainmodules.

HB100M Pressure and Throttle Module

• CanbemountedwitheaseontheHB100andleftinpositionifrequired.

• WiththeadditionoftheHB100Kthepressureandflowcharacteristicsofthestandardpumpmaybeinvestigated.

• WiththefurtheradditionoftheHB100L,theclassicexperimentsinvestigatingpressureandflowcharacteristicsofseriesandparallelpumpmaybeperformed.

HB100L Series /Parallel Pump Module

• Thismodulecanbemountedwitheaseontheexistingunitwithpre-existingholesforsimpleandquickinstallation.Additionalpipeworkandvalvesallowtheunittobesimplyswitchedbetweenseriesandparallelmodes.Theadditionalpumpallowsanincreaseintheflowrate/pressuretoenablerawiderrangeofexperimentstobeperformedacrossalloftheoptionsavailablewiththeHB100.

• WiththeadditionofoptionsHB100KandHB100Mtheclassicexperimentsinvestigatingpressureandflowcharacteristicsofseriesandparallelpumpmaybeperformed.

F110 Pressure Measurement Bench

• TheHiltonF110PressureMeasurementBenchallowsstudentstoinvestigatemeasurementofoneofthefundamentalparametersthatwillbepresentinalmosteverybranchofengineeringandphysics.Theunitisbenchmountedandself-containedhavingitsownmeansofpressuregeneration.

• Theunitallowstheinvestigationof,manometerpressuremeasurementmethods,pressuresaboveandbelowatmosphericpressureandtheinvestigationofmanometerfluiddensityeffect.

• Abenchtop,panelmountedUtubeandinclinedtubemanometertogetherwithapositivepressureBourdontubepressuregaugeandcompound(positiveandnegative)pressuregauge.

• Ameansofcreatingmeasurablepressuresisalsoprovided.ThemanometersallowinvestigationoftheuseofUandinclinedtubesforpressuremeasurementanddemonstratetheuseoffluidsofdifferentdensity.

• Allofthemanometersandthepanelmountedpressuregaugesmaybeinterconnectedandlinkedtothecommonpressuresourcesupplied.Theactionofthesuppliedpressuresourcemaybereversedtogeneratepressuresbelowatmosphericpressure.Thisallowstheconceptof“gauge”andabsolutepressuretobeinvestigated.

F110A Optional Extra Deadweight Tester

• Anoptionalbenchmounteddeadweighttester(F110A)withweightsandaBourdontubepressuregaugewithclearfrontpaneltoallowviewingofthedialmechanismisalsoavailabletoillustratethecalibrationofaBourdontubepressuregauge.

• ThedeadweightcalibratorF110AintroducesstudentstotheconceptofPressure=Force/AreabyallowingcalibrationofaBourdontubepressuregauge.Asetofprecisionweightsallowdiscretepointsofknownpressuretobegenerated.ToassistinstudentunderstandingtheBourdongaugehasaclearfront,allowingviewingofthetubeandpointermechanism.

The Bourdon pressure gauge uses the principle that a flattened tube tends to straighten or regain its circular form in cross-section when pressurised. This change in cross-section may be hardly noticeable, involving moderate stresses within the elastic range of easily workable materials. The strain of the material of the tube is magnified by forming the tube into a C shape or even a helix, such that the entire tube tends to straighten out or uncoil elastically as it is pressurised. Eugène Bourdon patented his gauge in France on 1948, and it was widely adopted because of its superior sensitivity, linearity and accuracy.

F110B Optional Extra Pressure Transducer & Digital Display

• TheF110BwhenconnectedtotheF110Aallowsstudentstocalibrateanelectronictransducerandrelatethepressurepointstotheelectronicsignal

F100 Airflow system

• ThisflexibleAirFlowSystemhasanexpandablerangeofoptionalexperimentalmodulesdesignedforstudentuse.InconjunctionwiththeF100baseunit,theoptionalmodulesallowtheinvestigationofthefundamentalaspectsofairflow,aerodynamicsandheattransfer.

F100 Base unit

• Thebaseunitconsistsofasmallfootprint,highvolumehighpressurecentrifugalfanwithadjustableflowcontrol,inletandoutletcouplings.TheHiltonAirflowSystemF100isavailablewithanextensiverangeofoptionalaccessoriesthatmakestheunitaveryflexibleandeconomicinvestment

F100A Multi tube manometer

• Multi-tubemanometerwithacommonreservoirthatmaybeusedtogiveagraphicdisplayofpressuredistributiononmulti-pointpressuretapings.Thedeviceallowsupto16pressurestobemonitoredsimultaneouslyeitherrelativetoatmosphericpressureoranotherpressure,viathecommonreservoir.

