Working Towards the Peaceful Coexistence of Wireless PANs, LANs, and WANs Northcon 2002 Tutorial Rob...

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Working Towards the Peaceful Working Towards the Peaceful Coexistence of Wireless PANs, Coexistence of Wireless PANs, LANs, and WANs LANs, and WANs Northcon 2002 Tutorial Northcon 2002 Tutorial Rob Roy Rob Roy Sr. Director, Business Development & Tech Sr. Director, Business Development & Tech Strategy Strategy Mobilian Corporation Mobilian Corporation [email protected] [email protected]

Transcript of Working Towards the Peaceful Coexistence of Wireless PANs, LANs, and WANs Northcon 2002 Tutorial Rob...

Page 1: Working Towards the Peaceful Coexistence of Wireless PANs, LANs, and WANs Northcon 2002 Tutorial Rob Roy Sr. Director, Business Development & Tech Strategy.

Working Towards the Peaceful Working Towards the Peaceful Coexistence of Wireless PANs, Coexistence of Wireless PANs, LANs, and WANsLANs, and WANs

Northcon 2002 TutorialNorthcon 2002 Tutorial

Rob RoyRob Roy

Sr. Director, Business Development & Tech StrategySr. Director, Business Development & Tech Strategy

Mobilian CorporationMobilian Corporation

[email protected]@mobilian.com

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AgendaAgenda

IntroductionIntroduction Overview of 802.11, 802.15, and 802.16Overview of 802.11, 802.15, and 802.16

Includes all current Task Groups and Study GroupsIncludes all current Task Groups and Study Groups

Coexistence: The Unlicensed band problemCoexistence: The Unlicensed band problem Possible SolutionsPossible Solutions

Emerging trendsEmerging trends Higher speeds, More features, smart antennasHigher speeds, More features, smart antennas

Convergence of 802.11, 15, 16, and 3G/4G mobileConvergence of 802.11, 15, 16, and 3G/4G mobile A case study: The WPAN/WLAN combo radioA case study: The WPAN/WLAN combo radio ConclusionConclusion

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Introduction: About Mobilian….

Fabless semiconductor company Focus: TrueConnectivity

Multi-standard, integrated radio technology Coexistence technology

Our view of the wireless future… Multiple standards (PAN/LAN/WAN) will always exist

Each is optimized for a different environment Integrated solutions and combinations of standards

will improve seamless connectivity (“It just works”) and become the norm

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Overview of WPAN/WLAN/WWAN

WPAN – 802.15 WLAN – 802.11 WMAN – 802.16 WWAN - Cellular And how this fits with 3G/4G

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Wireless PAN

Definition of a WPAN: “The 802.15 WPAN™ effort focuses on the development of

consensus standards for Personal Area Networks or short distance wireless networks.  These WPANs address wireless networking of portable and mobile computing devices such as PCs, Personal Digital Assistants (PDAs), peripherals, cell phones, pagers, and consumer electronics; allowing these devices to communicate and interoperate with one another. The goal is to publish standards, recommended practices, or guides that have broad market applicability and deal effectively with the issues of coexistence and interoperability with other wired and wireless networking solutions”

Short range cable replacement: typically <10mShort range cable replacement: typically <10m

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The WPAN world….

IEEE 802.15 has 4 Task groups: 802.15.1: The Original WPAN – aka Bluetooth

The Bluetooth protocol in an IEEE package, with PHY/MAC definitions

2.4 – 2.4835 GHz ISM band 802.15.2: Coexistence Task Group

Developing a “Recommended Practice” for coexistence between 802.15.1 and 802.11b

802.15.3: High rate WPAN Designed for consumer multimedia applications, up to

55Mb/s data rate with Quality of Service (QoS) 802.15.3a (SG): investigating alternative (UWB) physical layer

802.15.4: Low cost, low power wireless for devices such as sensors, toys

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Wireless LAN

Definition of a WLAN: A wireless version of a local area networking

protocol such as Ethernet. Since a WLAN interoperates with a wired LAN, its behavior must be compatible with other portions of the LAN infrastructure, such as TCP/IP.

WLAN must act like Ethernet over an unreliable medium

Uses CSMA/CA with backoff Uses beacons to maintain synchronization Uses CTS/RTS for “hidden nodes”

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The WLAN Landscape….

