WORKING CAPITAL

Meaning of Working Capital

Capital required for a business can be classified under two main categories via,

1) Fixed Capital

2) Working Capital

Every business needs funds for two purposes for its establishment and to carry out its day- to-day

operations. Long terms funds are required to create production facilities through purchase of fixed

assets such as p&m, land, building, furniture, etc. Investments in these assets represent that part of

firm’s capital which is blocked on permanent or fixed basis and is called fixed capital. Funds are also

needed for short-term purposes for the purchase of raw material, payment of wages and other day – to-

day expenses etc.

These funds are known as working capital. In simple words, working capital refers to that part of the

firm’s capital which is required for financing short- term or current assets such as cash, marketable

securities, debtors & inventories. Funds, thus, invested in current assts keep revolving fast and are being

constantly converted in to cash and this cash flows out again in exchange for other current assets.

Hence, it is also known as revolving or circulating capital or short term capital.

CONCEPT OF WORKING CAPITAL

There are two concepts of working capital:

1. Gross working capital

2. Net working capital

The gross working capital is the capital invested in the total current assets of the enterprises current

assets are those Assets which can convert in to cash within a short period normally one accounting year.

CONSTITUENTS OF CURRENT ASSETS

1) Cash in hand and cash at bank

2) Bills receivables

3) Sundry debtors

4) Short term loans and advances.

5) Inventories of stock as:

a. Raw material

b. Work in process

c. Stores and spares

d. Finished goods

6. Temporary investment of surplus funds.

7. Prepaid expenses

8. Accrued incomes.

9. Marketable securities.

In a narrow sense, the term working capital refers to the net working. Net working capital is the excess

of current assets over current liability, or, say:

NET WORKING CAPITAL = CURRENT ASSETS – CURRENT LIABILITIES.

Net working capital can be positive or negative. When the current assets exceeds the current liabilities

are more than the current assets. Current liabilities are those liabilities, which are intended to be paid in

the ordinary course of business within a short period of normally one accounting year out of the current

assts or the income business.

CONSTITUENTS OF CURRENT LIABILITIES

1. Accrued or outstanding expenses.

2. Short term loans, advances and deposits.

3. Dividends payable.

4. Bank overdraft.

5. Provision for taxation , if it does not amt. to app. Of profit.

6. Bills payable.

7. Sundry creditors.

The gross working capital concept is financial or going concern concept whereas net working capital is

an accounting concept of working capital. Both the concepts have their own merits.

The gross concept is sometimes preferred to the concept of working capital for the following reasons:

1. It enables the enterprise to provide correct amount of working capital at correct time.

2. Every management is more interested in total current assets with which it has to operate then the

source from where it is made available.

3. It take into consideration of the fact every increase in the funds of the enterprise would increase its

working capital.

4. This concept is also useful in determining the rate of return on investments in working capital. The

net working capital concept, however, is also important for following reasons:

· It is qualitative concept, which indicates the firm’s ability to meet to its operating expenses and

short-term liabilities.

· IT indicates the margin of protection available to the short term creditors.

· It is an indicator of the financial soundness of enterprises.

· It suggests the need of financing a part of working capital requirement out of the permanent

sources of funds.

CLASSIFICATION OF WORKING CAPITAL

Working capital may be classified in to ways:

o On the basis of concept.

o On the basis of time.

On the basis of concept working capital can be classified as gross working capital and net working

capital. On the basis of time, working capital may be classified as:

Ø Permanent or fixed working capital.

Ø Temporary or variable working capital

PERMANENT OR FIXED WORKING CAPITAL

Permanent or fixed working capital is minimum amount which is required to ensure effective utilization

of fixed facilities and for maintaining the circulation of current assets. Every firm has to maintain a

minimum level of raw material, work- in-process, finished goods and cash balance. This minimum level

of current assts is called permanent or fixed working capital as this part of working is permanently

blocked in current assets. As the business grow the requirements of working capital also increases due

to increase in current assets.