• Thisunitisarecommendedaccessoryforallofthefollowingoptionalitems(exceptfortheF100H)andisessential,ifasimilarunitisnotavailablelocally.

F100B Bernoulli’s Equation

• AconvergentdivergentductsectionthatconnectstotheHiltonAirflowSystemF100usingaflexiblecoupling.Thedevicehasapitot-statictubethatcanbemovedaxiallyalongtheducttoallowtotalandstaticpressureduetothevariationinductcrosssection.

• ThemeasuredpressurechangesmaybecomparedwiththeBernoulliequationpredictions.

F100C Boundary layer investigation

• Areversibleflatplatelocatedinsidearectangularduct.Theplatehasonesmoothandoneartificiallyroughenedface.Theducthasremovableprofileplatesthatcanestablishanincreasingordecreasingpressuregradientinthedirectionofflow.

• Toinvestigatethegrowthoftheboundarylayerprofileinavarietyofconditionsalongtheplateamicro-pitottubeisprovided.Thismaybemovedtowardtheplateinmeasuredintervalsusingamicrometeradjustmentallowingthegrowthoftheboundarylayeralongtheplatetobeinvestigated.

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*NoteBaseshownwithF100Baccessorywhichissoldseparately

F100D Round Turbulent Jet Investigation

• Aroundparalleltubewithasharp-edgeddischargeisusedtocreateaturbulentjetusingtheairfromtheAirflowSystemF100.Apitottubeisattachedtoameasuringframethatallowsthedevicetobetraversedhorizontallyandaxiallyoverthewholeflowfield.

• Bythismethodthevelocityprofileatvariousaxialdistancesfromthejet,thepressurelossandentrainedmassmaybeinvestigated.

F100E Flow Around a Bend Investigation

• A90-degreebendofconstantcrosssectionhasairblownthroughitfromtheAirflowSystemF100.Alongtheinnerandouterradiusatstrategicpoints,staticpressuretappingpointsarelocated.Whenconnectedtoasuitablemulti-tubemanometerthestaticpressureprofilealongtheinnerandouterradiusofthebendmaybemeasuredatarangeofairvelocities.

F100F Jet Attachment Investigation

• ArectangularslitdirectsanairjettowardsaYshapedductwithtwooutletpassages.TheshapeoftheductmaybechangedbytiltingandslidingmoveableelementstoallowstudentstoinvestigatetheCoandaeffectofjetattachmenttoawall.ByblowingairfromonesideoranotheratthejettheairflowcanbedirecteddowneitheroftheYshapedpassagesasinapneumaticflip-flop.

F100G Drag Force Investigation.

• Ashortductwithintegralloadbalanceallowsthedragofabodytobedirectlymeasuredatarangeofapproachvelocities.Thebodiesincludeanaerofoil,cylinderandplate.Thecylinderhasaradialtappingtoallowinvestigationofthepressuredistributionaroundthecylinder.

• Theunitallowsthedeterminationoftheboundarylayerdragoncircular(andnon–circular)cylinder(s)usingthePitot–TraversemethodandDirectforcemeasurement

• PracticalexperienceintheuseofPitottubeswhichshouldgivestudentsanunderstandingoftheroleprobealignmenthasonaccuracyinthecollectionofpressuredata.

F100H Flow Visualisation Investigation.

• TheOptionalFlowVisualisationInvestigationducthasbeendesignedforoperationwiththeHiltonAirflowSystemF100.Theductallowsstudentstoinvestigatesimpleflowvisualisationtechniquesincludingsmokeandcottonthread.

• Asmokegeneratorgeneratesavisualoilmistthatisintroducedintotheairstreamaheadofthetestshapethroughanumberoffinenozzles.Theresultingsmokefilamentsclearlyshowstreamlinesaroundthetestshapes.

F100J Principles of Airflow, Pressure and Velocity Distribution (Pitot-Traverse

• APitottubemaybetraversedacrosstheairductinboththefreestreamconditionandbehindacylinderincrossflowallowingthevelocitydistributiontobemeasured.Acylinderwithlocalstaticpressuretappingallowsthepressuredistributionaroundacylinderincrossflowtobemeasuredandcomparedwiththetheoreticaldistribution.

F100K Principles of Airflow, Friction Losses in Bends, and Pipe Elements

• Aseriesofstraightpipesections,bendsanddifferentairinletshapesthatareequippedwithstaticpressuretapingstoallowairpressuredropsduetopipefrictiontobemeasuredatarangeofairvelocities.Theairflowratemaybemeasuredusingastandardorificeusingthedifferentialpressure.

F100M Principles of Airflow, Fan Test and Flow Measurement

• Measurementoffanairflowrateusinganintakeorificeplate,andanirisdiaphragmatarangeofairflowratesinordertodeterminethefancharacteristics.

