World Belief Systems Hearths Concepts Diffusion. Judaism originated in Southwest Asia about 2000 BCE...
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Transcript of World Belief Systems Hearths Concepts Diffusion. Judaism originated in Southwest Asia about 2000 BCE...
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World Belief Systems
Hearths ConceptsDiffusion
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Judaism
• originated in Southwest Asia about 2000 BCE• first major ethical monotheism• Covenant
• founder: Abraham• sacred text: Torah and Talmud• sacred sites: Jerusalem (Western
Wall), land between the Mediterranean and the Jordan River
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Judaism
• Ethnic Religion (very few converts)• social manifestation: Zionism • diffusion: into European cities during
the Diaspora, into N. America during WWII, into Israel over the last 50 years
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The Western Wall and Cemetery in Prague
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Great Synagogue (Czech Republic) and The Jewish Reconstructionist Congregation synagogue in Evanston, Ill.
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Hinduism: Foundations
• Northern South Asia (Indus Valley)1800-1000 BCE-No specific founder
• Scholars interpreted the Vedic hymns into the Upanishads (750-550 BCE)
• Polytheistic: with a concept of unity• Caste system/varna: determines every
aspect of an individual life (dharma)• Concepts of reincarnation (transmigration)
• Way of Knowledge- yoga meditation• Way of Action- doing your job• Way of Devotion- worship
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Brahma: The Creator
Vishnu: The Protector
Shiva: The
Destroyer
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Hinduism:
• Ethnic religion• Diffusion limited to South Asia and
some parts of Southeast Asia (Bali) and the developed world• Trade routes• Relocation diffusion in Western world
(British colonialism)• Sacred sites: Ganges River and
thousands of holy sites.
• 750 million followers today
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Largest Temple in New Deli
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Buddhism
• Emerged as a protest to Hindu caste system 2500 years ago.
• founder: Siddartha (the Buddha) 525BCE• Atheistic: recognizing local
spirits/gods/traditions• Anyone can achieve salvation,
enlightenment• 4 noble truths• 8 fold path right knowledge, intentions,
speech, conduct, livelihood, effort, mindfulness and meditation.
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Buddhism
• sacred sites: stupas contain relics of the Buddha
• Hearth: Nepal south to the Ganges River area.
• diffusion: most strongly into Tibet in the north and into East Asia • Relocation (monastic and missionary
traditions)• Chain migration• Trade routes
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Christianity
• Hearth: Mediterranean 1st Century CE
• Founder: Jesus, split from Judaism• Basic concepts of ethical
monotheism• 10 commandments• Life of Jesus
• Early doctrinal split into Eastern Orthodox and Roman Catholic 1054
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Christianity
• Protestant revolution further split• Largest and globally dispersed (1.6
billion)• Diffusion: expansion and relocation
• strong missionary outreach• Follows colonial patterns
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Africa
Thailand
Brazil
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Greek Orthodox
France
Ohio
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Islam
• originated on Arabian peninsula about 600CE- (newest of the big guys)
• ethical monotheistic religion• sacred text: Qu’ran• founder: Muhammad• sacred sites: Mecca, Medina,
Jerusalem• split in the church over succession:• Sunni Muslims (great majority)• Shi’ite Muslims (concentrated in Iran)
• Relocation/Chain/Conquest/Heirarchical: across Arabian peninsula, across North Africa, into Spain and also east into Southeast Asia, eventually Sub-Saharan Africa
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Paris
Turkey
Tempe, AZ
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Taoism
• Traced to prehistoric practices• Laozi, 250 BCE- text named for him• Diffused as different dynasties adopted
principles of the faith• Many small branches, but commonalities
focus on the concept of YIN/YANG • natural order, peace, vitality, receptiveness,
and flexibility are important and finally, action without action
• Tao literally means “the way” or the road/path emphasizing compassion, moderation, and humility
• The body is a microcosm of the universe (gain understanding of the universe, by understanding one’s self)
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• Polytheistic with a hierarchy of gods, down to animist spirits
• # Taoists is hard to guess, due to a variety of factors including defining Taoism. Estimated that 400 million people practice Chinese folk religions
• Strongest in regions with high Chinese population, largest non Chinese following in Korea.
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Taoist Architecture has no universal theme
Taiwan
Beverly Hills
Beijing
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Ba’hai
• Youngest of the world faiths- Mid 1800s
• Founder Bahaullah drew from the previous teachings of; Zoroaster, Abraham, Buddha, Christ, Krishna, Muhammad
• Central Themes• Unity• Humanity is a single race, class, creed,
and nation• Gender equality• Universal education
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Ba’hai
• Global distribution- 5 million followers worldwide- uninversalizing faith
• 189 countries- 2100 different ethnicities- 800 languages
• With stressing unity, there has been no sectarianism- policy is governed by the Guardianship and the Universal House of Justice (elected through direct voting)
• Holy sites in Israel (remains of founder) and
• No clergy- emphasis on individual, sermons, rituals
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7 Houses of Worship: 9 sides central dome Ashkabad, Central Asia,
demolished in 1962.
Sydney, Australia
Kampala, Ugnada
Wilmette, IL
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Langenhain, Germany
New Delhi, India
Panama City, Panama
Samoa
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Proposed house of worship in Santiago, Chile