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World Conference Abstracts

acid esters and fauy acid methyl esters as well as for thedirect hydrogenation of Iats and oils in the fore.

Westfalia Separator (M) Sdn. Bhd., T.S.T. No. 23. Peja-bat Pos Damansara Jaya, 47409 Petaling Jaya, Malaysia(19). Westfalia Separator produces equipment in the fieldof centrifugal separation technology. They offer forward-looking solutions. with individual machines or integratedin complete process lines.

Manufacture of Hydraulic 8rake-Fluids for AutomotiveIndustry.Manjit Ananad, A. Chaturvedi. R.K. Khanna and R,P. Singh. Har-court Butler Technological Institute. Kanpur 208002. India.

The automotive hydraulic brake-fluids are useful and impor-tent in performance of hydraulic brake systems in light and heavyduty vehicles. The formulations of the brake-fluids are largelybased on an admixture of a fatly oil and a compatible sclvem sys-tem with additives to impart anti-freezing. anti-foaming. anti-rust-ing. and other desired properties. In this study a variety of formu-lations prepared. using castor oils and appropriate solvent(s) hav-ing carbonyl and hydroxyl functional groups, were tested inaccordance with IS; 8654- I986 applicable in the country. The for-mulations based on this fauy oil and solvent(s) capable of associ-ating with its polar and non-polar ponions of the molecules werefound to satisfy the requirements of the specifications. The theoryand practice of developing such formulations will be discussedduring the presentation of this paper.

A Roadmap Through the Oleochemtcat Jungle.Hermann Beckmann. Engelhard De Meem B.Y.. Chemical Cata-lyst Division. P.O. BOll 19. De Meem, The Netherlands.

An attempt is made to show what type of different oleocherni-cats can be made from triglyceride as a starting material. Espe-cially the derivatives of Iauy alcohols. fatly acids and fattyemmes will be highlighted as well as how 10 produce these oleo-chemicals.

Food Emulsifiers & Some Applications.K.G. Berger. Consultant. 17 Grosvenor Road. London W4 4EQ.England.

Food emulsifier represent a significant use of food grade fattyacids. The present paper deals with some little known applications.I)Chocolate type coatings for bakery and confectionery prod-

ucts are often made with hardened palm kernel oil. They tend tolose their derivable glossy appearance during storage. panicularlyat higher temperatures. The addition of sorbitan rrlsrearare orglyceryl lactcpatmuate enables longer retention of gloss. Thetauer is particularly effective.

2) The properties of biscuits and pastry doughs can be modi-fied by the addition of sodium stearyllactylare or diacetyl tartaricester of monoglycerides (DATEM). These polar emulsifiers givea softer. more easily work ..ble dough. and a shorter eating qualityin the baked product.

The function appears to be due to interaction with the wheatprotein and the water present.

Vokogawa Electric (Malaysia) Sdn. Bhd., Level 20.Amoda Bldg., 22 Jalan 1MB I, 55100 Kuala Lumpur.Malaysia (31 & 32). Yokogawa supplies a range of fieldand panel instruments as well as distributed control system(DCS) for plant-wide automation to various industries suchas oil and gas. palm oil. petrochemical, water treatmentplants. food. textiles and more.

3) The esters of stearic acid with polymerised glycerol havevarying HLB values (hydroplide/lipoplide balance). depending onthe extent of polymerisation of the glycerol. Trlglycercl stearatehas the unique property of enabling a fat continuous food systemcontaining little or no water 10 be aerated with finely dispensedair bubbles. This effect has been applied 10 chocolate coatings andfillings. with interesting effects or eating properties.

The Lauric Oils. Medium Chain Fatty Acid Sources.K.G. Berger. Consultant. 17 Grosvenor Road. London W4 4EQ.England.

The only lauric oils available to the world market are coconutand palm kernel oils. Occasional parcels are traded of a thirdsource of lauric oil from the babassu palm of Brazil. Sources ofsupply world production and export data will be discussed.

The fatty acid composition of the three oils is compared fromrecent analytical surveys. The triglyceride composition is of inter-est in judging the authenticity of supplies. Some components ofthe non glyceride ponion of the oils are also of interest analytical-ly.

In contrast with other vegetable oils, up to half of the lauricoils are used for technical purposes. The medium chain fatty acidsare starting materials for a range of derivatives with useful sur-face active properties in detergents, emulsifiers. cosmetic prod-ucts. lubricants. etc.

Lipid Based Surface Active Compoundsby Enzymatic Esterification.O.K. Bhattacharyya. Chemical Technology Department. CalcuttaUniversity. College of Science and Technology. 92 Acharya Pra-fulla Chandra Road. Calculla-700009, India.

Enzymatic esterification with specific microbial lipase hasbeen investigated in preparing some fatty acid based carbohydrateand amino acid derivatives having surface active properties thaican be utilized for edible and industrial purposes.

Conditions for enzymatic esterification to prepare amino acyl-glycerides of fatty acids and amino acids. fatly acid and aminoacid derivatives of carbohydrates and amino acylared with fattyacids have been established. These include treatment of theappropriate reactants in suitable proportions with 10% by weightof the reactants mucor-miehei lipase at about 600 and 10 m.m.pressure. In preparing the fatty acid and amino acid ester derive-rives of cnrbchydrure dimethylformamide is used. The proceduresto isolate the various products have been standardized involvingthe use of polar and non-polar solvents after filtering off theenzyme dependingen the product nature.

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The products duly chemically charncterized have been exam-ined for their surface ecttve properties. Depending on the natureof surface active molecules the surface tension of their aqueoussclunons are in the runge of 2&'28 dynes/em. and their contactangles are in the region of 13°_17°, Foam heights for differentsurface active molecules vary from [1.5 em. 10 12.5 em.Some of the surface active compounds are found suitable in

margarine and low fat spreads and as mold release agent. Someproducts act as unique fal splitting agents.

Esters: Performance Oleochemicals ror food andIndustrial Usage.Ludo Bogaens. S.A. Synfina-Oteofine. Rue J. de Ie Loi, 1040,Brussels. Belgium.

Esters are II perform a"! class of oleochemicals. Individualmembers can be engineered to meet strict technical requirements:the desired surface active properties. chemically reactive sites. agiven degree of polarity and the lubricity of the fatty chain.

In the past. fatty ester markets were mainly based on a combi-nation of performance and of non-irritating. edible and non-toxicproperties. In the industrialized countries. such traditional mar-kets have reached a certain degree of maturity and further marketgrowth will mainly be based on other specific properties whichfatty esters derive from their feedstock: ecological safety andbiodegradability. In selected market niches. such as hydraulicoils. they will act as environmentally friendly substitutes forpetroleum derivatives.In industrializing countries. fany ester markets will develop at

a fast rate in the traditional market segments. mainly as additivesfor food and cosmetics and for polymers and textiles.

The world market is evaluated at about 530,000 MT in 1989and forecasted at over 700.000 MT by 1995.

Conversion or Crude Patm Kernel Ott Into Its Methyl Esterson a Pilot Plant Scale.Y.M. Choc. K.Y. Cheah, A.N. Ma, A.S.H. Ong and A. Halim.Palm Oil Research Institute of Malaysia. PO Box 10620, 50720Kuala Lumpur. Malaysia.