802.11a: WLAN in the 5GHz band using OFDM 802.11b: WLAN in the 2.4GHz band using CCK 802.11e: Enhanced QoS 802.11f: Inter-access point protocol 802.11g: WLAN in the 2.4GHz band using OFDM 802.11h: Modifications to 802.11a for Europe 802.11i: Enhanced security (beyond WEP)

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Wireless WAN

Definition of a WWAN:Definition of a WWAN: A A computer networkcomputer network that spans a relatively large that spans a relatively large

geographical area. Typically, a WAN consists of two geographical area. Typically, a WAN consists of two or more or more local-area networks (LANs).local-area networks (LANs).

Computers connected to a wide-area network are Computers connected to a wide-area network are often connected through public networks, such as often connected through public networks, such as the telephone system. They can also be connected the telephone system. They can also be connected through through leased linesleased lines or satellites. The largest WAN in or satellites. The largest WAN in existence is the existence is the InternetInternet. .

The largest wireless WAN is the mobile telephone The largest wireless WAN is the mobile telephone systemsystem

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What about BWA?

Broadband Wireless Access Fixed wireless refers to wireless devices or systems that

are situated in fixed locations, such as an office or home, as opposed to devices that are mobile, such as cell phones and PDAs. Fixed wireless devices normally derive their electrical power from utility mains, as opposed to portable wireless devices that normally derive their power from batteries.

The point-to-point signal transmissions occur through the air over a terrestrial microwave platform rather than through copper or fiber cables; therefore, fixed wireless does not require satellite feeds or local phone service. The advantages of fixed wireless include the ability to connect with users in remote areas without the need for laying new cables and the capacity for broad bandwidth that is not impeded by fiber or cable capacities.

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Broadband Wireless Access (BWA)

Replaces the “last mile” of copper or fiber with wireless

Can use LMDS, MMDS, or other spectrum

Generally fixed terminals 802.16: Air interface for 10-

60GHz licensed 802.16a: 2-11GHz unlicensed

802.16.2: Coexistence for same-band protocols

MBWA: Mobile broadband wireless access study group

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Coexistence: The unlicensed band problem

Many standards have been developed for unlicensed bands:

2.4GHz: 802.11FH, 802.11DS, 802.11b, Bluetooth, HomeRF, 802.15.3, 802.15.4

5GHz: 802.16a, 802.11a

Devices sharing the same band will cause degradation

How much is acceptable ?

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5. Interference – An Issue in All Unlicensed Bands

900 MHz (US) – cordless phones, some WAN, proprietary LAN, industrial heating

2.4 GHz – cordless phones, Bluetooth, 802.11b (Wi-Fi), HomeRF, microwave ovens

5 GHz – cordless phones, mobile satellite, 802.11a, HiperLAN1/2, HiperPAN, 802.15.3 (proposed), microwave ovens, fixed wireless, radar

902-928MHz 2.4-2.483GHz 5.15-5.35GHz5.725-5.85GHz

Other ISM24GHz60GHz

Multiple standards will exist in all bandsMultiple standards will exist in all bands

Unlicensed band allocations

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Bluetooth – Illustrative WPAN

Frequency hopper at 1600 hops/sec using 1 MHz wide hops Typical use <10 meters; data rate = 1 Mbps (~ 728 Kbps) Master – Slave MAC protocol Provisions for synchronous voice links (SCO) Expected to achieve ~ 800 MM units / year by 2004

Po

wer

Low Channel Mid Channel High Channel2.4 GHz 2.4835 GHz

1 MHz Wide

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IEEE 802.11b – Illustrative WLAN

Direct sequence spread spectrum using ~20 MHz channels Range <150m free space; data rate = 11Mbps (~ 5-7Mbps) Ethernet like MAC layer – CSMA/CA Expected to achieve ~ 30-40 MM units / year by 2004; 80-90

MM installed base

Po

wer

Low Channel Mid Channel High Channel2.4 GHz 2.4835 GHz

~20 MHz Wide

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Interference is Highly Likely

Bluetooth transmission in 802.11b passband destroys 802.11b signal

Likelihood of collision is 55% for 1500 byte packet 802.11b CSMA/CA back-off algorithms exacerbate

problem

Po

wer

Low Channel Mid Channel High Channel2.4 GHz 2.4835 GHz

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Coexistence

Alternatives to Address Coexistence

TechnicalInnovation

CompanyPolicy

StandardsBodies

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Standards Bodies’ Activities

