Workshop L

Air Permitting … Managing & Permitting Your Stationary Internal Combustion Engines

Thursday, July 20, 2017 10:30 a.m. to noon

Biographical Information

DJ Wheeler, Senior Consultant, Trinity Consultants 110 Polaris Parkway, Suite 200, Westerville, Ohio 43085

614.433.0733 Fax: 614.433.0734 dwheeler@trinityconsultants.com

Mr. Wheeler provides air quality permitting and compliance services for industries such as oil and gas, metallurgical coke production, secondary aluminum recycling, petroleum refineries, steel mini-mills, and gas-fired electricity generating units. He has specialized experience with air dispersion modeling, including full impact analyses for PSD permit applications. Mr. Wheeler currently operates as a Senior Consultant in Trinity’s Columbus, Ohio office and is an active member of the Ohio Gas Association’s Environmental Matters Committee. He received a Bachelor’s degree in chemical engineering from the University of Michigan.

Raymond G Berkebile, Director of Engineering, CPower 415 McFarlan St, Suite 201, Kennett Square, PA 19348

610-813-2821 | Raymond.Berkebile@CPowerEnergyManagement.com Mr. Berkebile offers over 32 years of experience in the Energy Services Industry. He currently works for CPower as the Director of Engineering in their Operations division serving Commercial and Industrial customers. In this role he assists customers identifying and implementing Energy Management strategies which include a comprehensive approach to implement Energy Efficiency improvements, Demand Side Management and Green Energy Technology. Working across all market verticals, Mr. Berkebile has experience assisting these customers identify and implement a variety of Demand Management Programs, Distributed Generation and Energy Conservation Measures for various building and industrial energy disciplines. Mr. Berkebile has conducted Energy Audits and Studies to investigate the feasibility of green technologies such as Smart Grid, Solar Hot Water Heating, Solar Photovoltaic, Geothermal, Cogeneration, Wind, Fuel Cells, Micro turbines and battery storage. Mr. Berkebile has extensive experience in the engineering, project development, project management, construction management and facilities management across institutional, commercial, and industrial industries. Mr. Berkebile is currently responsible for leading a team of energy engineers nationwide to provide a variety of Demand Management, Distributed Generation and Energy Efficient solutions across all vertical markets. Mr. Berkebile has significant experience meeting the needs of commercial and industrial customer’s significant experience analyzing existing systems and then designing, developing and implementing new systems and solutions which meet budget, schedule and design constraints. Registration

Professional Engineering in Training Certification with PE License Pending. Professional Affiliations

American Society of Heating, Air Conditioning and Refrigeration Engineers (ASHRAE) -- Member

Association of Energy Engineers (AEE) -- Member Association of Energy Services Professionals (AESP) – Member

Education BSME Widener University

MEC Workshop L – Managing & Permitting Your Stationary Internal

Combustion Engines

Columbus, OH – July 20, 2017

Mr. Ray Berkebile - CPowerMr. DJ Wheeler - Trinity

Federal Engine Regulations –Brief Overview

Federal RegulationsOur Focus

˃ 40 CFR Part 60 Subpart IIII, Standards of Performance for [New] Stationary CompressionIgnition Internal Combustion Engines (CI ICE NSPS)

˃ 40 CFR Part 60 Subpart JJJJ, Standards of Performance for [New] Stationary SparkIgnition Internal Combustion Engines (SI ICE NSPS)

˃ 40 CFR Part 63 Subpart ZZZZ, National EmissionStandards for Hazardous Air Pollutants for Stationary Reciprocating Internal Combustion Engines (RICE NESHAP)

˃ Also, Subpart A for each Part

Summary of Regulated Engine Pollutants

NSPS JJJJ NSPS IIII RICE MACT

VOC NMHC/HC

Formaldehyde and CO (as surrogates for Total 

HAPs)

NOx NOx

CO CO

PM

Criteria Pollutants HAPs

˃ 40 CFR 89 - New and In-Use Nonroad CI Engines Tiers 1, 2, and 3

˃ 40 CFR 1039 - New and In-Use Nonroad CI Engines Tier 4

˃ 40 CFR 90 – Nonroad SI Engines < 19 kW˃ 40 CFR 1048 – New Nonroad SI Engines > 19 kW˃ 40 CFR 1054 – New Small Nonroad SI Engines˃ 40 CFR 94 - Marine CI Engines

