Workshop on Productivity Bern 16-18 October 2006 Dominique Guellec Economic Analysis and Statistics...
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Transcript of Workshop on Productivity Bern 16-18 October 2006 Dominique Guellec Economic Analysis and Statistics...
Workshop on ProductivityBern 16-18 October 2006
Dominique Guellec
Economic Analysis and Statistics DivisionDirectorate for Science, Technology and Industry
Productivity Growth and Innovation in Switzerland: an International perspective
2
Productivity and Innovation in Switzerland
This presentation will compare productivity patterns of Switzerland with other countries; it will analyse the determinants of productivity related to innovation, and in turn the economic and institutional conditions which influence innovation.
Structure of the presentation:
1) Productivity
2) Innovation
3) Framework conditions
3
Productivity and Innovation in Switzerland
Major source of information for this presentation:
The OECD Compendium of The OECD Compendium of Productivity Indicators - Productivity Indicators -
20062006
4
Productivity and Innovation in Switzerland
Graph 1.1. Catch-up and convergence in OECD income levels, 1950-2005, US = 100
0.0
20.0
40.0
60.0
80.0
100.0
120.0
140.0
1950
1953
1956
1959
1962
1965
1968
1971
1974
1977
1980
1983
1986
1989
1992
1995
1998
2001
2004
France
Germany
Sweden
Switzerland
Finland
5
Productivity and Innovation in Switzerland
Graph 1.2. Income and
productivity levels, 2005
Percentage gap with respect to UD GDP per
capita
-40 -30 -20 -10 0
SpainEU-19 (3)
Italy
OECDGermany
France Japan
FinlandUnited KingdomBelgiumSwedenAustria
Australia
CanadaDenmark
NetherlandsSwitzerland
Effect of labour utilisation
-40 -30 -20 -10 0 10
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
1 0
1 1
1 2
1 3
1 4
1 5
1 6
1 7
Percentage gap with US GDP per
hour worked
-40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
1 0
1 1
1 2
1 3
1 4
1 5
1 6
1 7
6
1995-20002000-2005
Growth of GDP per capita
-2 0 2 4 6
Finland
Australia
UnitedKingdom
Sweden
Spain
Canada
UnitedStates
J apan
OECD19 (2)
Denmark
EU15
Belgium
Austria
France
Netherlands
Germany
Switzerland
Italy
Growth of GDP per hour worked
-2 0 2 4 6
= Growth in labour
utilisation (1)
-2 0 2 4 6
+
7
Productivity and Innovation in Switzerland
Graph 2.1: GERD as a % of GDP - 1995-2004(source OECD - MSTI database)
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
Sweden
Finlan
d
Japa
n
Switzer
land
United S
tate
s
Germ
any
Denmar
k
Total
OECD
Austri
a
Franc
e
Canada
Belgium
EU-15
United K
ingdom
Nether
lands
Austra
liaSpa
in
%
1995
2004
8
Productivity and Innovation in Switzerland
Graph 2.2: BERD as a % of GERD - 1995-2004(source OECD - MSTI database)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Korea
Japa
n
Sweden
Switzer
land
Germ
any
United S
tate
s
Finlan
d
Belgium
Denmar
k
Total
OECD
United K
ingdom
EU-15
Franc
e
Nether
lands
Austri
aSpa
in
Canada
%
1995
2004
9
Productivity and Innovation in Switzerland
Graph 2.3. Government funded R&D as a % of GDP - 2004
0.00.10.20.30.40.50.60.70.80.91.0
Sweden
Finlan
d
Franc
e
United S
tate
s
Austri
a
Germ
any
Austra
lia
Denmar
k
Total
OECD
Canada
Switzer
land
EU-15
Nether
lands
United K
ingdom
Japa
n
Belgium
Spain
10
Productivity and Innovation in Switzerland
Graph 2.4. Share of the pharmaceutical sector in total BERD (2004)Source: OECD - MSTI data base
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
Switzer
land
Denmar
k
United
King
dom
Belgium
Sweden
Franc
e
EU-15
Spain
Nethe
rland
s
Total O
ECD
Canad
a
United
Stat
es
Japa
n
Germ
any
Austri
a
Austra
lia
Finlan
d
%
11
Productivity and Innovation in SwitzerlandGraph 2.5. Patenting intensity by technical fields (number of
patent families over GDP, 2002)
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
Finlan
d
Switzer
land
Japa
n
Sweden
Germ
any
Nether
lands
United S
tate
s
Europe
an U
nion
Franc
e
Belgium
Denmar
k
United K
ingdom
Austri
a
Canada
Austra
liaIta
ly
Irelan
d
Spain
Biotech
ICT
Other technicalfields
12
Productivity and Innovation in SwitzerlandGraph 2.6. Share of countries in EPO patent
applications, 2003
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
United
Sta
tes
Japa
n
Germ
any
Fran
ce
United
King
dom
Korea
Switzer
land
Nethe
rland
sIta
ly
Canad
a
Sweden
Belgium Isr
ael
Nanotech
Total
13
Productivity and Innovation in Switzerland
