Working with smallholder farmers for increased rice productivity: The Sulawesi experience
Transcript of Working with smallholder farmers for increased rice productivity: The Sulawesi experience
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Presentation Title Goes Here
presentation subtitle.
Working with Smallholder Farmers forIncreased Rice Productivity: The
Sulawesi Experience
Madonna C. Casimero
CESD-IRRI
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Indonesia
Third worlds largest rice producer
240 million people with per capita consumption of 140kg/yr, population increasing by 1.4% 25, 000 to 35,000 ha lost each yr mostly in Java
Challenge to increase productionwith marginal increases in area planted
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National Rice Production Special Program (P2BN) to
increase rice production by 5% annually
Increase productivity in areas whereproduction has stagnated
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1. THE SMALLHOLDER RICEFARMERS IN SULAWESI
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Majority own lessthan a hectare of rice farm
Most are resourcepoor
Have low yield and
productivity
How can we help them?
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Constraints to adoption
Limited availability of information aboutcrop managementoptions
Lack of extensionresources
Low level of activitywithin farmer groups Rice field in Awolagading, Sulawesi,
2008
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Constraints to adoption
Lack of experienceand knowledge onhow new technologiesmay contribute toincome generation
Lack of capital to
invest in theseoptions
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2.THE SMAR PROJECTSmallholder Market Driven Adaptive Research (SMAR)
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Focused on helping the South & SoutheastSulawesi farmers adopt and use new & emergingNRM technologies
The SMAR project
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Objectives
1. Identify, locally-adapt & evaluate cropmanagement practices that will profitably increaserice productivity by >10%.
2. Develop pathways to support uptake of better crop management practices.
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3. HOW DID WE WORK WITHTHE FARMERS?
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The way to bring science to
farmers Farmers are actively involved in defining
o what needs to be doneo why it is doneo how is it done, including adaptation and integration
Farmers are active partners, not passive recipients of technologies
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BUILDINGPARTNERSHIPS
Stakeholder Meeting
Networkingand
Linkaging
LEARNING FROMTHE FARMERS
Site and Farmer characterization
RiceProductionTechnologyScanning
Constraint and Alternative Mgt
ID andPrioritization
LEARNING
WITH THEFARMERS
Benchmarking of ProductionConstraints
AdaptiveResearch Trials
HELPINGFARMERS HELP
THEMSELVES
Training of province-basedextension staff
Training of Farmers (FFS,
etc)
Farmer
Groups
Field days
and Cross visits
Info and Com
Support
Field
Exercises
ADAPTIVE TRIALS
Farmer feedback,evaluation and
planning
Adapted RiceProductionTechnologies
Extension andScaling Out
SMAR Project Adaptive Management Process
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A. BUILDING PARTNERSHIPSWHO TO WORK WITH AND WHERETO WORK
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Highest potential to benefitfrom skills, knowledge and thetechnologies can offer
Questions: Who are our local partners Where are we likely to have
impact What do we have to offer Who would benefit most
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Local partners
Indonesian Center for Rice Research BPTP South Sulawesi and Southeast Sulawesi
District Agriculture Office, Bone and Konawe Farmer groups in the 4 villages
BPTP- Balai Penkajian Teknologi Pertanian
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South Sulawesi(Sulsel)
Southeast Sulawesi(Sultra)
Treatment village 1. Awolagading2. Ujung Tanah
1. Bendewuta2. Karandu
Control village 1. Tellongeng
2. Mappalo Ulaweng
1. Kulahi
2. Lamokuni
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B. LEARNING FROM THEFARMERSPARTICIPATORY DIAGNOSIS
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Participatory appraisaland diagnosis
- First step in engagingfarmers to actively
participate in searchingways to improve their farming systems
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Meet with farmers to: Characterize the site Learn the rice production
practices and farming
systems Identify and prioritize
problems Identify possible solutions
to the problems Agree and develop a plan whento start working and searchingfor technology options
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Problem = Low yieldsEffects = low income, food insecurity, etc
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Agronomic constraints and entry
technologies/possible solutions in Sulsel Constraint
o Limited water availabilityand access
o Insect pests, weedso High fertilizer cost and
poor nutrientmanagement
Entry technology/possible solution
o Alternate wetting anddrying for water saving
o Reduce insecticideapplication by practicingIPM
o Apply the right herbicidefor problem weedso Site-specific nutrient
management
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Agronomic constraints and entry
technologies/possible solutions in Sultra Constraint
o Rodentso High cost of fertilizers
and poor nutrientmanagement
o Insect pests, weedso Excess water in wet
season (WS), limitedwater in dry season (DS)
Entry technology/possible solution
o Community action againstrodents
o Site-specific nutrientmanagement
o Reduce insecticide
application by practicingIPMo Apply the right herbicide
for problem weedso AWD for dry season
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3. LEARNING WITH THE FARMERSBENCHMARKING AND ADAPTIVERESEARCH
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Searching for solutions
Do benchmarking Search for a broad range of solutions
Offer basic ingredients of technology options NOT apackage of technology Decide which options to test Test possible options in the field with the farmers
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Benchmarking to verify field constraints to quantify losses to quantify benefits from
new options Yield loss due to weeds
Stem borer
monitoringEcology and biology of rodents
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Observations
Farmers lost 2-20% of yields due to grass weeds Low (3-8%) stemborer damage in 3 villages except
Bendewuta (14%) in 2009 WS Rattus argentiventer caused 30-100% damage in >50
ha in Karandu in 2009 DS and WS All 16 fields were deficient in N, and P, and 14 were
deficient in K.