Tier 2˃ 40 CFR 1042 - New and In-use Marine CI Engines

Tiers 3 and 4˃ 40 CFR 91 - Marine SI Engines˃ 40 CFR 1045 – Marine SI Engines˃ For more information, e.g., history, about Tier

standards, http://www.dieselnet.com/standards

Federal Regulations Others

Nonroad and Marine Engines

Nonroad and Marine Engines˃ Not subject to IIII, JJJJ, & ZZZZ˃ Marine ICE…an integral part of a marine vessel˃ Nonroad (or “Non-road”) engine means any ICE

that is in or on a piece of equipment that is… self-propelled (may serve other purposes too); or propelled while performing its function; or portable or transportable

♦ Designed to be moved, e.g., on wheels or skids, etc.♦ And actually is moved routinely♦ Portability is moot if it remains [in service] at a location

(building, structure, facility, or installation)…– for more than 12 months…or…– for seasonal sources, for the entire season

(3 months or more) for at least 2 years

1068.30, 89.2, 90, 91, 94, 1039, 1042, 1045, 1048, 1054

“Mobile” = Onroad + Nonroad + Marine

Temporary Exemption – Two Big Caveats1. Replacing one temporary engine with

another to be used for the same purpose does not restart the 12-month clock

The 12-month clock applies to the location and purpose, not a particular engine

2. An engine to be used temporarily in place of a stationary engine (e.g., while it is being overhauled) is considered a stationary engine

The location and purpose is stationary even if it consists of more than one engine over time

NSPS IIIIStandards of Performance for Stationary [New] CompressionIgnition Internal Combustion Engines

(Original proposal for CI ICE NSPS was in 1979; it was never finalized)

NSPS IIII Applicability

˃ Potentially applies to: All stationary compression-ignition engines

♦ Reciprocating, rotary, other (except turbines)

Of any size (horsepower rating) Emergency & Non-Emergency

˃ If: Constructed (ORDERED) after 7/11/2005 and

manufactured after 4/1/2006 Modified or reconstructed after 7/11/2005

60.4200

Exemptions

˃ Engines at test stands˃ National security exemption (upon

request) Informal indications are that this is meant

for true military purposes˃ Engines manufactured as certified NFPA

fire pump engine before 7/1/06 or modified/reconstructed to meet NFPA certification before 7/11/05

60.4200(b) & (d)

NSPS IIII Emission Standards˃ Pollutants: NMHC/HC, NOX, NMHC+NOX,

CO, PM˃ The rule is modeled after the mobile

(nonroad and marine) standards˃ General engine categories:

Per-cylinder displacement < 10 L 10 L ≥ per-cylinder displacement > 30 L Per-cylinder displacement ≥ 30 L Emergency Fire pump

60.4204 & 4205

NSPS IIII Emission Standards˃ For displacement < 10 L/cylinder

Meet nonroad “Tier” standards♦ Tiers 1, 2, & 3 in 89.112♦ Tier 4 in 1039.102♦ Specific requirements depend on use, model

year, displacement, and power Emergency engines are exempt from the

most stringent (Tier 4) standards Delayed schedule for fire pump engines

60.4204 & 4205

NSPS IIII Emission Standards˃ For 10 L/cylinder ≥ Displacement < 30

L/cylinder “Tier” standards for marine engines

♦ Tier 2 in Part 94; Tiers 3 and 4 in Part 1042

Emergency engines are exempted from most stringent (i.e., Tier 4) standards

˃ For Displacement ≥ 30 L/cylinder Standards for large marine engines

♦ Achievable via the use of SCR & ESP

60.4204 & 4205

Import / Install DeadlinesRegardless of manufacture date, i.e., so for old engines, certain engines imported or installed after the following dates must meet the emission standards for the previous model year

60.4208

Type / Size Import/Install Deadline Model Year Standards

All (excluding fire pump ICE) 12/31/2008 2007

HP < 25 12/31/2009 2008

25 ≥ HP < 75 12/31/2014 2013

75 ≥ HP < 175 12/31/2013 2012

HP ≥ 175 12/31/2012 2011

HP ≥ 750 12/31/2016 2015

804 ≥ HP < 2680and 10 ≥ Disp. (L) < 30

12/31/2018 2017

* These provisions were added to prevent stockpiling of earlier Tier engines.** They do not apply to modified or reconstructed or moved (from one plant site to another) engines