Palm kernel oil and coconut oil are the two most importantcommercial sources of lauric acids. The two vegetable oils havesimilar fatty acid compositions. Further. the price of palm kerneloil is often III II discount to coconut oil lind its production hasincreased significantly from 70.865 ronnes in 197310790.000lonnes in 1989. The conversion of crude palm kernel oil intomethyl esters via PORIM process on a pilot plant scale has beensuccessfully demonstrated. This procedure consists of initialesterification of the free Iany acids into methyl esters followed byuansesreriflceucn in a two-step continuous process. Conversionresulted in 90% yield and the methyl esters have been evaluatedby an established oleochemical company to be of good quality.This indicates that the PORlM process can be applied to conver-sion of palm kernel oil into methyl esters on a commercial scale.The glycerine obtained can be purified by conventional methodon a plant scale to a purity of 99.5%. Data are also provided forconversion of crude palm oil and crude palm stearin to the corre-sponding methyl esters.

Oleocbemicals Potential in the Pacific Rim.Roy 1. deVries. tnremanceat Trade Centre. 54-56 Rue de Mont-brillant. CH-1202 Gereve. Switzerland.Industry Growth in t/rt Eighties

During the past decade. the oleocbemical industry in the Pacif-

797

Long-standing.

For over 30 years, Ruergers-Nease hasbeen a reliable, leading supplier ofhydrotropes.

Now, we offer an expanded productline ofsurfactaras. When you use:• Naxel'fM alkylarylsulfonates• Naxonac'" phosphate esters• Naxotatetv alkylsulfares• Nexonof" alkanolamides• Nexonate" hydrotropes

(liquid & powder)in your product. you can rely on the higheststandards of quality and service.

your strongest supporte-Ruetgers·Nease Chemical Co., Inc.

Quality and Creativity -A Team Effort201 Stroble Rd .. State College, PA 16801

FAX 814-238-1567·814-238-2424

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lc Rim has shown exceptional growth. Statistics illustrating thisgrowth will be presented.tncemivesfor Growth

The industry has grown because of the growing availability ofhigh quality raw materials that are able to replace the historicalraw materials used by the industry and because of economicincentives offered by local government authorities.Problems Affecting Growth

Potential overcapacity is likely to affect the industry growth.particularly in the area of basic oleochemicals such as fatty acids.methyl esters and fatty alcohols.A Straug)' for Grow,h

Companies must improve their marketing policies. their prod.ucr mix and develop strategies to increase their market share ofboth the developed lind developing countries. The Governmentmust consider if the incentives they offer are designed for maxi-mum growth.New Uses/or Oleochemicals

Companies have concentrated on maximum sales of productsfor established applications. Product and application research hasbeen neglected. The industry must develop new molecules andfind new applications for these and existing products.Th~ lndustry in the 21st Cf'ntury

The Green Revolution will gain strength. which will offer theOleochemical Industry. with its renewable. vegetable based rawmaterials, an opportunity for exceptional growth.

TINOPAL CBS·X: A Lightfast, Chlorine Stable FluorescentWhitening Agent for Incorporation Into Low TemperatureWash Detergents.Dr. Matthys Dolder. CIBA·GEIGY SE Asia (Pte) Ltd .• 4 Fou.nhLok Yang Road. Singapore 2262.

TINOPAL CBS·X belongs 10 the class of distyryl-biphenyl(OSBP) nucrescent whitening agents.

Due 10 its unique chemical consntution . in comparison 10

conventional cyanuric cbtorloe-dlamtno-stltbene (CCDAS) flue-rescent whitening agents . TINOPAL CBS·X offers the followingadvantages:I. High quantum yield. thus only small amounts needed.2. Outstanding stability to hypochlorite.3. Very good lightfastness.4. Excellent solubility at low temperatures.5. Improves the aspect of finished detergents.Considering the washing habits in the Far East where low

wash temperatures and outdoor drying prevail TINOPAL CBS·Xenables the detergent producer to improve perfonnance withoutincreasing costs.

IRGASAN DP 300: A Broad Spectrum Antimicrobial Agentand its Application in Hand Disinfectants..Dr. Matthys Dolder. CIBA-GEIGY SE ASIA (Pte) Ltd., 4 FounhLok Yang Road. Singapore 2262.

lRGASAN DP 300, a trichtoro-hydroxy-dipbenylerher. is ahighly effective antimicrobial agent with a broad spectrum ofactivity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteriaas well as fungi and yeasts. Hand disinfcctant formulations withIRGASAN DP 300 based on selected surfactants and reinforcedwith a spec;"ial"deblocking system" have been developed. In-vitroand in-vivo evaluations using standard test methods showed highbactericidal efficacy coupled with a good temanenr effect. Typicaloutlets for such hand disinfectants are for clinical use (hospitals.doctor'S consulting rooms) and food related applications (fastrood chains. food processing).

IRGASAN DP 300 eliminates pathogenic micro-organismsfrom the hands which are the main source of cross-contaminatiooand therefore helps to guarantee a high hygiene standard.

TINOLUX BBS: A Novel Bleaching Concept ror Low 'Ieen-perature Laundry Detergents.Dr. Matthys Dolder, CIBA·GEIGY SE Asia (PTE) Ltd .• 4 FounhLok Yang Road, Singapore 2262.

T1NOLUX BBS is a photobleaching agent. It absorbs theenergy provided by daylight and transmits this to the oxygenmolecules present in water. The resulting activated oxygenspecies (singlet state) will oxidize stains and micrc-orgenlsms. Incontrast to common bleaching agents, such a perborate or perear-bonate, this process works even at ambient temperatures.

Therefore. detergents containing TINOLUX BBS exhibitblenching performance if the washed goods are exposed to day.light.

This clearly makes TINOLUX BBS the right choice for theFar East where washing is performed at low temperatures ret-lowed by outdoor drying.

Use of Sulfonated Methyl Esters In Household Cleaning Prod-ucts. Joseph C. Drozd, Detergents Chemicals Applications,Stepan Company. Edens and Winnetka Road, Nonhfield, IL.

Sulfonated methyl esters are anionic surface active agents thatcan be produced from naturally renewable resources such as thelauric oils and fats. In addition to being useful in a variety ofhousehold and industrial applications, sulfonated methyl estershave very favorable human and environmental safety profiles.

Data suggests that sulfonated methyl esters exhibit aquatictoxicity superior to most other commercial surfactants. The physl-cal and surface active propenies of sulfonated methyl esters as afunction of average chain length (molecular weight) is presented.Their fonnulating properties as well as detergency in heavy andlight duty liquids and hard surface cleaners is discussed. Theproperties of sulfonated methyl esters allow the use of soap toadvantage in a variety of household cleaners. Examples of "starterrormuteuons" for some so called "green" detergents will be pre-sented.

Sulfonated methyl esters offer potential solutions to some ofthe issues and product development needs facing detergent manu-facturers today ~ "eco-friendliness," mildness. cost and productavailability.

Gelling the Reaction Equilibrium Where II's Wanted.R.F. Duveen. BUSS AG. Basel. CH-4133 Praueln I.Switzerland.