TEMPORARY OR VARIABLE WORKING CAPITAL

Temporary or variable working capital is the amount of working capital which is required to meet the

seasonal demands and some special exigencies. Variable working capital can further be classified as

seasonal working capital and special working capital. The capital required to meet the seasonal need of

the enterprise is called seasonal working capital. Special working capital is that part of working capital

which is required to meet special exigencies such as launching of extensive marketing for conducting

research, etc.

Temporary working capital differs from permanent working capital in the sense that is required for short

periods and cannot be permanently employed gainfully in the business.

And some special al is the amount of working capital which is required to meet the seasonal sets.

IMPORTANCE OR ADVANTAGE OF ADEQUATE WORKING CAPITAL

Ø SOLVENCY OF THE BUSINESS: Adequate working capital helps in maintaining the solvency of the

business by providing uninterrupted of production.

Ø Goodwill: Sufficient amount of working capital enables a firm to make prompt payments and makes

and maintain the goodwill.

Ø Easy loans: Adequate working capital leads to high solvency and credit standing can arrange loans

from banks and other on easy and favorable terms.

Ø Cash Discounts: Adequate working capital also enables a concern to avail cash discounts on the

purchases and hence reduces cost.

Ø Regular Supply of Raw Material: Sufficient working capital ensures regular supply of raw material

and continuous production.

Ø Regular Payment Of Salaries, Wages And Other Day TO Day Commitments: It leads to the

satisfaction of the employees and raises the morale of its employees, increases their efficiency, reduces

wastage and costs and enhances production and profits.

Ø Exploitation Of Favorable Market Conditions: If a firm is having adequate working capital then it can

exploit the favorable market conditions such as purchasing its requirements in bulk when the prices are

lower and holdings its inventories for higher prices.

Ø Ability To Face Crises: A concern can face the situation during the depression.

Ø Quick And Regular Return On Investments: Sufficient working capital enables a concern to pay quick

and regular of dividends to its investors and gains confidence of the investors and can raise more funds

in future.

Ø High Morale: Adequate working capital brings an environment of securities, confidence, high

morale which results in overall efficiency in a business.

EXCESS OR INADEQUATE WORKING CAPITAL

Every business concern should have adequate amount of working capital to run its business operations.

It should have neither redundant or excess working capital nor inadequate nor shortages of working

capital. Both excess as well as short working capital positions are bad for any business. However, it is the

inadequate working capital which is more dangerous from the point of view of the firm.

DISADVANTAGES OF REDUNDANT OR EXCESSIVE WORKING CAPITAL

1. Excessive working capital means ideal funds which earn no profit for the firm and business cannot

earn the required rate of return on its investments.

2. Redundant working capital leads to unnecessary purchasing and accumulation of inventories.

3. Excessive working capital implies excessive debtors and defective credit policy which causes higher

incidence of bad debts.

4. It may reduce the overall efficiency of the business.

5. If a firm is having excessive working capital then the relations with banks and other financial

institution may not be maintained.

6. Due to lower rate of return n investments, the values of shares may also fall.

7. The redundant working capital gives rise to speculative transactions.

DISADVANTAGES OF INADEQUATE WORKING CAPITAL

Every business needs some amounts of working capital. The need for working capital arises due to the

time gap between production and realization of cash from sales. There is an operating cycle involved in

sales and realization of cash. There are time gaps in purchase of raw material and production;

production and sales; and realization of cash.

Thus working capital is needed for the following purposes:

· For the purpose of raw material, components and spares.

· To pay wages and salaries

· To incur day-to-day expenses and overload costs such as office expenses.

· To meet the selling costs as packing, advertising, etc.

· To provide credit facilities to the customer.

· To maintain the inventories of the raw material, work-in-progress, stores and spares and finished

stock.

For studying the need of working capital in a business, one has to study the business under varying

circumstances such as a new concern requires a lot of funds to meet its initial requirements such as

promotion and formation etc. These expenses are called preliminary expenses and are capitalized. The

amount needed for working capital depends upon the size of the company and ambitions of its

promoters. Greater the size of the business unit, generally larger will be the requirements of the

working capital.