NSPS IIII Compliance Requirements˃ Displacement < 30 L/cylinder

Purchase certified engine and follow manufacturer instructions or

Conduct initial testing (and subsequent testing if > 500 hp) and

Develop and follow a maintenance plan If pre-2007 model year, additional options:

♦ Test of a similar engine or data from engine manufacturer or control vendor indicating compliance

˃ Displacement ≥ 30 L/cylinder Testing and control device monitoring

60.4211

Engine Manufacturer Certifications˃ Engine manufacturers must certify 2007

model year and later engines <30 L/cyl.

60.4201

NSPS IIII Fuel Requirements60.4207

Cetane is a measure of ignitability of diesel fuel

Emergency Engines

See discussion of definition and operational requirements in MACT ZZZZ section

60.4211(f)

NSPS JJJJStandards of Performance for Stationary [New] SparkIgnition Internal Combustion Engines

NSPS JJJJ Applicability˃ Potentially applies to:

All stationary spark-ignition engines♦ Reciprocating, rotary, other (except turbines)

Of any size (horsepower rating) That fires any fuel Emergency & Non-Emergency

˃ Exemptions: Engines at test stands National security exemption (upon request)

60.4230

Owners/operators of ICE modified or reconstructed after 6/12/2006

NSPS JJJJ ApplicabilityConstructed (ORDERED) after 6/12/2006 and 

manufactured after…

60.4230, 4236

Type / Size Manufactured Date

≥ 500 HP except LB 500 ≤ HP < 1350

7/1/2007

LB 500 ≤ HP < 1350 1/1/2008

< 500 hp 7/1/2008

Emergency > 25 hp 1/1/2009

If < 25 hp, no emergency / non‐emergency differentiation

NSPS JJJJ Standards˃ Emission standards for HC/NMHC, NOX, CO,

and VOC (excluding CH2O) Depends on use, fuel, model year, and power

˃ All engines ≤ 25 hp All are certified by the manufacturer to standards

in 90 or 1054

˃ Engines > 25 hp Purchase voluntarily certified engine (standards in

1048 or Table 1) and follow manufacturer’s instructions or

Test and develop/follow a maintenance plan

Any gasoline must meet 80 ppm sulfur limit (40 CFR 80.195)

60.4233, 4235, 4244(f)

Import / Install DeadlinesRegardless of manufacture date, i.e., so for very old engines, any engines imported or installed after the following dates must meet the emission standards of 60.4233

60.4236

Type / Size Manufactured Date

≥ 500 HP except LB 500 ≤ HP < 1350

7/1/2007

LB 500 ≤ HP < 1350 1/1/2008

< 500 hp 7/1/2008

Emergency > 25 hp 1/1/2009

Import/Install Deadline

7/1/2009

7/1/2010

7/1/2010

1/1/2011

* These provisions were added to prevent stockpiling of earlier Tier engines.** They do not apply to modified or reconstructed or moved (from one plant site to another) engines

NSPS JJJJ RequirementsNon-Emergency and Emergency ICE

˃ Purchase a certified engine Follow mfr. Instructions…–or– maintenance plan Upon loss of certification, initial performance

test if ≥100 hp (within 1 year) and subsequent* performance tests if >500 HP

Cannot comply via non-certified options

˃ Non-certified Engines Maintenance plan Initial performance test if ≥25 hp

♦ Within 60/180 days

Subsequent* performance tests and initial notifications if >500 HP

* Every 8,760 hours or 3 years, whichever is first

60.4243

Required for:≤ 25 hp;> 25 hp gasoline;> 25 hp RB LPG

Required for:Modified and reconstructed engines

Emergency Engines

˃ See discussion of definition and operational requirements in MACT ZZZZ section

˃ Certain (depending on power and build date) emergency SI ICE not meeting non-emergency emissions standards must have a nonresettablehour meter: HP ≥ 500 HP “built” on or after 7/1/2010 130 ≤ HP < 500 “built” on or after 1/1/2011 HP < 130 “built” on or after 7/1/2008