Fatty nitriles can be produced in the liquid phase by reactingfatty acids with ammonia gas to fann the ccrrespoodlng amrncoi-urn soap and by subsequent thermal dehydrating to the fauyamide and finally to the Ieuy nitrile. In order to complete thereaction it is essential to have control over the reaction equllibri-urn of the last step. A method of influencing this reaction is by theforced ammonia circulation through a multistage condensing sys-tern in which water is removed. The effect of some parameterslike ammonia circulation rate. condensing temperatures. reactionpressure and reaction temperature on reaction rate. yield. productquality. energy demand and waste problems are discussed. Aplant conce[X and typical operating parameters are suggested.

The catalytic hydrogenation of fauy nitriles to primary. sec-ondary and tertiary amines is done by many oleochemical compa-nies. The product quality requirements vary depending on appll-cation and market demands. The product specifications are adapt.

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able by changing the operating conditions. Indication of how 10influence these factors are given. A plant concept for multipleoperation, including c811llYSIfiltration and recycling. shows thatdifferent nmines can be produced economically in one single unit.Sefery aspects related to operation and computer control are dis-cussed. A general safety concept is presented.

Raw Material Supplies of Animal Fats.Stephen H. Fealrheller, USDA, Eastem Regional Research Cen-ter. Agricultural Research Service, 600 East Mermaid Lane,Philadelphia. PA 19118.

From beef, pork, and poultry packing plants. from retail foodmarkets. and from restaurants and other food preparation estab-lishments come the raw materials thaI the rendering industry coo-verts Intc both edible and inedible fats and oils in quantitiesapproaching 20 billion pounds per year. Two-thirds to three-quar-ters of this supply is inedible. Also. about 40 percent is producedin one country. the United States. which is a major exporter, Tbeworldwide production of fats and oils appears to have been rete-tively stable in recent years despite a considerable increase in theadverse health claims associated with their consumption. In theUnited States there actually appears to be an increase in annualper capita consumption even though the meat industry and retailfood markets claim that they are providing less fatty products.Future increased sales of leaner meal curs will increase quantitiesof available animal fats and oils and could further depress thevalue of these materials. There has been a switch by consumers topoultry and that has somewhat altered the raw material but not somuch the quantity. Research is currently underway.that, if suc-cessful. could significantly alter this situation. Scientists arestudying the factors in these meat animals that control their pro-duction of fat with the ultimate goal that fat production can becontrolled in the animal itself. The only presently available meansof accomplishing this is through the use of chemicals in the feed.but that will ultimately prove to be unacceptable. However, thelong-range goal of the research is to genetically engineer animalsto produce less fat and that would impact significantly on supply.The major uses of animal fats and oils have changed little inrecent years nhhough there is renewed interest in research toimprove the utilization of these products in traditional areas andto develop new uses.

Rate of Quaternlution as a Function of Alkylating Agent.F.E, Friedli, Sberex Chemical Company. 5777 Frantz Rd .• Dublin.OH 43017.

The rate of quererntaanon of tertiary amines is effected bythree general variables - structure of the amine, structure of thealkylating agent, and reaction conditions (temperature, solvent.etc.). Comparative infonnation relating to the structure of thealkylating agent is lacking.

Tributyl amine was reacted with various halides and sulfatesin dilute isopropanol solution at 250 C. Less reactive materialswere reacted with dimethyl decyl amine at the same conditions.Dimethyl sulfate is very fast with benzyl bromide and methyliodide about equal and more reactive than diethyl sulfate. Prcpar-gyl chloride is about the same as benzyl chloride with both beingfaster than allyl chloride. Ethyl cbtcroecerure and lauryl bromideare slower still, z-Bromoethenot is surprisingly unreactive,

Polyunsaturated Oils.Dr. Richard W. Fulmer, Cargill, Inc. (retired), Research, Box9300, Minneapolis. MN 55440.

This presentation summarizes the existing polyunsaturated oilsproduced throughout the world. Sources. characteristics. principalenduses. consumption volumes, historical pricing and projcctedtrends for future volumes will be included. Non-commercial oilswill be listed and possible routes to new oils will be identified.

Hydrogenating Fatty Acids: Hardening Further, Faster andCheaper. Robert C. Hasten, Hastech. 3027 Edgehill Road, Cleve-land, OH 44118.As recently as five years ago, a maximum of 1.0 was consid-

ered to be a quite stringent finished product iodine value specifi-cation, Today, .05 is more often the standard. The principal impe-tus for "hardening further" has come from customers who per-ceive less unsaturntion as reflecting better oxidative and color sta-bility. Cosmetic manufacturers, in addition. assume that lessunsaturatjcn may also result in less skin inilllbility,In the context of this paper, "hardening faster" will refer 10

both actual hydrogenation time and to throughput of the Harden-ing Plant. Actual hydrogenation time is only one factor in theconverter batch cycle. albeit an important one.

While the advantages of being able to harden further. and evenfaster, can be disputed in a particular instance, no manufacturerwho is going to remain in business very long will dispute theadvantage of "hardening cheaper",

The fact is that all three properties are interconnected. Equip-ment and practices enabling Ieny acid hydrogenators to beuerachieve these objectives will be examined. with emphasis on con-verter mixing techniques resulting in more hydrogen solubiliza-tion. particularly at low iodine values,

Impurities. How to Get Rid orUnwanled By-Products,Werner Zschau and N. Hebendanz, SUd-Chemic AG, Lenbach-plaz 6. 8.8000, Munich 2. West Germany.

Impurities in edible oils have various sources, They can benatural or they can enter during processing. They also can devel-op due to degradation processes in the fruit or in the oil. Thispaper discusses in which step the impurities will be removed andhow the development of impurities can be minimized, The impu-rities have an effect on the appearance and on the shelf-life of theoil but also influences the various steps in the processing of oilsand fats including the hydrogenation which is normally seen sep-arately from the refining process.

Oleochemicals: Green and Clean.Hans 8.M. Hoyng. Unichema International. PO Box 309. 290().AH. Gouda, The Netherlands.

The prospects for the Oleochemical lndusrry to become agreen and clean industrial activity are good. This presentation willshow that the main raw materials, oils and fats, as well as themain products, fany acids, Iany alcohols and fatty acid esters, arenon-roxie. non-hazardous and for the major part. as far as theavailable data indicate. biodegradable.

As far as the processes are concerned. import ani steps havebeen undertaken to reduce odor, to recycle secondary raw materi-als. to reduce waste and to minimize releases to surface waters byan organic waste recovery/water treatment program,

Nickel containing distillation residues and spent catalysts areareas of concern to nearly everyone in the oreochemtce! industry.However, intensive catalyst research and modifications in thehydrogenation process has led to more efficient catalyst usage.minimizing the nickel content in distillation residues and reducingthe amount of spent catalyst.

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Development orSlllro ""auy Acid Esters.Takeo Inagak.i. Lion Corp .• 7·13·12 Hirai. Edogawa-ku. Tokyo.Japan 132.