• Thecomponentsallowstudentstoquantitativelyinvestigatethreemethodsofflowmeasurement,theorificeplate,conicalinletandpitotstatictube.Theunitalsoallowsstudentstoutilisetheflowmeasuringdevicesinconjunctionwiththefanthrottlesuppliedinordertoestimatethefanperformanceunderarangeofconditions.

F300G Pipe Friction Module

• AseriesoffourstraighttubesofdifferentdiameterswithendpressuretapingsallowpressurelossesinastraightpipetobeinvestigatedatarangeofReynoldsnumbers.Bends,suddenenlargementsandcontractionsareincludedtoallowinvestigationofpressurelossandrecovery.

• Theunitisdrivenbyanejector(jetpump)allowinginvestigationofentrainmentratioandejectorperformance.

• Thepressures,temperaturesandairflowratearerecordedbyacombinationofinstrumentationontheCompressibleFlowRangeF300baseunitandtheoptionalmodule.Adigitalhandheldmanometerisalsosupplied.

Note that the F865 Two Stage Compressor Unit can be used as a suitable air supply for the entire Compressible Flow Range.

F300F Vortex Tube Refrigerator Module

• Acompressedairvortextubehastwooutletportsthatcanbeadjustedtovarytheproportionofflowthatleavesfromthehotandcoldexitpoints.

• Usingacommoncompressedairsourceatambienttemperature,thecoldstreamcanreachtemperaturesbelow-30°Candthehotstreamtemperaturesabove50°C.

• Theeffectofairsupplypressureontheperformancecanbeinvestigatedtogetherwiththeoverallrefrigeratingeffect.Thepressures,temperaturesandairflowratearerecordedbyacombinationofinstrumentationontheCompressibleFlowRangeF300baseunitandtheoptionalmodule.

F300E Fluidisation / Fluid Bed Heat Transfer Module

• Aglasscylindricalchamberwithanairdistributionplateatthebottomendallowsthegranularmaterialsuppliedtobefluidisedbyacontrolledandmeasuredairflow.Anadjustablecylindricalheaterwithsurfacethermocoupleandpowermetercanbeimmersedatanylevelin,oroutofthebedtoallowmeasurementofthelocalheattransfercoefficient.

• Amoveablepressuretappingandseparatethermocoupleallowthepressureandtemperaturewithinthebedatanydepthtobemeasured.Thepressures,temperaturesandairflowratearerecordedbyacombinationofinstrumentationontheCompressibleFlowRangeF300baseunitandtheoptionalmodule.

F300D Experimental Reaction Turbine Module

• ApplicationoftheFirstlawofThermodynamicstoasimpleopensystemundergoingasteadyflowprocess.

• Asinglestage,radialflow,twojetreactionturbineswithathrottlevalveandbeltbrakedynamometer.Inletandoutletairpressures,temperaturesandairflowrate,turbinetorqueandspeedarerecordedbyacombinationofinstrumentationontheCompressibleFlowRangeF300baseunitandtheoptionalmodule.

F300C Experimental Impulse Turbine

• ApplicationoftheFirstlawofThermodynamicstoasimpleopensystemundergoingasteadyflowprocess

• Featuresanimpulseturbinewith4separatenozzlesandcontrolvalves,athrottlevalveandbeltbrakedynamometer.Inletandoutletairpressures,temperaturesandairflowrate,turbinetorqueandspeedarerecordedbyacombinationofinstrumentationontheCompressibleFlowRangeF300baseunitandtheoptionalmodule.

F300B Nozzle Pressure Distribution Module

• Twoconvergent-divergentnozzlesofwiththesamethroatdiameterbutdifferentdischargeareaandasingleconvergentnozzlehavingthesamediameteraresuppliedandfitinthecommontestsection.Allthreenozzleshaveaxialstaticpressuretapingsallowingtheapproach,throatanddivergentsectionpressurestobemeasured.Thevariationofpressureratioandmassflowmaybeinvestigatedforallthreenozzles.

• Standardunitincludesconvergent–divergentductsdesignedtoproduceMach1.0atthethroatandsupersonicvelocitiesdownstream.

F300A Nozzle Performance Test Module

• Aseriesofconvergentandconvergent-divergentnozzlesmaybeinstalledinoneoftwolocationsinahigh-pressuremeasuringchamber.Apressureregulator,throttlevalveandbackpressurevalveallowtheairflowrate,inletanddischarge(orback)pressuretobevaried.

• Standard unit includes convergent – divergent ducts designed to produce Mach 1.0 at the throat and supersonic velocities downstream.

• Inletandoutletairpressures,temperaturesandairflowratearerecordedbyacombinationofinstrumentationontheCompressibleFlowRangeF300baseunitandtheoptionalmodule.