The requirement of the working capital goes on increasing with the growth and expensing of the

business till it gains maturity. At maturity the amount of working capital required is called normal

working capital.

There are others factors also influence the need of working capital in a business.

FACTORS DETERMINING THE WORKING CAPITAL REQUIREMENTS

1. NATURE OF BUSINESS: The requirements of working is very limited in public utility undertakings

such as electricity, water supply and railways because they offer cash sale only and supply

services not products, and no funds are tied up in inventories and receivables. On the other

hand the trading and financial firms requires less investment in fixed assets but have to invest

large amt. of working capital along with fixed investments.

2. SIZE OF THE BUSINESS: Greater the size of the business, greater is the requirement of working

capital.

3. PRODUCTION POLICY: If the policy is to keep production steady by accumulating inventories it

will require higher working capital.

4. LENTH OF PRDUCTION CYCLE: The longer the manufacturing time the raw material and other

supplies have to be carried for a longer in the process with progressive increment of labor and

service costs before the final product is obtained. So working capital is directly proportional to

the length of the manufacturing process.

5. SEASONALS VARIATIONS: Generally, during the busy season, a firm requires larger working

capital than in slack season.

6. WORKING CAPITAL CYCLE: The speed with which the working cycle completes one cycle

determines the requirements of working capital. Longer the cycle larger is the requirement of

working capital.

DEBTORS

CASH FINISHED GOODS

RAW MATERIAL WORK IN PROGRESS

7. RATE OF STOCK TURNOVER: There is an inverse co-relationship between the question of

working capital and the velocity or speed with which the sales are affected. A firm having a high

rate of stock turnover wuill needs lower amt. of working capital as compared to a firm having a

low rate of turnover.

8. CREDIT POLICY: A concern that purchases its requirements on credit and sales its product /

services on cash requires lesser amt. of working capital and vice-versa.

9. BUSINESS CYCLE: In period of boom, when the business is prosperous, there is need for larger

amt. of working capital due to rise in sales, rise in prices, optimistic expansion of business, etc.

On the contrary in time of depression, the business contracts, sales decline, difficulties are faced

in collection from debtor and the firm may have a large amt. of working capital.

10. RATE OF GROWTH OF BUSINESS: In faster growing concern, we shall require large amt. of

working capital.

11. EARNING CAPACITY AND DIVIDEND POLICY: Some firms have more earning capacity than other

due to quality of their products, monopoly conditions, etc. Such firms may generate cash profits

from operations and contribute to their working capital. The dividend policy also affects the

requirement of working capital. A firm maintaining a steady high rate of cash dividend

irrespective of its profits needs working capital than the firm that retains larger part of its profits

and does not pay so high rate of cash dividend.

12. PRICE LEVEL CHANGES: Changes in the price level also affect the working capital requirements.

Generally rise in prices leads to increase in working capital.

Others FACTORS: These are:

Operating efficiency.

Management ability.

Irregularities of supply.

Import policy.

Asset structure.

Importance of labor .

Banking facilities, etc.

MANAGEMENT OF WORKING CAPITAL

Management of working capital is concerned with the problem that arises in attempting to manage the

current assets, current liabilities. The basic goal of working capital management is to manage the

current assets and current liabilities of a firm in such a way that a satisfactory level of working capital is

maintained, i.e. it is neither adequate nor excessive as both the situations are bad for any firm. There

should be no shortage of funds and also no working capital should be ideal. WORKING CAPITAL

MANAGEMENT POLICES of a firm has a great on its probability, liquidity and structural health of the

organization. So working capital management is three dimensional in nature as

1. It concerned with the formulation of policies with regard to profitability, liquidity and risk.

2. It is concerned with the decision about the composition and level of current assets.

3. It is concerned with the decision about the composition and level of current liabilities.

WORKING CAPITAL ANALYSIS

As we know working capital is the life blood and the centre of a business. Adequate amount of working

capital is very much essential for the smooth running of the business. And the most important part is the

efficient management of working capital in right time. The liquidity position of the firm is totally effected

by the management of working capital. So, a study of changes in the uses and sources of working capital

is necessary to evaluate the efficiency with which the working capital is employed in a business. This

involves the need of working capital analysis.