Alpha-Sulfo fatty esters were found several decades ago.about the same time as alkyl sulfates or alkyl benzene sulfonates.Since then. many studies have been carried cut on them. Now it isgenerally known that they are highly attractive as surfactants hav-ing superior properties. They are also known 10 be anractive inthat they are produced from a renewable natursa ' source. However,alpha-sulfo fatty esters have not yet been commercialized asmajor surfectanrs for household detergents. Their consumption isestimated at only a few thousand IOns a year in the world. Themain reason seems to be the difficulty to establish a suitable pro-cess for producing alpha-sulfo fany esters with good quality.Another reason might be ascribed to insufficient applicationresearch. Reviewed in this paper lire recent research works on thetechnology of producing alpha-sulfo Iany esters with detailed sul-fonation conditions. properties of the products. physiccchemicalproperties of various Iauy esters and their applications.

Those ''Other'' Separation Processes.R.W. Johnson. Union Camp Corp .. P.O. BOll 2668. Savannah, GA31402.

An overview of separation processes for fats, oils and oleo-chemicals will be presented including a brief review of some cur-rent commercial processes for the separation of saturated andunsaturated components. Newer methods of separation. especiallythose 00{ as yet commercialized in the fats and oils industry, willbe emphasized. These methods include adsorption processes andsupercrincal fluid extraction. Several other separation processessuch as liquid-liquid extraction and the use of metal salts and ureacomplexes will be reviewed.

New Industrial Oilseed Crops.Robert Kleiman, USDA. Agricultural Research Service, NorthernRegional Research Center, New Crops Research. 1815 NorthUniversity Street. Peoria. IL 61604.

Many plant species. identified in the 196O's and 1970's ascontaining unique fatty acid compositions. are now the subject ofintense research and development. 'The purpose of activity is tobring to the agribusiness community new industrial oilseed crops.This paper will present status reports on several of the morepromising crops.

New sources of medium chain triglycerides are of particularinterest 10 U.S. oleochemical producers. To provide domesticsources of these materials. crops like cuphea. species of the Lau-racease family. or even species from the Umbelliferae family thatproduce petroselinic acid, a possible lauric Ilcid precursor. arebeing considered.

Species like crambe. industrial rapeseed, meadowfoam. andLunaria are promising sources of long chain acids. Several ofthese are being produced for industrial use.

While many rich sources of epoxy fallY acids have beenfound. two species are curremty being explored as sources ofthese reactive fatty acids. Vernania gaJamerrsis is being grown inCentral Africa and Euphorbia lagascat is experimentally pro-duced in Europe.

Several other species will be discussed. specifically jojoba, asa source of liquid wax-esters. usqllerel/(l and DimorphOlhecofor hydroxy fatty acids. and Cale/ldllia for conjugated fattyacids.

New Sources of Fats and Oils.Vic C. Knauf. Calgene, Inc" 1920 Fifth Street. Davis. CA 95616.

New sources of fats and oils continue to be identified byscreening a wide range of plant species. Unfonunately. many ofthese species are 110{ well adapted for agriculture. and the utilityand scope of applications for these higher valued oils in the oleo-chemical industry are limited. In certain cases. we expect to beable to genetically alter established oilseed crops like soybean orrapeseed to produce oils of higher value with specialty applica-tions. The current status of genetic engineering technology allowssome insight into how this will happen and into the feasibility ofspecific projects. By engineering crops to change the compositionof fatty acids in the seed oils. there will be some capachy to cus-tom tailor vegetable oils. This migjuullevime the need for specif-ic processing steps. or alternatively. provide entirely new feed-stocks for the oleochemical industry.

Toiletries and Soap - An Important Outlet for Oteochenneats,J. Knaut and HJ. Richner, Henkel KGaA. Oleochemical Div., POBox 1100. 04000. Dusseldorf. W. Gennany.

The oldest applications for oleochemicals are toiletries andmost certainly soap: beauty culture has existed since very earlytimes.

The majority of cosmetic raw materials are of an oleochemicalnature. This field of application is an important outlet for oleo-chemicals. Now there is an increased interest in "natural materi-als" or basic materials from "natural resources" for certain sec-tors.The growth rates for toiletries in industrialized countries areexpected to remain favorable in the future. The demand in devel-oping countries is determined by the GNP. Some current anddecisive trends in toiletries can be distinguished and conclusionsdrawn regarding the olechemical demand for cosmetic raw mate-rials. Soap is by far the most important surfactant. Growth is slowto regressive. depending on the region. Other surfactarus can pos-sibly substitute soap.

Application of Fatty Acid Esters for Lubricating Oil.Hitoshi Kohashi. Nippon Oil & Fats Co., I-56 Ohamecho. Ama-gasaki. Hyogo. Japan 660. .

The annual production amount of fatty acid esters in Japanexceeds 400 thousand tons. The largest amount of fany acid estersare consumed in the plastics industry as plasticizers, slippingegems. mold release agents, antistatic agents and so 011. The sec-ond consumption field is the foods and cosmetics industries,where fatty acid esters are utilized as emulsifiers. oil components,solvents for lipid-soluble active ingredients, etc. The third con-sumption of fatty acid esters is in the lubricating oil field. Con-sumption amount of fatty acid esters in lubricants is still minor.whereas an outstanding growth of ester application has been heldas synthetic lubricants in the past decade. Its annual growth hasbeen more the 10% and their future prospects are bright.

The rapid growth of ester application in lubricants might bedue to the strong demand for fubricems having better perfor-mance. corresponding to the rapid developments of machineryand new materials. Fatty acid esters have been used as syntheticlubricants because of their excellent properties. such as goodlubricity. good thermal and oxidative stability, low volatility. highviscosity index. excellent low temperature fluidity and so on.

Besides fatty acid esters. there are many synthetic lubricantssuch as polyalphaolefin, polyalkylene glycol. alkylated aromatics,etc. It is notable that fauy acid esters have the most variety ofphysical properties and performances among these lubricants.

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This advantage of fauy acid ester enlarges the possibility 10develop specially tailored lubricants for new demand.

Most of the current fatty acid esters in lubricants are dividedinto three categories. These are (1) monobasic acid esters such asbutyl stearate, (2) dibasic acid esters such as di-isodecyJ adipateand (3) pclycl esters such as pentaerythrityl terraheptanoate. Therelationship between the chemical structure of esters and theirperformances as lubricants are summarized.

The Markeling & Economics of Oleochemicals in Detergent& Washing Auxiliaries.Samremg Kriengprarhama. Lion Corporation (Thailand) Ltd ..1066 Sudhupradlth 3 Rd .. Yannawa, Bangkok 10120, Thailand.

We were familiar with soap, an oleochemical. for quite sometime. beth as toilet soap and laundry soap. After the SecondWorld War, the progress in petrochemistry and the cheap supplyof crude oil made big changes to the detergent industry. Somepetrochemicals like alkylbenzene sulfonate. both the hard and softtypes. with bener performance in hard water and ease of handling.substitute for soap as surfactant in detergent rapidly. But theserapid developments of the detergent industry caused some unex-pected problems later on. Environmental concern and pollutionproblems made us stan to look for new substitutes. Thanks to theprogress in scientific technology. new surfactants such as synthet-ic fatty alcohol sulfate. alfa-olefin sulfonate. with betterbiodegradability and performance. substitute for alkylbenzenesulfonate to some extent. Recently. new developments both in thesupply of palm oil. palm kernel oil and sulfonation technologymade natural alcohols and their esters such as sulfo fatty acidmethyl ester. available as new oleochemicals for surfactants. Withgood detergency and performance in hard water. good cornpata-bility with enzymes and good biodegradability. they are superiorto other surfactants and will become more imponant oteochernl-cals to the detergent industry in the ruture.

