WORLD GEOGRAPHY

December 5, 2014

Today

Unit 9 (Industry and Service – Economic Geography)

- Introduce Unit 10 (Human Environment)

How Industrial Production Has Changed

Fordist : Dominant mode of mass production during the twentieth century, with production of consumer goods at a single site

Major focus was on the assembly line

How Industrial Production Has Changed

Post-Fordist : Current mode of production with more flexible production practices.

- Goods not mass produced

- Production accelerated and dispersed around the globe

- Multinational companies that shift production, outsourcing it around the world

Global Division of Labor

Time-Space Compression

Improvements in transportation and communications technologies (distance is much less important)

Many places in the world more connected than ever before

Effects of Time-Space Compression

Just-in-time delivery:

- Keeping just what is needed for short-term production

- New parts shipped quickly when needed

Global division of labor: Corporations drawing from labor around the globe for different components of production

Production of Televisions

Three key elements in television production:

1. TV research and design In the core regions

2. Manufacturing components (e.g. in China) (with more mechanization

move to core countries)

3. Assembly

Production of televisions has shifted across the world over time.

New Influences on Geography of Manufacturing

- Transportation on industrial location

e.g. Containerization in Rotterdam (break of bulk point/intermodal connection)

New Influences on Geography of Manufacturing

- Regional and global trade agreements

e.g. WTO, NAFTA, EU, US-Korea FTA

New Influences on Geography of Manufacturing

- Energy in industrial location

Keystone pipeline (Canada – U.S.)

OPEC

Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries

New Influences on Geography of Manufacturing

Core countries = high-tech

Semi-periphery - ?? - e.g. Mexico, China, India

Periphery = labor intensive

Deindustrialization

- Process by which companies move industrial jobs to regions with cheaper labor. Outsourcing

- Newly deindustrialized region must switch to a service economy and work through a period of high unemployment

e.g. Liverpool, UK

Deindustrialization – Detroit, U.S.

Deindustrialization – Detroit, U.S.

Deindustrialization – Detroit, U.S.

Deindustrialization – Detroit, U.S.

Newly industrialized: China

Newly industrialized: China

China: Major industrial growth after 1950

- Assisted by Soviet planners during the Cold War period

Industrialization in the 1960s was state-planned:

- focus on: Northeast district (Manchuria/Dongbei) & Shanghai and Chang Jiang district

- China’s North East now a “rust belt”

Newly industrialized: China

Today, industrialization in China is spurred by companies that move production (but not the whole company):

- moving inland to take advantage of:

1. cheaper labor

2. special economic zones

Newly industrialized: China

Effects on cultural landscape

Service EconomyTypes/Levels of industry:

Primary – Located with the source of resources

e.g. fishing, mining, farming

Secondary – Usually linked to manufacturing

e.g. builders, car manufacturing

Tertiary – Service industries

Service Economy

Service industry:

- Economic activity associated with the provision of services:

- Transportation

- Banking

- Retailing

- Education

- “Office jobs”

Service Economy

Service industry:

Quaternary industries: collection, processing, manipulation

of information and capital

- finance, administration, insurance, legal services

Quinary industries: facilitate high-level decision making

- scientific research, higher education

Geographical Dimensions of Service Econ.

New influence on location:

- Information technologies

- Less tied to energy sources

Market accessibility is more relevant for some companies, less so for others (role of telecommunications)

- Presence of multi-national companies

Geographical Dimensions of Service Econ.

Existence of a large multi-national company’s headquarterscan affect the cultural landscape of the location.

E.g. Walmart’s headquarters in Bentonville, Arkansas

- companies who want to negotiate with Walmart must do so at the Walmart Home Office (headquarters)

- companies have locations in and around Bentonville

Geographical Dimensions of Service Econ.

Geographical Dimensions of Service Econ.

Geographical Dimensions of Service Econ.

Modern production

Outsourcing: Moving individual steps in the production process (of a good or a service) to a supplier, who focuses their production and offers a cost savings

Offshore: Outsourced work that is located outside of the country

High-technology Corridors

e.g. Silicon Valley (California, U.S.A.)

High-technology Corridors

An area designated by local or state government to benefit from:

- lower taxes

- high-technology infrastructure

- agglomeration

Goal: provide high-technology jobs to the local population

TechnopoleAn area planned for high technology with agglomeration built on a synergy among technological companies

- Often close to universities

e.g. Route 128, near Boston (U.S.)

Technopole

Technopark Stellenbosch (South Africa)

Technopole

Shenzhen High-tech Industrial Park (Shenzhen, China)

Technopole

Daedeok Science Town (Innopolis) (Daejeon, South Korea)

Unit 10: Human Environment

Key aspects:

- How the Earth’s environment has changed over time

- How humans have impacted Earth’s environment

- Major factors contributing to environmental change today

- How humans are responding to environmental change

Linfen, China

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q4DtOhe2LfQ

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_d-Ky7Se-v8

“The most polluted place on Earth”

Next Class

- Continue Unit 10 (Human Environment)