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F300 Base Unit

• Themainunitconsistsofaninstrumentationandcontrolconsolethatsuppliesavariableflowofcompressedairtotherangeofoptionalmodules.Theunitprovidescommoninstrumentationforalloftheoptions.Specialisedinstrumentsareincludedasrequiredwiththemodules.

• OptionaldataacquisitionisavailableforF300C,F300D,F300E,F300F

F300 Compressible Flow Range

• Thephenomenonofcompressibleflow,sonicvelocityandsupersonicflowispossiblyoneofthemostdemandingareasofstudyformanystudents.TheHiltonCompressibleFlowrangeF300anditscollectionofoptionalaccessoriesenablestudentstosafelyandclearlyinvestigatethefundamentalsofcompressibleflow,airturbinesandavarietyofheattransferexperiments.

B500 Ventilation Trainer

• Arealisticallyscaledventilationtrainingunitcapableofenablingstudentstostudybothbasicairflowandfluidmechanicsaswellasthemorecomplexprocessofcommissioningandbalancingamulti-ductedairdistributionsystem.

• Theunitconsistsofaforwardcurvedvariablespeedcentrifugalfanandintegralcontrolconsoletogetherwitharectangularairintakeandfilterholder.

• Aportablemanometer,pitotstatictubeandhandheldanemometerallowalargerangeofexperimentstobeundertaken.

F865 Two Stage Compressor Test Unit

• AllowsInvestigationofaSingleandTwoStageCompressor(with,orwithoutintercooling)ataRangeofDeliveryPressures.

• SafeandSuitableforStudentOperation.• InstrumentationAllowsDetailedAnalysisof

CompressorPerformance.• OptionalComputerisedDataAcquisition

Upgrade

F860 Single Stage Compressor Test Unit

• AllowsInvestigationofaSingleStageCompressorataRangeofDeliveryPressures.

• SafeandSuitableforStudentOperation.• InstrumentationAllowsDetailedAnalysisof

CompressorPerformance.• OptionalComputerisedDataAcquisition

Upgrade

Compressors and pumps, when undergoing a steady-flow process, consume power. The isentropic efficiency of a compressor or pump is defined as the ratio of the work input to an isentropic process, to the work input to the actual process between the same inlet and exit pressures.

B500B (Optional Extra)

• TheoptionalextraductconfigurationB500Ballowstheadditionofathirdparallelbranchandtwoairsupplyunits.

B500C (Optional Extra)

• TheoptionalextraductconfigurationB500Callowstheadditionofa6mbranchandtwoairsupplyunits.

A polytropic process is any thermodynamic process that can be expressed by the following equation: pVn = constant

The polytropic process can describe gas expansion and compression which include heat transfer.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polytropic_process

A

A

A

A

B500 Component Layouts

Configuration for line balance experiments

Configuration for branch balancing experiments

An additional 200mm bend is suppliedin case room area is tight

Components are supplied for either configurationto be used downstream of Arrow ‘A’

Fan and transition

duct

Adjustment Unit

Female Connector

Male Connector

Hilton Data Acquisition

• AvailableforspecificunitswithintheF300rangeofunits–F300C,F300D,F300E,F300FwhenusedwithadataloggedF300baseunit.

• Softwarecanmeasurerelevantperformanceareasdependentuponexperimentbeingutilised,suchastemperature,watts,loadairflowspeedandpressure.Theseparameterscanbemeasureddisplayed,recorded,printedandgraphically/numericallydisplayedonahostcomputerorlaptop.

• Datafilescanbeexportedtoaspreadsheetprogramme.• Allowsforrapiddataacquisitionwhereequipmentmaybebeingused

forresearch.

All brand and/or product names are trademarks of their respective owners. Specifi cations and external appearance are subject to change without notice.

Copyright © 2018 P.A. Hilton Limited. All rights reserved. This technical leafl et, its contents and/or layout may not be modifi ed and/or adopted, copied in part or in whole and/or incorporat-ed into other works without the prior written permission of P.A. Hilton Limited. Hi-Tech Education is registered trade mark of P.A. Hilton Limited.

P. A. Hilton Ltd, Horsebridge Mill, Kings Somborne, Stockbridge, Hampshire, SO20 6PX UK. www.pahilton.co.uk

Maximise students per session, so more

effi cient use of lab and student time.

In engineering analysis, isentropic effi ciency is a parameter to measure the degree of degradation of energy in steady-fl ow devices. It involves a comparison between the actual performance of a device and the performance that would be achieved under idealized circumstances for the same inlet and exit states. Although there exists heat transfer between the device and its surroundings, most steady-fl ow devices are intended to operate under adiabatic condition. Hence, normally an isentropic process is chosen to serve as the idealized process.