The analysis of working capital can be conducted through a number of devices, such as:

1. Ratio analysis.

2. Fund flow analysis.

3. Budgeting.

1. RATIO ANALYSIS

A ratio is a simple arithmetical expression one number to another. The technique of ratio analysis can be

employed for measuring short-term liquidity or working capital position of a firm. The following ratios

can be calculated for these purposes:

1. Current ratio.

2. Quick ratio

3. Absolute liquid ratio

4. Inventory turnover.

5. Receivables turnover.

6. Payable turnover ratio.

7. Working capital turnover ratio.

8. Working capital leverage

9. Ratio of current liabilities to tangible net worth

2. FUND FLOW ANALYSIS

Fund flow analysis is a technical device designated to the study the source from which additional funds

were derived and the use to which these sources were put. The fund flow analysis consists of:

a. Preparing schedule of changes of working capital

b. Statement of sources and application of funds.

It is an effective management tool to study the changes in financial position (working capital) business

enterprise between beginning and ending of the financial dates.

3. WORKING CAPITAL BUDGET

A budget is a financial and / or quantitative expression of business plans and polices to be pursued in the

future period time. Working capital budget as a part of the total budge ting process of a business is

prepared estimating future long term and short term working capital needs and sources to finance

them, and then comparing the budgeted figures with actual performance for calculating the variances, if

any, so that corrective actions may be taken in future. He objective working capital budget is to ensure

availability of funds as and needed, and to ensure effective utilization of these resources. The successful

implementation of working capital budget involves the preparing of separate budget for each element

of working capital, such as, cash, inventories and receivables etc.

ANALYSIS OF SHORT – TERM FINANCIAL POSITION OR TEST OF LIQUIDITY

The short –term creditors of a company such as suppliers of goods of credit and commercial banks

short-term loans are primarily interested to know the ability of a firm to meet its obligations in time. The

short term obligations of a firm can be met in time only when it is having sufficient liquid assets. So to

with the confidence of investors, creditors, the smooth functioning of the firm and the efficient use of

fixed assets the liquid position of the firm must be strong. But a very high degree of liquidity of the firm

being tied – up in current assets. Therefore, it is important proper balance in regard to the liquidity of

the firm. Two types of ratios can be calculated for measuring short-term financial position or short-term

solvency position of the firm.

1. Liquidity ratios.

2. Current assets movements ‘ratios.

A) LIQUIDITY RATIOS

Liquidity refers to the ability of a firm to meet its current obligations as and when these become due.

The short-term obligations are met by realizing amounts from current, floating or circulating assts. The

current assets should either be liquid or near about liquidity. These should be convertible in cash for

paying obligations of short-term nature. The sufficiency or insufficiency of current assets should be

assessed by comparing them with short-term liabilities. If current assets can pay off the current liabilities

then the liquidity position is satisfactory. On the other hand, if the current liabilities cannot be met out

of the current assets then the liquidity position is bad. To measure the liquidity of a firm, the following

ratios can be calculated:

1. CURRENT RATIO

2. QUICK RATIO

3. ABSOLUTE LIQUID RATIO

1. CURRENT RATIO

Current Ratio, also known as working capital ratio is a measure of general liquidity and its most widely

used to make the analysis of short-term financial position or liquidity of a firm. It is defined as the

relation between current assets and current liabilities. Thus,

CURRENT RATIO = CURRENT ASSETS

CURRENT LIABILITES

The two components of this ratio are:

1) CURRENT ASSETS

2) CURRENT LIABILITES

Current assets include cash, marketable securities, bill receivables, sundry debtors, inventories and

work-in-progresses. Current liabilities include outstanding expenses, bill payable, dividend payable etc.

A relatively high current ratio is an indication that the firm is liquid and has the ability to pay its current

obligations in time. On the hand a low current ratio represents that the liquidity position of the firm is

not good and the firm shall not be able to pay its current liabilities in time. A ratio equal or near to the

rule of thumb of 2:1 i.e. current assets double the current liabilities is considered to be satisfactory.

