Early Aegean Civilization & The Rise of Hellenic Civilization
World History Chapter 9 The Americas. Section one The early Civilization of the Americas.
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Transcript of World History Chapter 9 The Americas. Section one The early Civilization of the Americas.
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World History
Chapter 9
The Americas
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Section oneThe early Civilization of the Americas
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Geography and its impact
• Early civilization developed in North America, South America and Central America
• Latin America= Central America, Mexico, South America and some Caribbean Islands
• Spoke Latin based languages– Spanish, Portuguese and French– Caused by being annexed (colonized)
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Land and Climate of Latin AmericaPlains • Cover most of Mexico, and South America• Highland plateaus –farming and grazingMountains• North American into Mexico
– Sierra Madres
• South America– Andes Mountains
• (the whole of the western coast)
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Land continued…..
Rain Forest
• Important geographical feature
• Largest Rain Forest in the world– Amazon River Basin rain forest– In South and Central America
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Climate
• Mountains – Colder than in the lowlands– Snow on mountains
• Coast and Interior– Tropical, wet to hot and dry climates
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The first Americans crossed the Land bridge
• 13,000 years ago
• Siberia (northern /Russia) connected to Alaska
• Nomadic Asian people crossed this land bridge into the Americas to scatter through out the Americas
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Between 3,400 B.C. learned to grow Maize
• An important agricultural element
• Became the basics of their diet
• Dried after harvest and stored to serve as winter food.
• Ground into flour for bread and cooked in a variety of ways
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Olmecs Zapotecs
• Earliest known civilization in the Americas
• Gulf of Mexico 1200 BC• Fishing and farming• Rubber trees
– Rubber balls used on Stone courts
• Art – Gigantic carved stone head
• Calendar
• Southeastern Mexico 500 B.C.
• Writing system• Pyramids of the Sun and
the Moon• Farmers, craft workers
artisans, builders, merchants, warriors
• traded with others• Priests and the rulers
governed the city
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Olmec Influence on the Mayans
• Maize
• Ceremonial centers with temple pyramids
• Mayan’s Calendar based on the Olmec
• Ball games
• Rituals involving human sacrifice
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Maya
• Location– Guatemala, Belize and Yucatan Peninsula
• Sports – basketball
• King ruled-priests and nobles helped• Social classes
– Artisans, merchants, Peasants, Farmers, laborers
• Independent city-states roads connected• Wealthy owned slaves
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Gods and Priests
• Gods controlled the weather
• Daily rituals to please the gods
• Built huge pyramid temples in honor of the gods
• Human sacrifice
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Achievements Arts and Sciences
• 3651/4 day calendar
• Studied astronomy and predicted solar eclipses
• Math– first to use the concept of Zero
• Writing system
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Toltecs
• Dominated Central Mexico 950-1200 A.D.
• Mining and trading empire
• Pyramid building• Gods
•Murals•Depicting gruesome battle scenes•Chief Bird Warriors•Piercing his own cheek for losing battle
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Aztecs
• Central Mexico1200 A.D.
• Unified empire under a Ruler chosen by the noble and priest
• Calendar
• Warriors
• Miners-gold, precious stones
• Farmer- maize, squash, beans, tobacco,
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Continued…..
• Human sacrifices to the Gods– Most were prisoners– To be Sacrificed was a honor for the victim
and the family
• Schools– Boys- astronomy and religion– Both- trained on the what was required to be
a adult.
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temple
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The Aztec Empire is part of Mexico today.
• According to Aztec legend, the gods told the nomadic people who had entered the Valley of Mexico to search for an eagle perched on the top of a cactus. The eagle would be holding a snake in its beak.
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Tenochititlan
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Quetzelcoatl
• was a former white skinned and bearded priest.
• came from the east and promised to return.
• The god of civilization and learning.
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Section 2
Peru and the Incan Empire
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Peru
• Along the Pacific coast of South America
• Land is forested• Small % suitable
for farming
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Chavin Moche
• Northern Peru – 900-200 B.C.
• Built stone temple made of Adobe– Bricks made of sun
dried clay– To honor the animal
gods• Jaguar, serpent,
alligator
• 200-100 B.C.• Built no cities/urban
center• Aggressive people• Engineers built roads and
irrigation canals• Collapsed 900 A.D.
– Possible reasons• Drought, severe flooding
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Do you believe in Aliens?
What do you think?
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Nazca lines (Peru)
• The are a series of drawings located in the Nazca Desert, a high arid plateau that stretches more than 50 miles. Believed to have been created between 200BC and 700 AD. There are hundreds of individual figures, ranging in complexity from simple lines to stylized hummingbirds, spiders, monkeys, fish, sharks or orcas, llamas, and lizards.
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Spider
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Monkey
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Humming Bird
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The Incas
• Western coast of South America in the Andes Mountains
• 1500A.D.
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• Little is known about the early years.
• Aggressive people
• Skilled architects– Built roads, stone walls, palaces– Postal service, (runners) (no writing system)
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Incan Societyhighly developed religion and well defined social
classes
Polytheistic• many gods: Moon, Stars, thunder, Sun God
most important• Spirits live in every aspect of nature• Woman were trained to serve the Sun God
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Incan Social Classes
Social Classes• Pure Inca- ruling family and nobles
Adopted Inca• Nobles from (conquered) neighboring lands
Provincial nobles• Allowed to rule large estates
Ordinary people• Lowest class, highest %
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Inca Families• Families formed into groups (by 10)• 1 man served as administrator• No taxes –supplied labor for social services• Services
– given food, benefits for orphans and windows, feast for holidays
• Government– Strict rulers
• permission to travel through the empire
– Clothing• Wear clothing connected to the people and from where they
lived
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Inca farming
• Families belonged to a group
• Owned the land jointly
• The leader of the group followed government orders and assigned jobs to the family group
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farming
Crops
• Potatoes
• Corn
• Squash
• Tomatoes
• Peanuts
• Cotton
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Llamas Alpacas
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Section 3North American Groups
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Native Americans
• No unified empires
• No cities, palaces,
• Hunter gathers, farmers, trading with each other
• Developed different languages, cultures, style of dress.
• Adapted to the environment instead of changing it
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Geography
• Huge land mass-
• Varying climates – No rain, lots of rain, hot, cold
• landforms – mountains, deserts, plains, forests– Rivers, lakes, and oceans
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Western Groups
• Eskimos/ Inuit's (Northwestern)– Arctic region of Canada and Alaska– Tents made from animal skins– Tools made from teeth and bones
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western
• Anasazi (Southwestern)– 4 corners-Colorado, Arizona, New Mexico,
and Utah– Apartment style homes-adobe
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• Navajos – Farmers and ranchers
• Apaches– Lived on the open plains– Hunters, Raiding others
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Eastern groups
• Mound Builder– Hopewells– Mississippi and Ohio river valley– Disappeared in the 17th century
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Iroquois and Hurons
• New York and Great Lakes area
• Farmers
• Built longhouses
• Wampum- colorful breads
• Formed a confederacy– To get along