“built” = “manufactured” based on reading of preambles

60.4243(d) & 4237

NESHAP ZZZZNational Emissions Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants for Reciprocating Internal Combustion Engines

a.k.a., the RICE MACT

RICE MACT Applicabiltiy˃ Applies to all stationary reciprocating ICE˃ Exemptions:

Engines at test stands National security exemption (upon request) Existing, emergency engines at residential,

commercial, and institutional area sources…♦ that do not operate and are not contractually obligated to

be available for more than 15 hr/yr for emergency demand response or voltage or frequency deviations

♦ that do not supply power as part of a financial arrangement with another entity

What if a headquarters “commercial” office building is co-located with a manufacturing plant?♦ Informally EPA has said that engines providing backup power

to the HQ building are exempt

63.6585

Existing v. New Sources˃ Determination based on “commence construction”

date (start of on-site construction, not ordered)

˃ What if an engine is relocated to a new facility? Relocation and/or a change in ownership of an existing

RICE does not make it new

63.6590(a)

Potential RICE MACT Requirements

˃ Emission limits (CO and CH2O)˃ Continuous & monthly monitoring (T and ΔP)

Monitoring system evaluations˃ Stack testing (emissions or catalyst activity)˃ Reporting and notifications˃ Management/work practices (maintenance)˃ Hour meter˃ Plans (testing, monitoring, maintenance)˃ Recordkeeping

Overview of Requirements for Existing CI Engines

Source Status Use category Rating Emission Limit(s)

Control Device Monitor

Initial Perform. Test

Ongoing Perform. Test

Initial Notif./Comp Reports

Work Practices/Maint. Plan

Hour Meter

Major

Non‐Emergency > 500 HP Non‐Emergency 300 – 500 HP Non‐Emergency 100 – 300 HP Non‐Emergency < 100 HP Emergency ≤ 500 HP Emergency > 500 HP No MACT Requirements

Limited Use > 500 HP No MACT Requirements

Limited Use ≤ 500 HP No Such Category – Limited Use Provisions Only Apply to Existing RICE if > 500 HP

Area

Non‐Emergency > 500 HP Non‐Emergency 300 – 500 HP Non‐Emergency < 300 HP Emergency Any

Note: Sometimes it is better to NOT be an emergency engine(same scenario with SI engines too)

Overview of Requirements for New CI Engines

Source Status Use category Rating Emission Limit(s)

Control Device Monitor

Initial Perform. Test

Ongoing Perform. Test

Initial Notif./Comp Reports

Hour Meter

Major

Non‐Emergency > 500 HP Non‐Emergency ≤ 500 HP Comply with NSPS Only

Emergency > 500 HP IN only Emergency ≤ 500 HP Comply with NSPS Only

Limited Use > 500 HP IN only NAbS

Limited Use ≤ 500 HP Comply with NSPS Only

Area ALL ALL Comply with NSPS Only

Overview of Requirements for Existing SI Engines

Source Status Use category ICE Type Rating Emission 

Limit(s)

Control Device 

Monitor / Engine 

Shutdown

Initial Perform. Test / Cat. Activity Check

Ongoing Perform. Test / Cat. Activity Check

Initial Notif./Comp Reports

Work Practices/Maint. Plan

Hour Meter

Major

Non‐Emergency 4SRB > 500 HP Non‐Emergency 2SLB, 4SLB > 500 HP No MACT Requirements

Non‐Emergency Landfill/Digester Gas > 500 HP No MACT Requirements

Non‐Emergency 2SLB, 4SLB, 4SRB 100 – 500 HP Non‐Emergency Landfill/Digester Gas 100 – 500 HP Non‐Emergency 2SLB, 4SLB, 4SRB < 100 HP Non‐Emergency Landfill/Digester Gas < 100 HP Emergency Any ≤ 500 HP Emergency Any > 500 HP No MACT Requirements

Limited Use Any > 500 HP No MACT Requirements

Limited Use Any ≤ 500 HP No Such Category – Limited Use Provisions Only Apply to Existing RICE if > 500 HP

Area

Non‐Emergency 4SLB, 4SRB > 500 HP Non‐Emergency 4SLB, 4SRB 

if <24 hrs/yr or remote > 500 HP Non‐Emergency 4SLB, 4SRB ≤ 500 HP Non‐Emergency 2SLB Any Non‐Emergency Landfill/Digester Any Emergency Any Any