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Adaptive research - Testing the options
1. Start small2. Keep the trials simple3. Encourage farmers to play with the options 4. Make a comparison with the current practice of farmers5. Testing can be done in one field (replicated) or several
farmers fields or both 6. Gather simple data that can show the difference
Guiding principles
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Testing the options
Support provided1. Material needed for the
technology (eg: water tube for AWD)
2. Key technical information onNRM option3. Help farmers establish the trial4 . Regular monitoring and
teaching farmers to gather simple data
5 . Help in solving simple fieldproblems
Adaptation of AWD as water saving technology
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Alternate Wetting and Drying IrrigationManagementPractice
Grain Yield (t/ha) Irrigation
events/season a
DS 2009(n=10)
DS 2010(n=10)
DS 2009 DS 2010
Alternate wetting and
drying 4.62 5.30 0-2 0-2
Farmers practice 4.28 4.90 3-4 1-7
5% LSD 0.51 ns 0.27 * - -
No yield penalty with AWD; income increased by Rp600,000 to 1,800,000.
a Rains occurred in the DS. In a DS where there is no rain, farmers irrigated the rice field12-14 timesns= not significant, * Significant at P
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Fertilizer
ManagementPractice
Grain Yield (t/ha) Benefit-Cost Ratio
2009 WS(n=12)
2009-2010DS (n=15)
2009 WS 2009-2010DS
Nutrient Mgr 4.86 5.45 2.27 3.12
PuTS (Soiltest kit)
5.27 5.24 2.03 2.95
Farmer Practice
4.79 5.21 2.17 2.92
LSD (5%) 0.55 ns 0.65 ns - -
2009 wet seasonNM= 61-17-15 kg NPK/haPuTS = 112-32-30 kg NPK/haFarmer Practice = 83-20-25 kg NPK/ha
2009-2010 dry seasonNM = 79-28-24 kg NPK/haPuTS = 114-33-30 kg NPK/haFarmer Practice = 75-27-24 kgNPK/ha
Nutrient Manager
ns= not significant
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IRRI drum seeder and better herbicides
Herbicides
Grain Yield (t/ha)Yield difference
with Farmer practice (t/ha)
Increase in Income(Rp/ha)**
IRRI Drumseeder
Farmer Seeder IRRI DS
Farmer seeder
IRRI Drumseeder
Farmer Seeder
Penoxulam 6.7 6.8 1.7 1.5 5,100,000 4,500,000
Fenoxaprop 5.2 5.5 0.2 0.2 600,000 600,000
2,4-D (Farmer
practice)5.0 5.3
** Price of 1 kg dry paddy is Rp 3,000
IRRI drum seeder used 40 to 70 kg/ha less seeds than thefarmer seeder
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Planning meeting and feedback
Purposes1. Report back the results of field
trials2. Farmer cooperators share
their experiences and theoptions selected
3. Ask other farmers who wouldwant to test the promising
options4. Plan for the next season
activitiesImportant :Develop trust so that farmers feel
comfortable and be open
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Crop Season 1
FieldProblem
Benchmarking
AdaptiveTrials
Water
Stem borer Rodents Nutrient mgt Weeds
Crop season 2
Field Problem Bench-marking
AdaptiveTrials
Training CommunicationMaterial Devt
Water ICM
Stem borer FFS
Rodents Community Action
in Rodent mgtposter
Nutrientmgt
4
Weedsvillages Direct seeding
poster
Seasonal Progression of Activities
At 3 rd cropping season, farmers began to establish at least 1 ICMplot and 2 single component NRM demo plots in addition to other field activities
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Evaluating the options
Farmers make criticaldecisions
o Benefitso Problems encounteredo Ways to use
technology on larger scale
It is important to understandhow farmers select or reject
technologies
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ManagementOption
What makes the optiondifficult to adopt?
Suggested adaptationmeasures
1. AWD 1) High cost of PVC for the water tube
2) Difficult to read water level from top of tube;
complicated for somefarmers
1) Use local material (bamboo)2) Read from bottom. Put (+) or
(-) in bamboo stick markings;(+) if water level is above soil
surface, (-) if below.