Bluetooth SIG Coexistence WG IEEE 802.15.2 – Coexistence

Taskgroup Collaborative Non-collaborative

Best Practices Recommendations by mid 2001

IEEE 802.15.3 – WPAN Taskgroup

Coexistence

CompanyPolicy

TechnicalInnovation

StandardsBodies

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Coexistence

TechnicalInnovation

StandardsBodies

Company Policies Prohibiting One or the Other

Prohibit Bluetooth or 802.11b on campus

Prohibition of 802.11b manageable

Prohibition of Bluetooth problematic

Consumer-side purchases (cell phones, PDAs)

Companies moving away from this practice

CompanyPolicy

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Technical Innovation – Leverage the Asset

Bypass 2.4 GHz for 5 GHz? Technical solutions exist within the

modules of the wireless subsystem to allow for differing levels of coexistence performance

PHY MAC Drivers

Coexistence

CompanyPolicy

TechnicalInnovation

StandardsBodies

(po

or)

Use

r E

xper

ienc

e (e

xcel

lent

)

System-levelSolutions

(high) Perform

ance Level (low

) MAC-levelSwitching

AdaptiveHopping

(Bluetooth)

Driver-level Switching• Dual-mode Radio Switching

• Transmit Switching

Collocation w/o Coexistence Mechanism

Silicon-level Solutions

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Interference Zones

Significant degradation (<0.5 m)

WLAN (Wi-Fi) and Bluetooth

•For separation >0.5 m:•Throughput improves until 100% @ 2 m•Voice quality suffers w/o AFH inside 2 m

•For separation <0.5 m:•Significantly reduced throughput•Voice quality can be poor•Non linear effects may occur

•Front end compression (blocking)•Reciprocal mixing (intermods)

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IEEE 802.15.2: Coexistence SG

Working on “Recommended Practice” document for Bluetooth-802.11b

Evaluated two types of techniques: Collaborative (collocated systems can communicate)

Manual/Driver/MAC switching Non-collaborative (no direct communication; e.g. AFH)

Draft document available from IEEE Solutions in the market early 2002 Bluetooth SIG also has Coexistence WG

Chaired by Dr. Tod Sizer of Lucent Evaluating a number of techniques and interferers

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Coexistence Methods in Development

Manual switching Switch on side of computer

Driver-layer switching Slow rate toggling between the two

MAC layer switching High rate toggling between the two

Adaptive Frequency hopping Bluetooth avoids interference by modifying hop

sequence System solution (collaborative)

Combines PHY, MAC, antenna, and software to allow fully simultaneous operation

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Non-collaborative Techniques

WLAN Modified Data Rate / Packet Size Continued likelihood of collision Throughput reduced

Adaptive power control In general, a good idea Not defined for WLAN, needs improvement for BT

Adaptive Frequency Hopping Effective for non-collocated usage models Improves voice quality in frequency static interference Increased 802.11b presence or BT presence hinders

effectiveness Requires regulation change for >0dBm and new

Bluetooth profile/spec Backward compatibility?

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Collision avoidance

Collision avoidance is like traffic managementTime coincidence at different frequency is okSame frequency at different times is okProblem is when same time and frequency

For non-collaborative such as adaptive FH, system must observe collisions for some time and decide which channels are “bad” to avoid them. Since predicting time of interference is difficult, AFH avoids the frequency altogether.

F1

F2

F3

F4

WLA

N (

wid

eban

d)

Bluetoothpackets

WLANpackets

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AFH in actionF

req

uen

cy

50 100

Time Slot

802.11bBluetooth Transmits

2.4835

2.4000

Bluetooth Does Not Tx

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But, Interference can happen

Additional solution needed besides AFH

Interference Zones•For separation >0.5 m:

•Throughput improves until 100% @ 2 m•Voice quality suffers w/o AFH inside 2 m

•For separation <0.5 m:•Significantly reduced throughput•Voice quality can be poor•Non linear effects may occur

•Front end compression (blocking)•Reciprocal mixing (intermods)

AFH Optimized Zone 2-0.5m

Collocated BT and Wi-Fi

Needs AFH+additional solution

Graceful degradation of BT & Wi-Fi ideal for AFH

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Adaptive FH when collocatedAdaptive FH when collocated

Collocated Adaptive hopping

Link budget

Class 3 Class 1

Transmitted power 0dBm +20dBm

Path loss[1] 34dB (0.5 m)

46dB (2 m)

Adjacent channel loss(per 802.11 specification)

35dB 35dB

Power at detector -69dBm -61dBm

802.11b detection level

-76dBm -76dBm

Detectable signal above threshold

7dB 15dB

[1] Assuming the path loss is free space at these short distances: Lp=40+20Log10(d), with d in meters.