Overview of Requirements for New SI Engines

Source Status Use category ICE Type Rating Emission Limit(s)

Control Device Monitor

Initial Perform. Test / Cat. Activity Check

Ongoing Perform. Test / Cat. Activity Check

Initial Notif./Comp Reports

Hour Meter

Major

Non‐Emergency 4SRB > 500 HP Non‐Emergency 2SLB > 500 HP Non‐Emergency 4SLB > 500 HP Non‐Emergency 4SLB 

If manf’d ≥ 1/1/08 250 – 500 HP

Non‐Emergency 4SLB If manf’d < 1/1/08 250 – 500 HP No MACT Requirements

Non‐Emergency 4SRB ≤ 500 HP Comply with NSPS Only

Non‐Emergency 2SLB ≤ 500 HP Comply with NSPS Only

Non‐Emergency 4SLB < 250 HP Comply with NSPS Only

Non‐Emergency Landfill/Digester Gas > 500 HP I.N. &Fuel usage

Non‐Emergency Landfill/Digester Gas ≤ 500 HP Comply with NSPS Only

Emergency ALL > 500 HP I.N. only Emergency ALL ≤ 500 HP Comply with NSPS Only

Emergency 4SLB If manf’d ≥ 1/1/08 250 – 500 HP

Limited Use ALL > 500 HP I.N. only NAbS

Limited Use ALL ≤ 500 HP Comply with NSPS Only

Area ALL ALL ALL Comply with NSPS Only

Work Practice Standards

˃ Minimize startup and idling time (30 minutes) Startup means the time from initial start

until applied load and engine and associated equipment (including catalyst) reaches steady state or normal operation

How do you demonstrate compliance? ♦ Log startups, durations?♦ Point to startup procedure?

63.6625 & 6640

˃ Develop and follow maintenance plan Or manufacturer’s emissions-related instructions

˃ Oil & filter changes on specified frequencies Generally, 4320 hrs for 2S; 1440 for 4S; 1000 hrs for

CI, and 500 hrs for emergency RICE Optional oil analysis program

˃ Inspections of spark plugs, belts, and hoses on specified frequencies Generally, 4320 hrs for 2S; 1440 for 4S; 500 hrs for

CI, and 500 or 1000 hrs for emergency RICE˃ Maintenance documentation will be key

Tables 1 – 4, 63.6625(e)

Maintenance As Work Practice

Oil Analysis Program

Parameter Condemning Limits

Total Base Number (TBN) – CI < 30% of new oil

Total Acid Number (TAN) – SI  Increases by more than 3.0 mg of potassium hydroxide per gram from TAN of new oil

Viscosity Changed by more than 20% from the viscosity of new oil

% Water Content by Volume > 0.5 %

˃ Oil analysis must be performed at same frequency specified for oil changes

˃ If condemned, change oil within 2 business days

˃ Must keep records of the analysis˃ You can petition EPA for use of alternative parameters

˃ But these are fairly generous already˃ “Our informal guidance has been that it would also extend the 

time for the filter change” ‐ EPA

63.6625(i) & (j)

˃ Operations logs˃ Records of startups and idling periods˃ Inspections / checklists˃ Maintenance logs˃ Document control

Maintenance Plan

Engines with NO Requirements

˃ Technically, still “affected sources”˃ At major sources, existing RICE > 500 hp:

SI 2SLB SI 4SLB Emergency

♦ If it does not operate and is not contractually obligated to be available for more than 15 hr/yr for emergency demand response or voltage or frequency deviations

Limited use (LU) Landfill or digester gas (LG/DG)

(>10% gross heat input annually)

63.6590(b)(3)

Original floor was ‘no control’. Will be reconsidered…in 8 years

Engines Subject To Limited Requirements

˃ At major sources, new and reconstructed RICE > 500 hp: Emergency

♦ If it does not operate and is not contractually obligated to be available for more than 15 hr/yr for emergency demand response or voltage or frequency deviations

♦ Initial notification only

Limited use♦ Initial notification only

Landfill or digester gas♦ Initial notification and daily fuel monitoring & reporting

63.6590(b)(1) & (2)