CALCULATION OF CURRENT RATIO

(Rupees in crore)

e.g.

Year

2006

2007

2008

Current Assets

81.29

83.12

13,6.57

Current Liabilities

27.42

20.58

33.48

Current Ratio

2.96:1

4.03:1

4.08:1

Interpretation:-

As we know that ideal current ratio for any firm is 2:1. If we see the current ratio of the company for last

three years it has increased from 2006 to 2008. The current ratio of company is more than the ideal

ratio. This depicts that company’s liquidity position is sound. Its current assets are more than its current

liabilities.

2. QUICK RATIO

Quick ratio is a more rigorous test of liquidity than current ratio. Quick ratio may be defined as the

relationship between quick/liquid assets and current or liquid liabilities. An asset is said to be liquid if it

can be converted into cash with a short period without loss of value. It measures the firms’ capacity to

pay off current obligations immediately.

QUICK RATIO = QUICK ASSETS

CURRENT LIABILITES

Where Quick Assets are:

1) Marketable Securities

2) Cash in hand and Cash at bank.

3) Debtors.

A high ratio is an indication that the firm is liquid and has the ability to meet its current liabilities in time

and on the other hand a low quick ratio represents that the firms’ liquidity position is not good.

As a rule of thumb ratio of 1:1 is considered satisfactory. It is generally thought that if quick assets are

equal to the current liabilities then the concern may be able to meet its short-term obligations.

However, a firm having high quick ratio may not have a satisfactory liquidity position if it has slow paying

debtors. On the other hand, a firm having a low liquidity position if it has fast moving inventories.

CALCULATION OF QUICK RATIO

e.g. (Rupees in Crore)

Year

2006

2007

2008

Quick Assets

44.14

47.43

61.55

Current Liabilities

27.42

20.58

33.48

Quick Ratio

1.6 : 1

2.3 : 1

1.8 : 1

Interpretation :

A quick ratio is an indication that the firm is liquid and has the ability to meet its current liabilities in

time. The ideal quick ratio is 1:1. Company’s quick ratio is more than ideal ratio. This shows company

has no liquidity problem.

3. absolute liquid ratio

Although receivables, debtors and bills receivable are generally more liquid than inventories, yet there

may be doubts regarding their realization into cash immediately or in time. So absolute liquid ratio

should be calculated together with current ratio and acid test ratio so as to exclude even receivables

from the current assets and find out the absolute liquid assets. Absolute Liquid Assets includes :

Absolute liquid ratio = absolute liquid assets

CURRENT LIABILITES

Absolute liquid assets = cash & bank balances.

e.g. (Rupees in Crore)

Year

2006

2007

2008

Absolute Liquid Assets

4.69

1.79

5.06

Current Liabilities

27.42

20.58

33.48

Absolute Liquid Ratio

.17 : 1

.09 : 1

.15 : 1

Interpretation :

These ratio shows that company carries a small amount of cash. But there is nothing to be worried

about the lack of cash because company has reserve, borrowing power & long term investment. In India,

firms have credit limits sanctioned from banks and can easily draw cash.

B) current assets movement ratios

Funds are invested in various assets in business to make sales and earn profits. The efficiency with which

assets are managed directly affects the volume of sales. The better the management of assets, large is

the amount of sales and profits. Current assets movement ratios measure the efficiency with which a

firm manages its resources. These ratios are called turnover ratios because they indicate the speed with

which assets are converted or turned over into sales. Depending upon the purpose, a number of

turnover ratios can be calculated. These are :

1. Inventory Turnover Ratio

2. Debtors Turnover Ratio

3. Creditors Turnover Ratio

4. Working Capital Turnover Ratio

The current ratio and quick ratio give misleading results if current assets include high amount of debtors

due to slow credit collections and moreover if the assets include high amount of slow moving

inventories. As both the ratios ignore the movement of current assets, it is important to calculate the

turnover ratio.