AFH does not solve the coexistence problem AFH does not solve the coexistence problem when Bluetooth and Wi-Fi are collocatedwhen Bluetooth and Wi-Fi are collocated

Out of Band Link budgetOut of Band Link budget

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Collaborative Coexistence

Collaborative switching (time division model) Potential improvements at the expense of performance Driver layer collaboration

Switch between independent implementations Easiest to implement, poorest performance (no BT SCO)

MAC layer collaboration (TDMA) Switching between MACs on either traffic or time interrupt Improves performance, still may not allow BT SCO

Enhanced MAC collaboration (Mobilian proposal to 802.15)

Share information about what is happening now and next Prioritize packets by traffic type Defer conflicting packets where allowed by their protocol Allows BT SCO with some WLAN degradation When combined with PHY collaboration, allows Sim-Op™

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Collaboration avoids collisions

Collaborative techniques define rules in advance for traffic management by direct communication between systems…no learning

•Traffic light (TDMA) totally prevents collisions•Yield, 4-way stop, etc. are also valid rules

F1

F2

F3

F4

Collaborative techniques schedule transmissions to avoid collisions

WLA

N (

wid

eban

d)

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Solution tradeoffs

Switching is simplest No SCO Significantly reduced

throughput Adaptive hopping requires

FCC rules and Bluetooth spec changes

But supports voice well No data degradation

System solution (MAC+PHY) requires collaboration (direct communication) and antenna design

Performance HierarchyCoexistence Mechanisms for

Collocated BluetoothTM & 802.11b (Wi-FiTM)

System-levelSolutions

(high) Perform

ance Level (low)

(p

oor)

Use

r Ex

peri

ence

(ex

celle

nt)

MAC-levelSwitching

AdaptiveHopping

(Bluetooth)

Driver-level Switching• Dual-mode Radio Switching• Transmit Switching

Collocation w/o Coexistence Mechanism

Silicon-level Solutions

Source: Mobilian Corporation

Performance HierarchyCoexistence Mechanisms for

Collocated BluetoothTM & 802.11b (Wi-FiTM)

System-levelSolutions

(high) Perform

ance Level (low)

(p

oor)

Use

r Ex

peri

ence

(ex

celle

nt)

MAC-levelSwitching

AdaptiveHopping

(Bluetooth)

Driver-level Switching• Dual-mode Radio Switching• Transmit Switching

Collocation w/o Coexistence Mechanism

Silicon-level Solutions

Source: Mobilian Corporation

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Mixing the alphabet soup

In addition to the coexistence problem, there is the migration problem

Moving everybody to 5GHz doesn’t solve the problem

Backward compatibility is the problem – hence the need for dual band support

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Northcon 2002 Tutorial 33Proprietary and Confidentialwww.mobilian.com

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Why WLAN – GPRS/3G interworking?

Requirements: needs for “global” roaming and mobility needs for high capacity - especially at hot spots

Market: Users of PC-type terminals as a part of the 3G

operator subscriber base 3G packet service expansion with small investment

costs New services and applications Increased overall customer value Increased

revenue stream

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Emerging trends

For 802.11a: higher speeds (> 100Mb/s) Better QoS (802.11e) Better security (802.11i) Global harmonization (802.11h) Faster speeds in 2.4GHz (802.11g) Smart antenna technology Ultrawide band for short range

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What about Ultra Wide Band (UWB)?

No carrier – pulses injected directly into antenna

Spectral characteristics governed by pulse shape and antenna

Very broadband (>1GHz) Potentially high data rates (>100Mb/s) Regulatory bodies are skeptical because of

the potential for interference

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Radio Spectrum: A precious resourceRadio Spectrum: A precious resource

Governments sell itGovernments sell it Allocation is now a huge international issueAllocation is now a huge international issue

WRC 2003WRC 2003

Licensed spectrum predominatesLicensed spectrum predominates But purchasing it is riskyBut purchasing it is risky

Case in point: 3G!! Case in point: 3G!! Always a fight between commercial, civil, militaryAlways a fight between commercial, civil, military

Unlicensed is attractive to commercialUnlicensed is attractive to commercial Small barrier to entry into marketSmall barrier to entry into market Poses large interference problemPoses large interference problem

So nobody wants to pay for it, but everybody So nobody wants to pay for it, but everybody wants the reliability offered by clear spectrum!wants the reliability offered by clear spectrum!