2. IRRIdrumseeder
1) 6 drums too manyand too long
2) Heavy when filledwith seeds
3) Some parts notdurable
1) Reduce drums to 42) Fill drums to 50 -75% capacity3) Reinforce or change weak
parts
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Adaptations done
Water tube
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IRRI drumseeder
Farmer seeder
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Integrating promising technology options
Farmers find ways tointegrate options they findsuitable for their farms
Provide ideas andtechnical information
Encourage them toinnovate
Facilitate exchange of ideas and experiences
Help them overcomebottle-necks
Support to farmers
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Demonstrating the adapted NRM
Integrated NRMSingle technology
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Crop MgtOption
Integrated
No. offarmers
Farmsize (ha)
Base yield(t/ha)
Yield afterapplying
new practice(t/ha)
%increase
in yield
2010 DrySeason
Nutrient, weed,
water, IPM
8 0.75 3.4 6.3 84
Water, nutrient 1 0.16 4.6 5.5 20
Weed, water 2 1.00 2.0 3.8 44
Nutrient, IPM 5 1.00 3.2 4.5 41
Weed, IRRIdrum seeder
5 1.00 4.00 4.4 10
water 3 0.24 4.6 5.4 17
nutrient 12 0.93 3.1 4.8 55
Total 36
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D. HELPING FARMERS HELPTHEMSELVESEnhancing skills of extension staff andfarmers
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Trainings of extension staff
Update knowledge onnew technology options
Improve skills on
adaptive managementand field research
Enhance skills astrainers of farmers
Not to instruct but tofacilitate
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Farmer Field Schools
Season long trainingactivity that takesplace in the field
Learning technologyoptions by experience
Adaptive researchplots are the learningfields
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4. RESULTS AND OUTCOMES
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Improvement in Yield
Sulsel
0 2 4 6
DS08-09
WS09
DS09-10
WS10
Yield (t/ha)
NC Ujung
FC Ujung
NC Awo
FC Awo
Sultra
0 2 4 6 8
WS08
DS09
WS10
DS10
Yield (t/ha)
NC Kar
FC Kar
NC Ben
FC Ben
FCs increased their yields by 26-67% in Sulsel and19 to 22 % in Sultra
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Reduction in Input Cost ( 000 Rp)
-200.00
0.00
200.00
400.00
600.00
800.00
Fertilizer Herbicide Insecticide Rodenticide
South Sulawesi
Cooperator Non-cooperator Mean Difference
-300
-200
-100
0100
200
300
400
500
600
Fertilizer Herbicide Insecticide Rodenticide
FCs in Sultra spent significanlty less on fertilizers, insecticides
and rodenticides. (p
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Improvement in Income
Sulsel Sultra
0 5,000 10,000 15,000
2008-09
2010
Income ('000 Rp)
Ujung NC
Ujung FC
Awo NC
Awo FC
0 5,000 10,000 15,000
2008-09
2010
Income ('000 Rp)
Kar NC
Kar FC
Bend NC
Bende FC
FCs increased their income by 70 to >500% in Sulsel and32-36% in Sultra
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Comparison between Project (PV) andControl Villages (CV)
YieldSouth Southeast
PV CV PV CV
Yield(kg/ha) 4016 3273 4353 3094
N 63 24 69 45
Difference 743 1,259
df 85 112
p
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Outcomes and immediate impacts
Improved productivity of farmers by more than 10%
Improved knowledge on NRM
technologies of farmers Farmers are eager to try newtechnologies and not afraid toinnovate
Improved skills and higher confidence of BPTP staff to doadaptive research
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E. SCALING OUT
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Gathering local support
Work with localorganizations andstakeholders
Champions Create a light house
effect - focus villages aslearning centers
Awolagadingin Sulsel
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Field Walks Field Days
Allow farmers to seeprogress of field activities
Farmers share theirexperiences and becomechampions
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Videos
Digital Green video withfarmers
Posters
Direct seeding and rodentmanagement
Direct seeding - http://youtu.be/rqKOgOEwOQA AWD - http://youtu.be/843ho_iC1fISSNM - http://youtu.be/HHo8yQU3gps
Diffusion Pathway
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BPTPs
Demo Farm(light
house )
1. Plan for diffusion2. Curricula for ICM-FFS
on NRM3. Support materials4. Access to BPTP contact
person5. Minimum level of
support
BPPs
Establish mini-light house
Other routes of information1. Rice Knowledge Bank2. Sms phone/web access3. Lodge information at Prima Tani/FEATI
supported extension offices
Farmer field
demo
1. Simple how to protocols 2. Contact person or call back(Traceability of visitors to provide
basis for uptake level)
FARMERS visit
Visits andtraining
y
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BPTP partners implementing ICM-FFSand demo of NRM options
Pinrang, Sulsel South Konawe, Sultra
30 extension staff and 25 farmer leaders trained in 2011
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Lessons learned
Participatory approach in designing, planning andvalidation of technologies and dissemination
Enhance skills and capacity of extension staff andfarmers (men and women)
Anticipate constraints to adoption Sound interaction between natural and social
scientists Establish light houses for adaptation and
demonstration of NRM options Local champions to scale out and scale up
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