Overview Physical Geography: Landforms - … Earth force that ...
World Geography Chapter 2 Notes Looking at the Earth.
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Transcript of World Geography Chapter 2 Notes Looking at the Earth.
World Geography Chapter 2 Notes
Looking at the Earth
Section 1
Planet Earth
The Solar System
Earth is part of a solar system Sun is at center of solar system 1. Sun is a star 8 planets in the solar system 1. Earth is the 5th largest 2. Jupiter is the largest
Earth’s measurements
93 million miles from Sun 3rd planet from Sun
Water, Land , and Air
70% water 1. Hydrosphere – oceans, lakes, rivers Land 1. Lithosphere – Continents and ocean
basins (land beneath oceans) Air 1. Atmosphere – extends approximately
1,000 feet above Earth’s surface Biosphere – part of Earth where life is
found
Earth’s heights and depths
Mt. Everest – highest point ( 29,028 ft.)
Mariana Trench – lowest point (35,000 ft)
Average height above sea level – 2,800 ft.
Inside the Earth (composed of four layers)
Inner core – center of the Earth (4,000 miles. below the surface)
Outer core – made of iron and nickel (begins about 1800 miles below the surface)
Mantle – a thick layer of dense hot rock
Crust – a thin layer next to the surface (3 to 30 miles deep)
1. continents and ocean basins
Earth’s changing structure
Constantly changing due to internal and external forces
Internal Forces
Forces cause plates to move Plate spread apart – forms a ridge Plates bump together – forms a trench Internal forces build and break down
mountains Folds – bends in layers of rock Plates squeeze Earth’s surface until it
buckles Faults – breaks in the Earth’s surface occurs when surface can’t be bent any
further
Internal Forces Continued Earthquakes and Volcanoes Can cause as much damage under the
ocean as ones on land tsunami – giant tidal waves Often occur where plates meet Many occur along the edge of plates under
the Pacific ocean 1. Called the Ring of Fire Continental Drift theory – geologist believe
that all the continents used to be joined together (Pangea)
External Forces
Weathering – process that breaks down rocks
1.Chemical – water dissolves some of the chemicals in rocks. Causes them break apart
2. Physical – water seeps into the rocks freezes expands and causes the rocks to break apart
External Forces Continued
Erosion – wearing away of the Earth’s surface
1. Wind – movement of dust, sand, and soil from one place to another
2. Water – runoff digs into ground and rocks forms valleys and gullies
Glaciers – destroy forest and land as they move across land
Section 2
Earth’s Features
Landforms
Natural features of the Earth’s surface
Classified by type to help people locate them
Continents
7 large landmasses 1. Asia – largest 2. Australia – smallest Some people consider Europe and
Asia to be one continent (Eurasia) 1. divided by the Ural Mountains
Major landforms Mountains – highest landform, steep slopes with a
peak or summit Hills - lower than mountains, more rounded Plateaus – higher than surrounding land, usually
has one steep side (table top) Plains – flat or gently rolling lands 1. Coastal plains have lower elevations 2. Interior plains have higher elevations Peninsula – piece of land surrounded by water on
3 sides (Florida) Archipelago – a group or chain of islands (Hawaii) Continental Shelf – underwater extension of a
continent
Mountainshighest landform, steep slopes with a peak or summit
Hillslower than mountains, more rounded
Plateaushigher than surrounding land, usually has one steep side
(table top)
PlainsFlat or gently rolling lands
1. Coastal plains have lower elevations 2. Interior plains have higher elevations
Peninsula Piece of land surrounded by water on 3 sides (Florida)
Archipelago A group or chain of islands (Hawaii)
Valley
Water Saltwater
Most of the Earth’s water is salty. Oceans
1. Pacific2. Atlantic3. Indian4. Arctic
Seas – bodies of salt water smaller than oceans
Water Continued Freshwater
Lake – body of water surrounded by land Stream – body of water flowing through land
1. Combine to form rivers2. Rivers combine to form major waterways
Groundwater – freshwater that lies beneath the surface 1. main source comes from rain and melted snow
3% of world’s water is fresh 2% trapped in glaciers .5% is groundwater .5% rivers and lakes
Glaciers
Water Continued
Water cycle – regular movement of water from ocean to air to ground back to ocean
1. Begins with evaporation – changing of liquid water to gas
Section 3
Earth’s Resources
Natural resources
Elements from the Earth not made by people but used by people
1. oil, water, soil Minerals – things from the earth that
are not living or made from living things
Fossil Fuels – formed from the remains of plants and animals
1. coal, oil, gas
Value of resources
Use, supply, and changes over time determine how valuable certain natural resources are
1. Gold 2. Rubber trees 3. Uranium
Managing resources
Renewable resources – can replace themselves
1. plants and animals Nonrenewable – can’t be replaced 1. iron and fossil fuels Recycle – to reuse but can’t replace Protecting 1. crop rotation 2. conservation
Distribution of resources
Not distributed evenly Influences how countries relate to
each other Scarcity has lead to trade 1. Japan – imports raw material
sells finished products Imports – what a country brings in Exports – what a country sends out