1. Inventory Turnover or Stock Turnover Ratio :

Every firm has to maintain a certain amount of inventory of finished goods so as to meet the

requirements of the business. But the level of inventory should neither be too high nor too low. Because

it is harmful to hold more inventory as some amount of capital is blocked in it and some cost is involved

in it. It will therefore be advisable to dispose the inventory as soon as possible.

inventory turnover ratio = cost of good sold

Average inventory

Inventory turnover ratio measures the speed with which the stock is converted into sales. Usually a high

inventory ratio indicates an efficient management of inventory because more frequently the stocks are

sold ; the lesser amount of money is required to finance the inventory. Where as low inventory turnover

ratio indicates the inefficient management of inventory. A low inventory turnover implies over

investment in inventories, dull business, poor quality of goods, stock accumulations and slow moving

goods and low profits as compared to total investment.

average stock = opening stock + closing stock

2

(Rupees in Crore)

Year

2006

2007

2008

Cost of Goods sold

110.6

103.2

96.8

Average Stock

73.59

36.42

55.35

Inventory Turnover Ratio

1.5 times

2.8 times

1.75 times

Interpretation :

These ratio shows how rapidly the inventory is turning into receivable through sales. In 2007 the

company has high inventory turnover ratio but in 2008 it has reduced to 1.75 times. This shows that the

company’s inventory management technique is less efficient as compare to last year.

2. Inventory conversion period:

Inventory conversion period = 365 (net working days)

inventory turnover ratio

e.g.

Year

2006

2007

2008

Days

365

365

365

Inventory Turnover Ratio

1.5

2.8

1.8

Inventory Conversion Period

243 days

130 days

202 days

Interpretation :

Inventory conversion period shows that how many days inventories takes to convert from raw

material to finished goods. In the company inventory conversion period is decreasing. This shows the

efficiency of management to convert the inventory into cash.

3. debtors turnover ratio :

A concern may sell its goods on cash as well as on credit to increase its sales and a liberal credit policy

may result in tying up substantial funds of a firm in the form of trade debtors. Trade debtors are

expected to be converted into cash within a short period and are included in current assets. So liquidity

position of a concern also depends upon the quality of trade debtors. Two types of ratio can be

calculated to evaluate the quality of debtors.

a) Debtors Turnover Ratio

b) Average Collection Period

Debtors Turnover Ratio = Total Sales (Credit)

Average Debtors

Debtor’s velocity indicates the number of times the debtors are turned over during a year. Generally

higher the value of debtor’s turnover ratio the more efficient is the management of debtors/sales or

more liquid are the debtors. Whereas a low debtors turnover ratio indicates poor management of

debtors/sales and less liquid debtors. This ratio should be compared with ratios of other firms doing the

same business and a trend may be found to make a better interpretation of the ratio.

average debtors= opening debtor+closing debtor

2

e.g.

Year

2006

2007

2008

Sales

166.0

151.5

169.5

Average Debtors

17.33

18.19

22.50

Debtor Turnover Ratio

9.6 times

8.3 times

7.5 times

Interpretation :

This ratio indicates the speed with which debtors are being converted or turnover into sales. The

higher the values or turnover into sales. The higher the values of debtors turnover, the more efficient is

the management of credit. But in the company the debtor turnover ratio is decreasing year to year. This

shows that company is not utilizing its debtors efficiency. Now their credit policy become liberal as

compare to previous year.

4. average collection period :

Average Collection Period = No. of Working Days

Debtors Turnover Ratio

The average collection period ratio represents the average number of days for which a firm has to wait

before its receivables are converted into cash. It measures the quality of debtors. Generally, shorter the

average collection period the better is the quality of debtors as a short collection period implies quick

payment by debtors and vice-versa.

Average Collection Period = 365 (Net Working Days)

Debtors Turnover Ratio

Year

2006

2007

2008

Days

365

365

365

Debtor Turnover Ratio

9.6

8.3

7.5

Average Collection Period

38 days

44 days

49 days

Interpretation :

The average collection period measures the quality of debtors and it helps in analyzing the

efficiency of collection efforts. It also helps to analysis the credit policy adopted by company. In the firm

average collection period increasing year to year. It shows that the firm has Liberal Credit policy. These

changes in policy are due to competitor’s credit policy.