Some Important DefinitionsEmergency RICE

˃ The RICE is operated to provide electrical power or mechanical work during an emergency situation

˃ Examples: Power generation during normal supply

interruptions Pumping water for fire suppression or flood

control

˃ Operational limitations in 63.6640(f)

63.6675

Emergency Use Requirements˃ No time limit on emergency operation˃ 100 hrs/yr* of non-emergency operation for:

Maintenance checks and readiness testing Emergency demand response (DR)

♦ For NERC-declared Energy Emergency Alert Level 2 periods

During voltage or frequency deviations of ≥ 5%

˃ 50 hrs/yr* of the 100 hrs/yr* can be used for… Any situation as long as there is no financial arrangement For existing area source emergency RICE,

♦ Local reliability

63.6640(f)

Vacated on May 2, 2016by D.C. Circuit Court.  

* Calendar year basis

Emergency Engine Records & Reporting

˃ Non-resettable hour meter Software (e.g., a PLC) is okay if tamper-proof /

non-resettable (unofficial determination)

˃ Reporting for emergency RICE > 100 HP if… Operated or contractually obligated to be available >

15 hours per year in emergency demand response Operated for periods where there is deviation of

voltage or frequency ≥ 5% Operated for local grid system reliability Annual reporting via EPA’s Compliance and Emissions

Data Reporting Interface beginning for operation during 2015 calendar year (due 3/31/2016)

63.6650(h)

Ohio Permitting˃ Agency: Ohio EPA˃ Emergency generators ≤ 50 hp that burn

gasoline, natural gas, distillate oil, or liquid petroleum gas and that, as applicable, comply with NSPS IIII/JJJJ and RICE MACT are exempt from permitting [OAC 3745-31-03(B)(1)(oo)]

˃ “Emergency engine” definition includes emergency DR

Permit-by-Rule˃ PBR for Emergency Engines > 50 hp

Limited to 500 hours per rolling 12-month period Use for non-emergency DR prohibited Fire only gasoline, natural gas, distillate oil, or liquid

petroleum gas and that, as applicable, comply with NSPS IIII/JJJJ and RICE MACT

Maintain following records:♦ Monthly records that contain rolling 12-month

summation of operating hours♦ Records that show type of fuel used♦ Records of the total time operated in emergency

situations One-time notification using OEPA Form for Emergency

Generator/Pump/Compression is required to be submitted to local Ohio EPA office ♦ No fee, no expiration

Permit-to-Install/Operate (PTIO)˃ Engines >50 hp and can’t qualify for PBR or

de minimis exemptions˃ Source with PTE <10 lbs/day of an air pollutant may

qualify for a de minimis exemption per OAC 3745-15-05(D) if records maintained to demonstrate that actual emissions do not exceed 10 lbs/day and other de minimis criteria are met

˃ PTIO application requires PFD, emission documentation, regulatory applicability, Best Available Technology (BAT) review, air dispersion modeling (if necessary), and appropriate application forms

˃ Typical agency review time: 4-6 months

OEPA NOX RACT Requirements

˃ Applies to Existing stationary ICE located in Ashtabula,

Cuyahoga, Geauga, Lake, Lorain, Medina, Portage, or Summit County.

New stationary ICE located anywhere in Ohio.

˃ NOX limit for engines > 2,000 HP = 3.0 gm/bhp-hr

˃ Emergency engines are exempt

Impact of Federal Rule 100-Hour Vacatur˃ Ohio EPA has indicated they will update

regulations to be consistent with federal rules, but timing unknown

˃ September 2016 meeting w/ CPower State definition of emergency engine still

includes emergency DR despite federal vacatur Engines may be non-emergency in a federal

context but would still be emergency engines in the State of Ohio

Such engines remain eligible for PBR coverage

˃ Emergency DR Participation? May participate as long as comply with PBR

provisions This would change if OEPA revises the state

definition of “emergency engine” to exclude emergency DR

˃ Economic DR Participation? Must meet all criteria in OAC 3745-31-

01(NN)(2)(d)(i)-(v) which are functionally identical to 40 CFR 63.6640(f)(4)(ii)(A)-(E), or

Requires Permit to Install and Operate Terms of permit negotiated case-by-case

Case Study: Evaluation of Ohio EPARequirements

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