WORLD GEOGRAPHY Nov. 25, 2014. Remaining schedule Unit 8 – Urban Geography Unit 9 – Industry and...
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Transcript of WORLD GEOGRAPHY Nov. 25, 2014. Remaining schedule Unit 8 – Urban Geography Unit 9 – Industry and...
WORLD GEOGRAPHY
Nov. 25, 2014
Remaining schedule
Unit 8 – Urban Geography
Unit 9 – Industry and Services
Unit 10 – Human Environment
Last Tuesday
Kaclandia
KmulandYeungdae
Questions
- What is this state’s major industry?
- How dependent is the new state on its former colonizer (France)
- Does Kaclandia have natural resources. If so, where are they located?
- What is Kaclandia’s population? What are its demographics (especially its labor force)?
- Does the new state plan on building new religious structures?
Today
Unit 8 (Urban Geography)
Some basic terms
City: A conglomeration of people and buildings clustered together to serve as a center of politics, culture, and economics
Urban: The buildup of the city and surrounding environs connected to the city (central city and suburbs)
Urbanization: Movement of people from rural to urban areas—can happen very quickly in the modern world
Global Urban Population
Australia
Where are cities located and why?
Site• Absolute location• Static location, often
chosen for trade, defense, or religion
Situation• Relative location• A city’s place in the
region and the world around it
• Trade area: An adjacent region within which a city’s influence is dominant
Trade Areas
Rank-size rule• Characteristic of a model urban hierarchy • The population of the city or town is inversely proportional
to its rank in the hierarchy
For example:
largest city = 12 million
2nd largest = 6 million
3rd largest = 4 million
4th largest = 3 million
Primate cityThe leading city of a country, disproportionately larger than the rest of the cities
Factors affecting primate cities:
- spread of colonialism
- strong centralized government
- economic factors
- rural-urban migration
- efficiency of modern transport
Advantages of primate cities
- Economies of large scale can be achieved because these cities attract overseas investment and benefits that can benefit the entire country/state.
- Attractive places of migration.
- Resources, services, and infrastructure available on a large scale.
Problems faced by primate cities
- housing shortages
- traffic congestion
- crime
- pollution
- increase in land value (unaffordable housing)
- imbalance in development
Primate cities - examples
- France: Paris (popn. 9.6 million)
Marseilles, France’s next largest city (popn. 1.3 million)
- U.K.: London (popn. 7 million)
Next largest city (Birmingham) popn. 1 million.
- South Korea: Seoul (popn. 10 million)
20% of the country’s population.
Countries without primate cities
- India: Most populous city = Mumbai (16 million)
second most populous: Kolkata (13 million)
- China, Canada, Australia, Brazil, U.S.
Central Place Theory (Christaller)
- Predicts how and where central places in the urban hierarchy (hamlets, villages, towns, and cities) are functionally and spatially distributed
- Assumes that–Surface is flat with no physical barriers–Soil fertility is the same everywhere–Population and purchasing power are evenly distributed–Region has uniform transportation network –From any given place, a good or service could be sold
in all directions out to a certain distance
Hexagonal Hinterlands
C = city
T = town
V = village
H = hamlet
Georgia, N. Carolina, S. Carolina
Organization of Cities and how Cities Function
Urban morphology: The layout of a city, its physical form and structure
Functional zonation: The division of the city into certain regions (zones) for certain functions (purposes)
Zones of a city
Zones
- Central business district (CBD)
- Central City (the CBD + older housing zones)
- Suburb (outlying, functionally uniform zone outside of
the central city)
Zones of a city
Zones of a city
Zones of a city
Zones of a city
Modeling the North American city
- Concentric zone model (Ernest Burgess)
- Sector model (Homer Hoyt)
- Multiple-nuclei model (Chauncy Harris and Edward
Ullman)
Classical models of urban structure
Edge citiesSuburban downtowns, often located near key freeway intersections, including
- Office complexes- Shopping centers- Hotels- Restaurants - Entertainment facilities- Sports complexes
Urban Realms model
Each realm a separate economic, social, and political entity that is linked together to form a larger metropolitan framework
Satellite cities
Seoul Capital Area
Satellite cities
Example: Seoul Capital Area (Sudogwon)
- Central city is Seoul (“Seoul Special City”)
Satellite cities include:
- Incheon - Suwon - Ansan - Anyang - Goyang - Seongnam - Bucheon - Yongin
The Seoul Capital Area is the world’s second largest metropolitan area
popn. 25,000,000
Cities of periphery and semi-periphery
Latin America
Cities of periphery and semi-periphery• Griffin-Ford model
• Blend of Latin American traditions with globalization
• Disamenity sectors• Not connected to city services
• May be controlled by gangs and drug lords
• Industrial park• Gentrification area
Example: Rio De Janeiro (Brazil)
Industrial park
Cities of periphery and semi-periphery
Subsaharan Africa
De Blij model
- Low levels of urbanization but rapid growth rates
- European colonial imprint
Nairobi, Kenya
Accra, Ghana
Abidjan, Ivory Coast
Cape Town, South Africa
Satellite township: Cape Town
Cities of periphery and semi-periphery
McGee model
- Colonial port and surrounding commercial zone as focal point
Functional zonation – real-life example
Xiamen
How people make cities
Role of powerful social and cultural forces
Periphery and semi-periphery:
- Sharp contrast between rich and poor
- Often lack zoning laws or enforcement of
zoning laws
Making cities in the core (U.S.)
Redlining: Financial institutions refusing to lend money in certain neighborhoods
Blockbusting : Realtors purposefully selling a home at a low price to an African American and then soliciting white residents to sell their homes at low prices, to generate “white flight”
Making cities in the core (U.S.)
Gentrification: Individuals buying and rehabilitating houses, raising the housing value in the neighborhood
Gentrification (Harlem, New York)
Gentrification (Harlem, New York)
Gentrification (Harlem, New York)
Making cities in the core (U.S.)Commercialization: City government transforminga central city to attract residents and tourists, often in stark contrast to the rest of the central city
Making cities in the core (U.S.)
Tear-downs: Houses that new owners buy with the intention of tearing them down to build much larger homes
McMansions: Large homes, often built to the outer limits of the lot
Mcmansions
Mcmansions
Mcmansions
Making cities in the core (U.S.)
Urban Sprawl: Unrestricted growth of housing, commercial developments, and roads over large expanses of land, with little concern for urban planning
Making cities in the core (U.S.)
Urban Sprawl:
New Urbanism
Development, urban revitalization, and suburban reforms that create walkable neighborhoods with a diversity of housing and jobs
Concerns:
- Privatization of public spaces
- Failure to address conditions that create social ills of
cities
- Countering urban sprawl
New Urbanism
Next Class
- Wrap up Unit 8
- Introduce Unit 9 (Industries and Services)