5. Working capital turnover ratio :

Working capital turnover ratio indicates the velocity of utilization of net working capital. This ratio

indicates the number of times the working capital is turned over in the course of the year. This ratio

measures the efficiency with which the working capital is used by the firm. A higher ratio indicates

efficient utilization of working capital and a low ratio indicates otherwise. But a very high working capital

turnover is not a good situation for any firm.

Working Capital Turnover Ratio = Cost of Sales

Net Working Capital

Working Capital Turnover = Sales

Networking Capital

e.g.

Year

2006

2007

2008

Sales

166.0

151.5

169.5

Networking Capital

53.87

62.52

103.09

Working Capital Turnover

3.08

2.4

1.64

Interpretation :

This ratio indicates low much net working capital requires for sales. In 2008, the reciprocal of this

ratio (1/1.64 = .609) shows that for sales of Rs. 1 the company requires 60 paisa as working capital. Thus

this ratio is helpful to forecast the working capital requirement on the basis of sale.

Inventories

(Rs. in Crores)

Year

2005-2006

2006-2007

2007-2008

Inventories

37.15

35.69

75.01

Interpretation :

Inventories is a major part of current assets. If any company wants to manage its working capital

efficiency, it has to manage its inventories efficiently. The graph shows that inventory in 2005-2006 is

45%, in 2006-2007 is 43% and in 2007-2008 is 54% of their current assets. The company should try to

reduce the inventory upto 10% or 20% of current assets.

Cash bnak balance :

(Rs. in Crores)

Year

2005-2006

2006-2007

2007-2008

Cash Bank Balance

4.69

1.79

5.05

Interpretation :

Cash is basic input or component of working capital. Cash is needed to keep the business running on

a continuous basis. So the organization should have sufficient cash to meet various requirements. The

above graph is indicate that in 2006 the cash is 4.69 crores but in 2007 it has decrease to 1.79. The result

of that it disturb the firms manufacturing operations. In 2008, it is increased upto approx. 5.1% cash

balance. So in 2008, the company has no problem for meeting its requirement as compare to 2007.

debtors :

(Rs. in Crores)

Year

2005-2006

2006-2007

2007-2008

Debtors

17.33

19.05

25.94

Interpretation :

Debtors constitute a substantial portion of total current assets. In India it constitute one third of

current assets. The above graph is depict that there is increase in debtors. It represents an extension of

credit to customers. The reason for increasing credit is competition and company liberal credit policy.

current assets :

(Rs. in Crores)

Year

2005-2006

2006-2007

2007-2008

Current Assets

81.29

83.15

136.57

Interpretation :

This graph shows that there is 64% increase in current assets in 2008. This increase is arise because

there is approx. 50% increase in inventories. Increase in current assets shows the liquidity soundness of

company.

current liability :

(Rs. in Crores)

Year

2005-2006

2006-2007

2007-2008

Current Liability

27.42

20.58

33.48

Interpretation :

Current liabilities shows company short term debts pay to outsiders. In 2008 the current liabilities of

the company increased. But still increase in current assets are more than its current liabilities.

net wokring capital :

(Rs. in Crores)

Year

2005-2006

2006-2007

2007-2008

Net Working Capital

53.87

62.53

103.09

Interpretation :

Working capital is required to finance day to day operations of a firm. There should be an optimum

level of working capital. It should not be too less or not too excess. In the company there is increase in

working capital. The increase in working capital arises because the company has expanded its business.

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

The methodology, I have adopted for my study is the various tools, which basically analyze critically

financial position of to the organization:

I. COMMON-SIZE P/L A/C

II. COMMON-SIZE BALANCE SHEET

III. COMPARTIVE P/L A/C

IV. COMPARTIVE BALANCE SHEET

V. TREND ANALYSIS

VI. RATIO ANALYSIS

The above parameters are used for critical analysis of financial position. With the evaluation of each

component, the financial position from different angles is tried to be presented in well and systematic

manner. By critical analysis with the help of different tools, it becomes clear how the financial manager

handles the finance matters in profitable manner in the critical challenging atmosphere, the

recommendation are made which would suggest the organization in formulation of a healthy and strong

position financially with proper management system.