Emulsifiers as Food Processing Aids.Niels Krog. Grindsted Products. Edwin Rahrs Vej 38, DK-8220Brubrand, Denmark.

Consumption of industrially produced foods is increasing dueto changes in our living patterns. Modem food production on anindustrial scale is made possible due to the development ofadvanced food processing technology. Processing aids such asemulsifiers. stabilizers. etc .• are often needed to facilitate emulsi-fication and to obtain the desired quality parameters and shelf-lifeof the final product. A variety of fatty acid esters of oleochemicalorigin are available to the food industry today. The main productsare mono-diglycerides. distilled monoglycerides and organic acidesters thereof. A survey of the chemical and functional character-istics of oleochemically based food emulsifiers together with SEa-

tistical figures showing the marketing trends in rhe world will begiven.

Effect of Perfume on the Colour of White Soaps.Ainie Kuntom and Hamirin Kim. Palm Oil Research Institute ofMalaysia (PORIM).

Tallow and palm-based soaps were incorporated with 0.8%.1.0% and 1.2% lunar, tuberose. herbal and sandalwood fra-grances. They were stored at OQC. 2SQC and 40QC for threemonths. Colour changes in the soaps during storage were moni-tored using colour and colour difference meier. Results showedthat perfume addition had the same effect on the degree of white-ness or both tallow and palm-based white soaps.

The Marketing and Economics of Oleochemicais as PlasticsAdditi\·es.Edward C. Leonard. Humke Chemical Division. whee Corpora-tion. Box 125. Memphis. TN 38101.

Fatty chemiculs based on edible and inedible tallow and avariety of vegetable oils have wide use in plastics. both as func-tional. non-reactive additives and as reactive intermediates in var-ious thermosetting and thermoplastic resins. There is large use ofcleochermcets as lubricants and antistatic agents for thermoplasticmaterials. particularly in polyolefins and polyvinyl chloride.

There is some present. limited. economic competition betweenplastics additives based on fats and oils and those based on fossilfuels (crude oil and natural gas). The large growth of palm oilproduction in Malaysia and Indonesia and the rapid expansion ofoleochemical production facilities in Malaysia implies stronggrowth for these chemicals in plastics applications in the yearsleading into the twenty-first century. This is paniculary importantas fossil fuels face. over time. diminution in availability and con-sequent inflation-adjusted price acceleration.

Problem Solving with New Fatty Alcohol Dertvanves.Peter Lorenz. Laboratories of Henkel KGllA. PO Box 1100. D-4000. Dusseldorf. W. Germany.

After introducing fany alcohols in production quantitiesalmost 60 years ago. there was a worldwide consumption of fattyalcohol derivatives in 1989 of roughly 2 Mio to. Although thiskind of chemistry is well established. there are still new applica-tions and new derivatives coming up.

The major driving forces for this ongoing development areoutstanding technical properties in some sectors of applicationand the excellent ecological and toxicologicaVdermatological pro-file of many fauy alcohol derivatives.

A new generation of highly concentrated fatty alcohol sulfatesleads 10 washing and cleaning agents with a high technical stan-dard. improved ecological performance and processing advan-tages. Since alkylpolyglucosides (APG) have recently becometechnically available. the detergent industry is seriously evaluat-ing the outstanding performance of these new surfactants basedcompletely on renewable sources such as starch (com, potatoes)and fatty alcohols (coconut. palm kernel).

Fatty Alcohols Production Using New Developments in EsterHydeegeneuon Technology.D.H. McKinley. Davy McKee (London) Limited. 88 Hammer-smith Rd.. London WI4 BYW. England.

A new low pressure. low temperature. vapour phase hydro-genation process which converts fatty acid methyl esters into highquality detergent alcohols has been developed by Davy and isready for commercialisation.

Davy have been successfully involved in vapour phasehydrogenation processes for many years eventually leading to thefirst commercial application of ester hydrogenation in 1983. Fur-ther exploitation of Davy's low pressure technology has led to thelicensing of two plants for buranedicl production via a maleateester intermediate. These are targeted to be operational in late1991 and early 1992.

Davy has now applied its extensive experience in this field tothe production of detergent alcohols by the hydrogenation of fatlyacid methyl esters.

The main features of the Davy vapour phase ester hydrogena-tion processes derive from Ehe use of highly active non-preciousmetal catalysts at temperatures and pressures significantly lowerthan alternative processes. The benefits of this are shown in low

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capital investment, low by-product formation. high feedstock effi-ciency and superior product quality. The alkane content of theproduct alcohol is typically less than half thai reponed for com-pentive products and this in tum leads 10 benefits in downstreamprocessing of the alcohols to detergents.

Where necessary. fatty acid feedstocks can be esterified usingDavy's solid caralysed processing technology. This produces theirnermediate esters 31 very high yields with substantially reducedenvironmental impact.

Refining of Natural Glycerine Derived from Palm Kernel Oilor Palm Oil for a New Grade of High Quality Glycerine.Constantine Miscrlis and Wahecd A. Mukaddam. Badger Engi-neers Inc .. One Broadway, Cambridge, MA.

The subject of this paper will be the refining of natural glycer-ine which is derived from either palm kernel oil. or palm oil. fromeither continuous hydrolysis or methyl ester production. ortriglyceride saponification. to produce a new grade of high qualityglycerine. This new glycerine purity is considered by experts inthe field to be better than synthetic for obvious reasons. Over theyears. a broad depth of distillation experience has been applied tothe developmem of this refining process. incorporating the use ofa continuous proprietary multi column distillation and rectifica-tion system.

This is the only known process in the world whereby theimpurities in the finished glycerine distillate are removed via acontinuous rectification process. Experience in the refining ofnatural glycerine and manufacture of synthetic glycerine datesback to over forty years ago, and both types of plants have beendesigned and built. In the final assessment. refined natural glycer-ine always took a back seat to synthetic glycerine. The explana-tion given was that natural glycerine contained some 'naturalimpurities which could not be removed from the final product.Such things as smell. taste and color of the finished product is ofvery great importance to the users. especially when the refinedglycerine is required for products such as toothpaste, pharmaceu-ticals, or edible foods and confections. This is no longer the casewhen comparing synthetic to a new grade of natural glycerineusing this glycerine refining process. The major advantage whichnatural glycerine has over synthetic is that it is derived from natu-ral products. and thus no synthetic trace impurities, chemicals orpetrochemicals are used as the starting material.

The beauty of the highly advanced Glycerine Refining Processwhen using palm kernel oil or palm oil as the feed. is that chemi-cal pretreatment and filtration of the crude glycerine prior tosweetwater concentration and evaporation. is eliminated. In thepast. pretreatment was a highly labor intensive step. which alsorequired additional utilities, additives, and chemicals costs, alongwith associated losses of glycerine product in the filter cakewastes. These very costly sweetwater pretreatment steps have allbeen eliminated. This is partly attributed to the very clean naturalpalm oil or palm kernel oil used as the feed stock, but is mainlythe result of the superiority of the rectification step used in purify-ing the final glycerine distillate.