Graph 2.7. Contribution of ICT manufacturing to value added per person engaged, in % points
-0.2
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
Nethe
rland
sIta
ly
Canad
a
Denm
ark
Germ
any
Austri
a
United
King
dom
Switzer
land
Belgium
Fran
ce
Japa
n
United
Sta
tes
Sweden
Finla
nd
Irelan
d
1990-95
1995-2002*
14
Productivity and Innovation in Switzerland
Graph 2.8. International co-inventions (Share of domestic inventions with at least one foreign resident as co-
inventor)
0
10
20
30
40
Belgiu
m
Irelan
d
Switzer
land
Canad
a
Austri
a
Unite
d Kin
gdom
Spain
Denm
ark
Austra
lia
Sweden
Franc
e
Nethe
rland
s
Finlan
d
Unite
d Sta
tes
Ger
man
yIta
lyEU15
Europ
ean U
nion
OECD
Japa
n
%
1990-92
2000-02
15
Productivity and Innovation in Switzerland
Graph 2.9. Domestic ownership of foreign inventions (share of inventions owned by domestic residents which have been invented
abroad)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Switzer
land
Irelan
d
Nethe
rland
s
Belgiu
m
Sweden
Austri
a
Canad
a
Finlan
d
Franc
e
Unite
d Kin
gdom
Denm
ark
Unite
d Sta
tes
OECD T
otal
Ger
man
y
Austra
lia
Europ
ean U
nion (1
5)
Europ
ean U
nion
Spain
Italy
Japa
n
%
1990-92
2000-02
16
Productivity and Innovation in Switzerland
Graph 2.10. Foreign ownership of domestic inventions (share of domestic inventions owned by foreign residents)
0
10
20
30
40
50
Belgium
Irelan
d
Austri
a
United K
ingdom
Canada
Spain
Austra
lia
Franc
e
Switzer
land
Denmar
k
Nether
lands
Sweden
Italy
OECD
Germ
any
United S
tate
sEU15
Europe
an U
nion
Finlan
d
Japa
n
%
1990-92
2000-2002
17
Productivity and Innovation in Switzerland
Graph 3.1. Graduation rates at doctoral level, 2002
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
Japa
n
Canada
Denmar
k
Spain
Belgium
Austra
lia
Nether
lands
United S
tate
s
Franc
e
United K
ingdom
Austri
a
Finlan
d
Germ
any
Switzer
land
Sweden
Other fields
Science andEngineering
18
Productivity and Innovation in Switzerland
Graph 3.2. Scientific articles per million population - 2001
0
200
400
600
800
1 000
1 200
Sweden
Switzer
land
Finlan
d
Denmar
k
United K
ingdom
Nether
lands
Austra
lia
Canada
United S
tate
s
Belgium
Austri
aEU15
Germ
any
Franc
e
OECDJa
pan
Irelan
d
Spain
Italy
Other fields
Life sciences
19
Productivity and Innovation in Switzerland
Graph 3.3. Venture capital investment flows as % of GDP 1995-2002
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
JPN
AUTAUS IT
ACHE
DNKESP
DEUFRA IR
LFIN
BELSW
EGBR
NLDCAN
USA
Buy-outs and others
Expansion
Early stage
20
Productivity and Innovation in Switzerland
Graph 3.4. Overall product market regulation - 2003 (Source: OECD 2005)
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
UKUSA
Canada
Japa
n
Germ
any
OECD
Switzer
land
Franc
eIta
ly
21
Productivity and Innovation in Switzerland
Graph 3.5. Patents applications files by Public Research Institutions as a % of total patents, 2001-2003
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
Austra
lia
United
King
dom
Belgium
Canad
a
Fran
ce
EU15
United
Sta
tes
Spain
OECD
Denm
ark
Italy
Korea
Switzer
land
Japa
n
Nethe
rland
s
Germ
any
Austri
a
Finla
nd
Sweden
22
Productivity and Innovation in Switzerland
Graph 3.6. Share of University research funded by business - 2004
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
Germ
any
Belgium
Switzer
land
Canada
Spain
Nether
lands
EU-15
Total
OECD
Finlan
d
United K
ingdom
Sweden
Austra
lia
United S
tate
s
Austri
a
Denmar
k
Japa
n
Franc
e
%
23
Productivity and Innovation in Switzerland
Conclusions (1) Switzerland features very well in terms of
GDP per capita. It is due to its high labour utilisation, while the productivity of labour is in the OECD average.
Productivity growth has been slow in Switzerland over the past decade.
24
Productivity and Innovation in Switzerland
Conclusions (2) Switzerland is strong in knowledge
intensive industries (pharma, finance) and its has all factors needed to be innovative: High R&D expenditure, skilled labour force, strong university system, high internationalisation of R&D.
BUT: Switzerland is relatively weak in emerging technology fields, where entrepreneurship is the key factor.
25
Productivity and Innovation in Switzerland
Policy recommendations
=> Facilitate entrepreneurship in emerging technology fields
Reduce barriers to domestic competition Improve efficiency of public support for
R&D Raise efficiency of bankruptcy
procedures