I sincerely hope, through the evaluation of various percentage, ratios and comparative analysis, the

organization would be able to conquer its in efficiencies and makes the desired changes.

ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

FINANCIAL STATEMENTS:

Financial statement is a collection of data organized according to logical and consistent accounting

procedure to convey an under-standing of some financial aspects of a business firm. It may show

position at a moment in time, as in the case of balance sheet or may reveal a series of activities over a

given period of time, as in the case of an income statement. Thus, the term ‘financial statements’

generally refers to the two statements

(1) The position statement or Balance sheet.

(2) The income statement or the profit and loss Account.

OBJECTIVES OF FINANCIAL STATEMENTS:

According to accounting Principal Board of America (APB) states

The following objectives of financial statements: -

1. To provide reliable financial information about economic resources and obligation of a business firm.

2. To provide other needed information about charges in such economic resources and obligation.

3. To provide reliable information about change in net resources (recourses less obligations) missing out

of business activities.

4. To provide financial information that assets in estimating the learning potential of the business.

LIMITATIONS OF FINANCIAL STATEMENTS:

Though financial statements are relevant and useful for a concern, still they do not present a final

picture a final picture of a concern. The utility of these statements is dependent upon a number of

factors. The analysis and interpretation of these statements must be done carefully otherwise

misleading conclusion may be drawn.

Financial statements suffer from the following limitations: -

1. Financial statements do not given a final picture of the concern. The data given in these statements is

only approximate. The actual value can only be determined when the business is sold or liquidated.

2. Financial statements have been prepared for different accounting periods, generally one year, during

the life of a concern. The costs and incomes are apportioned to different periods with a view to

determine profits etc. The allocation of expenses and income depends upon the personal judgment of

the accountant. The existence of contingent assets and liabilities also make the statements imprecise. So

financial statement are at the most interim reports rather than the final picture of the firm.

3. The financial statements are expressed in monetary value, so they appear to give final and accurate

position. The value of fixed assets in the balance sheet neither represent the value for which fixed assets

can be sold nor the amount which will be required to replace these assets. The balance sheet is

prepared on the presumption of a going concern. The concern is expected to continue in future. So fixed

assets are shown at cost less accumulated deprecation. Moreover, there are certain assets in the

balance sheet which will realize nothing at the time of liquidation but they are shown in the balance

sheets.

4. The financial statements are prepared on the basis of historical costs Or original costs. The value of

assets decreases with the passage of time current price changes are not taken into account. The

statement are not prepared with the keeping in view the economic conditions. the balance sheet loses

the significance of being an index of current economics realities. Similarly, the profitability shown by the

income statements may be represent the earning capacity of the concern.

5. There are certain factors which have a bearing on the financial position and operating result of the

business but they do not become a part of these statements because they cannot be measured in

monetary terms. The basic limitation of the traditional financial statements comprising the balance

sheet, profit & loss A/c is that they do not give all the information regarding the financial operation of

the firm. Nevertheless, they provide some extremely useful information to the extent the balance sheet

mirrors the financial position on a particular data in lines of the structure of assets, liabilities etc. and the

profit & loss A/c shows the result of operation during a certain period in terms revenue obtained and

cost incurred during the year. Thus, the financial position and operation of the firm.

FINANCIAL STATEMENT ANALYSIS

It is the process of identifying the financial strength and weakness of a firm from the available

accounting data and financial statements. The analysis is done

CALCULATIONS OF RATIOS

Ratios are relationship expressed in mathematical terms between figures, which are connected with

each other in some manner.

CLASSIFICATION OF RATIOS

Ratios can be classified in to different categories depending upon the basis of classification

The traditional classification has been on the basis of the financial statement to which the determination

of ratios belongs.

These are:-

· Profit & Loss account ratios

· Balance Sheet ratios

· Composite ratios

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