Currently three new major projects are scheduled. whichincorporate this commercially proven advanced technology, oneof which is for a major producer in Malaysia.

Decentralized Production of Vegetable Oil MelhJI Esters asDiesel Fuel for Agriculture in Austria.Martin Miuelbach. Institute for Organic Chemistry, Karl-Fanzens-Universimr Graz, Heinrichstrabe 28. A-8010 Graz. Aus-tria.

For several years the production of rape seed oil methyl estersas diesel fuel for agriculture has been performed in pilot plants inAustria in order to reduce the surplus production of grain and todevelop alternatives for conventional energy supplying.

The different strategies in Austria are illustrated and a newcontinuously running process for the decentralized production ofvegetable oil methyl esters is presented. The process demonstrat-ed by means of a flow scheme and illustrations of a pilot plant inAustria with a capacity of 500 tons of vegetable oil per year. Thefreshly pressed unrefined oil is rrensesrerified with methanol andalkaline catalyst. The chemical and physical properties of themethyl esters are specified and the results of the practical use adiesel fuel in tractors are discussed.

Synthesis of Epoxldised Refined, Bleached and Deodorised(RBD) Palm Olein Acrylate and UV Radiation Curing.Hussin Mohd Nor and Mohd Hilmi Mahmood. Nuclear EnergyUnit. Kompleks PUSPATI, Bangi 43000 Kajang, Malaysia.Hamirin Kim, Masni Abdul Rahman and Azrnan Rafie, Palm OilResearch Institute of Malaysia, PO Bolt 10620. 50720 KualaLumpur. Malaysia.

The synthesis of acrylated olein utilizing epoxidised RHOpalm olein has been carried out by ecrylanon reeucn. This is doneby the introduction of acrylic acid into cxirane group of the epox-idised RBD palm olein. The reaction was confirmed by analyticaldata i.e.. oxirane oxygen content. iodine value and acid value andIR spectrophotometric methods. It was found that oxirane groupin triglyceride molecule of epoxidised RHO palm olein (EPOL) isattacked by acrylic acid to yield epoxidised RBO palm olein acry-late (EPOLA).

The EPOLA and polyurethane acrylates (PUA) were used asbase polymers or oligomers in the formulations of ultraviolet(UV) curable resins. Mono-, di- and Irifunctional monomers wereused both as crossunkers as well as for diluents. Curing was doneby means of 20 cm wide 1ST UV machine with the conditions of8A current and 4m/min conveyor speed. The properties of thecured films were investigated by using pencil hardness tester andgel content analysis.

Palm Oil.Augustine S.H. Ong, PORIM. No.6 Persieran lnsthusi. BandarBaru Bangi. Selangor. Malaysia.

The past. present end future trends of the palm oil industry inmajor producing countries and regions will be presented. TheMalaysian palm oil industry will be reviewed with respect toplantings. production, processing and fractionation. Palm oil andits derivatives are used extensively for oleochemicals and surfuc-tarns. The production of basic derivatives. such as methyl esters,Iany acids. alcohols and amines and glycerol will be described.Also the production of epoxidized and epoxy-acrylated triglyc-erides will be described. The physical and chemical properties ofpalm oil-based derivatives will be highlighted, as will fine chemi-cals for specialty products. High 18:1 palm oil can be anticipatedfor the ruwre.

Economics of a worfu-Scate Fatty Alcohol Business.Richard A. Peters. The Procter & Gamble Company. SharonWoods Technical Center. 11530 Reed Hanman Highway, Cincin-nati, OH 45241-2422.

World demand for fatty alcohols is growing at 4% per year.necessitating one new plant of 30,())O to 40.000 metric tons eachyear. Because of the reduced cost of the tropical lauric oils rela-

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live (0 ethylene. and their recent price stability. these new Iauyalcohol plants are based on feedstocks such as coconut and palmkernel oils. 10 make natural alcohols rather than synthetic alco-hols. More and more. fatty alcohol plants 1If\!;being built in thelauric oil-producing countries and the products are being shipped10 consumers in North America. Europe and Japan. as well as tothe growing markets in the rest of Asia. Process economics arestrongly dependent on having an assured source of low COStrawmaterial, and being able 10 profitably dispose of co-product short-er and longer chain materials and glycerine. while focusing on theproduction and marketing of lauryl alcohol. Other major econom-ic factors are capital. labor, hydrogen and catalyst. Longer term.new varieties of oilseed plants may lead to introduction of lauricoil bearing crops into temperate agricuhures. which woold againchange Ihe focus of alcohol production.

Monounsaturated Oils, A Plant Breeder's View.Gerhard Rcbbelen. Institute of Agronomy & Plant Breeding,Georg-August University, 0-3400, Gbningen, FRG.

All major annual oilcrops produce seedoils containing II domi-nating share of CIS fatty acids with variable unsaturation. Thisfact corresponds to inherent necessities of general metabolic func-tions in plant and animal cells alike, thus securing immediatefood and feed qualities. Different criteria, however. are valid foroleochemical applications: particular demands include high pro-portion of a single Iany acid as well as fatty acids representingunusual chain lengths or functional groups.

Several cttcrcps have recently been subject to successfulgenetic selection (or high oleic acid comem. this fany acid beingthe primary export from the initial FAS biosynthetic system o( theplastids into the cytoplasm of the plant cell. With further modifi-cation by chain elongation. oils are created with other interestingoleochernical applications. Acyl transferase enzymes which obvi-ously cause restrictions of erucic acid contents in Brassico see-doils. are presently investigated by plant biochemists in order toevaluate chances of possible gene transfer. Plant species also pr0-vide variability in monounsaturated Iany acids regarding the posi-tion of the double bond, e.g. n-6 in the petroselinic acid ofCoriandrum seed. This nltogether exemplifies the degree of free-dom from vital necessities. which is characteristic of the oil stor-age process in the plaru oleosome opening the path for furtherdevelopments in oil quality by gene technology and/or plantbreeding.

Requisite for a competitive commodity in the world market inany case is an acceptable price and sufficient reliability of supply.Comparisons will be presented between seedcil and other sourcesof monoenoic Iany acids, in particular tall oil. Considerations willalso include secondary effects of agricultural productions ofindustrial oils, which deserve special attention today in publiceconomic planning.

Joseph C. Roetheli, U.S. Department of Agriculture. CooperativeState Research Service, Suite 342, Aerospace Building. Washing-too. DC 20251-2200.

The USDA Office of Agriculture Industrial Materials leads aneight-state effort to expand commercial production and use of oilsfrom industrial rapeseed and crarnbe. The effort focuses on meet-ing needs in the marketplace by commercializ.ing products thatuse these crops. We identify impediments 10 commercializationand then target resources to overcome the hindrances-appliedresearch. development and infrastructure building. The effortinvolves work on marketing. product development. processingand crop production. Tbe effort is structured to expedite commer-

cial application of research advances. Currently. new solid andliquid lubricants. brassylic acid. coatings and polymers are beingpursued in conjunction with private finns.

Castor Oil.M.K. Schwitzer, 33 Shepherd's Hill, Hlllgate. London N6 5QJ.England.