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How do you share spectrum?

PowerPower FrequencyFrequency TimeTime CodeCode SpaceSpace

The goal? To make every transmission from A to B reliableThe goal? To make every transmission from A to B reliable

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We have made some advances….

UWB? Maybe it’s not really an advance – it’s Marconi’s

spark gap generator! Radical change in regulatory policies required

OFDM Currently the favorite for emerging WLAN/WWAN

systems Works well with long delay spread Combined with QAM, gets high data rates with good

spectral efficiency

Shannon always gets in the way….

Moore’s Law doesn’t apply to spectrum!!Moore’s Law doesn’t apply to spectrum!!

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The multi-standard/multi band radio

So called “universal radio” DSP allows baseband functions to be performed

flexibility Doesn’t and can’t replace RF circuitry May only be able to do one at a time

Today, these are more likely to be implemented as traditional building blocks on chip

Over time, there will be more DSP based approaches

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The Trend? Multi-standard Radio

802.11b-Bluetooth Now a reality Integrated approach yields

best performance & price 802.11b/a/g – (the whole

“bag”) Forward backward

compatibility WPAN-WLAN-WWAN

Works “anytime, anywhere” Software defined in the

future Reconfigurable for multiple

standards Not optimal price-power-

performance today

WWAN(GPRS, UMTS)

WLAN(802.11b/a/g)

WPAN(Bluetooth)

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A case study: the WPAN/WLAN combo radio

Combines 802.11b and Bluetooth Manages interference using

signal processing Both analog and digital

time scheduling allows truly simultaneous operation

Virtually no loss in performance

Integrated solution drives down cost

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The “True” 11b-Bluetooth combo solution: TrueRadio

Integration Decreases overall component count by

33% over current Wi-Fi only designs, and 50% over Wi-Fi and BT

2-Chip solution Single chip contains both radios and the

other chip contains both basebands and MACs

True Simultaneous Operation Allows for simultaneous operation of BT

and Wi-Fi with virtually no degradation to performance, for the best user experience

True simultaneous operation – True simultaneous operation – both ACL and SCO:both ACL and SCO:Coexistence without Compromise™Coexistence without Compromise™

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System-level SolutionSystem-level Solution

802.11b throughput near BT=OFF levels achieved by implementing dynamic system-level solution (includes MAC and PHY collaboration)

Can be implemented with NO changes to FCC rules OR either specification Allows improved BT SCO performance as well!

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

1 10 100

STA to AP WLAN Distance (m)

80

2.1

1b

WL

AN

TP

(Mb

/s)

BT=ON; 802.11b w/ No Enhancements BT=ON; 802.11b w/ MAC-level Coll.

BT=ON; 802.11b w/ Mobilian TR BT=OFF

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Simultaneous Operation (Sim-Op™)

The ability for Wi-Fi and Bluetooth to operate simultaneously, with virtually no degradation in performance.

Many emerging usage models where both protocols will need to operate simultaneously

Only Sim-Op provides seamless Coexistence Without Compromise™

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Sim-Op Demonstration

802.11b with collocated interference – 80% throughput lost; remainder extremely choppy

TrueRadio™ 802.11b Provides full throughput restoration

Source: Mobilian TrueRadio™ Demo – COMDEX 2000

Demo Set-up:* Notebook PC with collocated BT & 802.11b* BT node ~ 1 m away* 802.11b AP ~ 15 m away in walled office environment

Source: Mobilian TrueRadio™ Demo – COMDEX 2000

Demo Set-up:* Notebook PC with collocated BT & 802.11b* BT node ~ 1 m away* 802.11b AP ~ 15 m away in walled office environment

802.11b; BT=OFF802.11b; BT=OFF 802.11b with TrueRadio™; BT=ON802.11b with TrueRadio™; BT=ON

802.11b; BT=ON802.11b; BT=ON

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Conclusion

Wireless combines applications for portable as well as mobile markets

Users will demand increased mobility and performance

Multi-standard radio will allow this heterogeneous mix to be cost effective

Software will be needed to allow these multi-standard radios to roam across systems

Multi-standard will show a trend toward increasing DSP usage in the baseband/MAC