Annual world castor oil production has been around 400.000 Tin the last years. It peaked to over 500,000 T in 1984/85 and isestimated to be 450.000 T in 1989190. Indio is the world's largestproducer with over 200.000 T in 1989/90, followed by Brazil andthe. Peoples Republic of China. Prices Fluctuated between S640and $1.720 per T in the last 15 years. Nearly 90% of the (attyacids in the oil is ricinoleic acid, which is unique in having an OHgroup attached 10 the 12th carbon. This makes it a versatile sourcefor oteccbemtcats. The principal applic81ions are described. Anestimated annual 40.000 tons of oil are hydrogenated and servemainly in the manufacture cr automotive greases but also in sur-face coatings. Dehydrated castor oil is also used in surface coat-ings. mainly in the producing countries. Sulphated castor oil isnow little used in the western industrialized countries. bot ethy-lene oxide adducts and polyurethanes are on the increase. NylonII is made from undecylenic acid obtained by pyrolysis of castoroil. Another cleavage reliction yields the dtbaslc sebaclc acid; itsesters are used in synlubes and in plastics. The extracted castorrhea I is used as a fenilizer. as it is unsuitable as animal feed.

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Recent developments in the de-allergenizanon of the meal areaimed at making it more acceptable. There is a final section onthe potential impact of biotechnology.

Isolation of Waxes from Ricebran Oils.R.P. Singh. Lipika Guha. P.N. Maheshwnri and A.K. Vasishtha.Harcoun BUller Technological Institute. Kanpur 208002. India.

The waxes present in ricebran oils (RBO) and its fOOLSup to6% and 18%, respectively, and implicated for increasing refininglosses, imperting turbidity. and hampering digestion and assimila-lion of RBO due 10 laxative action in human beings. find utility inisolated and purified fonn as substitutes for camauba wax,

In this study. ricebran oils having AV 11.9 - 91.9 were win-terised in miscella. raw, and degummed fonns at 5 - 20" C for 1-6h. The degummed oils treated with calcium chloride, sorbitan-mono-oleate, Tween - 40, and sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS) werealso subjected to winterisarion for isolation of waxes. The winter-lsation of the miscella of the oils provided better recoveries of itswaxes (up to 75%) than that of the oils in as such and degummedforms (up to 40%). The wlnrerisarion of the degummed oils treat-ed with SLS provided quantitative recoveries of the waxes (up to95%). The recovered waxes were purified and characterised; theirproperties were found to resemble those of the camauba wax.suggesting the efficacy of the winterisation of SLS - Treateddegummed RBO for isolation of its waxes.

Otesrra Update.Dr. Jon Spinner. Procter & Gamble Co .. PO Box 599, Cincinnati,OH 45201.

Olestra is the product of more than 20 years of research on theproperties of fats and fat-like molecules. Olestra began with thediscovery that very highly esterified polyols would nOI be digest-ed by pancreatic lipases, and that these same polyol polyesterscould mimic all of the important properties of fats. making themsuitable for cooking and baking, and also giving them the mouth-feel properties that make high-fat foods taste so good.

Health experts around the world are urging people to reducethe amount of fat in their diet. In the United States, for example,most are recommending reducing fat from the current 37% ofcalories to 30% or less. But we know that people have a hard timedoing it because today's low fat foods just don't taste as good astheir full-fat counterparts. So there is clearly a place in modemnutrition practice for a safe, non-fat that delivers all the cookingfunctionality and all the good taste of high fat foods.

To Esters Via Biotechnology.L.H. Staal. Unichema International. PO Box 309. 2800-AK

GOUDA, The Netherlands.The ester bond between (fany) acids and (fally) alcohols pro-

vides the oleochemicals industry with a flexible tool for manufac-turing a wide range of highly versatile chemicals. Major applica-tions of esters are found in polymers, lubricants, food processing.coatings, cosmetics and toiletries.

Traditionally the Ieuy esters are prepared by application ofacidic catalysts. either homogeneously or heterogeneously. for alimited number of large volume products in continuous processes.However. for the majority of products batch operation is commonpractice. High temperatures are often required to arrive at favor-able kinetics, i.e. to arrive at acceptable cycle times. Also elevat-ed temperatures are required in order to remove reaction waterthus driving the reaction to completion. However, prolonged con-tact of the reaction mixture with strong acids at elevated tempera-

ture may cause undesirable side-reactions to occur, affectingcolor, odor and stability of the end-products. Extensive post refin-ing is applied to arrive at the required product specifications.

Bio-catalysis. by nature involving low temperature processes,potentially offers alternative synthesis routes to existing oleo-chemicals, including esters, overcoming the draw-backs of con-ventional esterification technology. It furthermore offers routes tonovel oleochemical derivatives and product qualities unknown sofar,

In this paper we shall concentrate on enzyme catalyzed pro-cesses for fatty acid esters. especially targeting applications inpersonal care products.

Fractionation/Distillation - Improvements in Quality, Effi-ciency, Energy & Environmental Aspects.Dr. Hermann A.E. Stage, Still Otto GMBH, Christstrasse 9, 0-4630 Bochum, West Gennany.

In the fatty chemical business, the last len years are character-ized not only by higher qualities of the end products in relation topurity and stability but much more to lower energy consumptionsand losses, higher yields and less environmental loads in the dif-ferent distillation processes and their installations used today. Inthe future this trend will be true in much higher extend not onlyfor the production of oleochemical individuals of high purity butalso for straight-run distillates especially of high sensitive mix-tures with jodine values up to 180.

Before 1980 il was common practice to use stripping steam inoleochemical distillation lind evaporation processes to lower thenecessary boiling temperatures. Nowadays falling film evapora-tors are coming more and more in use, for which under specialcareful running methods no stripping steam will be required. Theconditions to realize in future better and more sensitive heat sup-ply for evaporation are discussed.

According to new results of industrial oleochemical distilla-tion plants for gelling pure individuals as well as color. heat andlime stable straight run distillates, the problems of precut andpitch separation are of special importance. For all oleochemicalslike fatty acids, their esters, fatty alcohols, fatty amines and so onthe precuts consists out of very reactive compounds like aldehy-des, cetones and mainly unsaturated hydrocarbons. They areformed by oxidation reactions as a result of intimate contact withair during storage or by plant leakages during processing at higherworking temperatures. Their effective removal before distilling orevaporating the main oreochemtcat products has a great influenceon color and stability of the desired end products.

Similar considerations are also true for the pitch separationand main product losses together with the pitch. To prevent ther-mal degradation of pitch compounds during its separation and asa result to come to better product yields this has to be done in thefuture at the lowest possible temperature and pollution. On thisreason the different methods of precut and pitch separation willbe discussed in relation to energy consumption, losses. environ-mental load as well as installation and running costs.

A further point is the comparison or different methods for thedisullative separation or mixtures with saturated and unsaturatedmonomer oleochemical compounds especially such with 16-22carbon atoms in the chain. which will be of increasing industrialimportance in the next decade.

Esters rrcm Vegetable Oil as Diesel Fuels Subslitute.R. Stern, G. Hillion and X. Montagne, French Institute ofPetroleum (IFP). I et 4 Avenue de Bois Preau. 92506 Rueil-Mal-matson

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WORLD CONFERENCE

Methyl or ethyl esters of vegetable oil having specificationsvery close 10 diesel oil are the best diesel oil substitutes.

IFP has developed Il simple. inexpensive and non-pollutingprocess for the transesrenficerion of vegetable oils and the refin-ing of the J1ycerol produced.

A 1m/day pilot plant was used to demonstrate the flexibilityof the process with regards 10 oils (rapeseed. sunflower. palm.palm kernel oil) as well as to alcohols (methyl and hydrated ethylalcohol), Motor tests on fleets of trucks and tractors have beenperformed. Some economics of the processes in both cases. adeveloping and an industrialized country. have been analysed.

Glycerine. The Global Balance.W.J.A. Struyck. Unichema International. Statlonsplein 3, 2801·AK Gouda, 1bc Netherlands.

Information will be provided on the production of naturalglycerine. the likely trend over the next five years and the antici-pated development of integrated refining.

Glycerine consumption will be shown for the main segmentsof the market. In addition. attention will be paid to elasticity inthe glycerine market. Substitution potential and the barriers tosubstitution will also be considered.

Discussed will be:the impact of stocks on the supply-demand equation. includ-ing the stocking/destocking effect by customers:the relationship between the availability of erode andrefined glycerine: the effect of refining capacity on this rela-tionship and the self-regulating mechanism:the influence of integrated and non-integrated refiners onthe market; the special position held by the producers ofsynthetic glycerine

Ideas will be fonnulated on the value of glycerine next tothreats and opponunities awaiting glycerine in the coming years.

Recent Trends of Oleochemicals by 8iotKhnology.Osamu Suzuki. National Chemical Laboratory for Industry, I-IHigashi, Tsukuba. Japan 305.

Since the first finding of microorganisms which accumulatelipids (Lipomyces). much research on the lipid production bymicrobial cultivation or enzyme has been conducted. Comparedto lipids in plants and animals. lipids tend to be forgotten as com-ponents of microorganisms. Recent research indicated EPA(20:5). which occurs widely in marine fish oil. was originally pro-duced by marine microorganisms. and transferred to fish oil byway of the food chain. Microorganisms. with its extremely widevarieties and high growth rates. will surely have an advantage as asource of biofunctionallipids. In the present session. a spreadingprospect of microbial1ipid production is discussed.

Fats and Oils as Rllw Materials for Oleochemicals.Hiroshi Uehara. New Japan Chemical Co .• Ltd .. 13 YoshijimaYaguar-cho .. Fushimi-ku.Kyotn, 612 Japan.

Today more than 4 million tons of chemical products areannually produced in the world from fals and oils.

One of the disadvantages of fats and oils as raw materials wastheir price instability. This has been the case especially forcoconut oil. It had been known for decades thai the productionvolume of ceconur oil fluctuated every five years. Its price alsofluctuated at the same time bUi reversely.

And now it seems to have changed. 1lte production volume ofpalm kernel oil increased and reached about half that of coconutoil recently. The production volume of coconut oil was at its low-

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est level in 1989 as was expected according 10 the five year rule.Higher price was also expected but 11remained at a reasonablelevel. This was mainly because of the increase of palm kernel oilproduction.

On the ether hand. existing oil seed crops are being modifiedand new ones are being developed using various processes. Theseefforts will increase the availability of fats and oils both in yol-ume and variety.

In the future, falS and oils will become more attractive as rawmaterials for olecchemicals. both from the view point of stablesupply and price, and that of environmental advantages.

CIO-CI3·Fauy Acid Esters from Palm Oilby Olefin Metathesis.Dr. Siegfried werwet. Technical University Aschen. WorringerWeg I. D·5100 Aachen. France.

Palm oil is an unportant source of long chain C uye IS-fattyacids while palm kernel oil (like coconut oil) leads to middlechain Cl2ICl4-fatty acids. which are very demanding raw mate-rials for the industrial production of anionic and oonionic surrsc-rents.

Recently we described the preparation of middle chain fattyesters by olefin metathesis of pure methyl oleate or mixtures ofunsaturated Cl80Csters deriving from different natural oils likesoybean. rapeseed. sunflower and other oils 11.2]. for example:

can t1-C1t-CIi-{CIl2n-c:ox:tt). -- CH·{CH~h-COOCH3IICH.cH,

pared with the values reached in the field of pharmaceutics. thereuse of the catalysts is decisive. Carrier fixation of biocatalystsremains to be a problem. since many reactions involved are normonophasic. So mass transport becomes a problem. Possiblesolutions to this problem are the use of microcarriers and mem-bers for enzyme retention. The task of the biochemical engineer isto provide the sufficient volume for specific interface.

Regarding the comparatively low product lidded value. redoxreactions probably will only have a chance using entire cells dueto the cofactor regeneration problem. Once again a mass transferproblem arises (oxygen transfer). Using the improvements ofgenetic engineering it might become feasible to use properlydesigned microorganisms for such redox reactions.It is II. prejudice that space-time-yield in the case of using bio-

catalysts is poor in comparison to the use of classical catalysts. Inthe field of enzymatically catalyzed fat splitting, more than 10kilogram of product per liter reactor volume a day could be pro-duced. Another prejudice is that enzymes can only be used inaqeous systems. The field of oleochemicals will especially provethat this is not the case.

Biochemical engineering for oleochemicals has a chancewhere it is important to avoid byproducts and to exploit regia- orstereo-selectivity. Since the product added value is comparativelylow. we will see a growing importance of enzyme engineering.which will be the most decisive factor after raw material cost andenzyme availability.

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INFORM, Vol. 1. no. 9 (September 1990)

•

Now we report the conversion of palm oil rauy acidmethylestcrs. obtained by transesterification of palm oil withmethanol. to middle chain unsaturated CIQ-C\3-esters bymeremests with C4-C6-o1efins using a new high efficient 8203-R~07-alumosilicate-catalysl.

Olefin metathesis leads to reaction mixtures containing 25-30weight-% of middle chain esters. Their chain length depends onthe olefin used. Meunhesis of palm oil fatty acid methylesterswith n-butenes leads to CIO-GI2-esters. with z-penreoe cll,el2-esters and with n-hexenes CII-C 13-esters are obtained.

Biochemical Engineering for Oleochemicals.Christian Wandrey, Institute of Biotechnology. Research Centerlulich. D-S 170 Julich. West Germany.

There are some examples where enzymes. dead. resting oreven reproducing cells lire used lIS biccatalysts for the productionof oleochemicals. Here, the biochemical engineer comes intoplay. The ultimate goal is the optimal use of raw materials. cata-lysts and reactor volume - in principal. classical chemical reactionengineering Objectives. Most of the literature dealing with biocar-alysts refers to fat splitting. esterification.

Biocatalysts give a better regio- or even stereo-selectivity. Theexploitation of these advantages can be optimized by continuousoperation. Up till now the modelling of complex parallel and con-secutive reactions catalyzed by enzymes seldom reaches thesophistication achieved in chemical reaction engineering. Theoften used E-concept for stereospecific esterhydrolysis. respec-tively esterification. assumes parallel first order reaction ktneucs.which may be too simple to describe reality.

In the long run enzymes will only have a chance if they can beretained or recycled at continuous operation. Since the productadded value in the field of oleochemicals mostly cannot be com-