WORK SAFETY

Occupational Safety and Health (OSH)

Occupatioanal Safety and Health (OSH) is a cross disciplinary area concern with protecting the safety, health and welfare of people engage in work.

The purpose of OSH is include to create a working environment that is safe and health.

OSH may also protect employers, co-workers, family members, customers, and others who may be affected by he workplace environment.

OSH can be important for moral, legal reasons and finance.

1. Moral obligation would involve the protection of life and health of employee2. Legal reasons related to OSH practice, lost prevention and compensation affects of law that

protect workers, safety and health.

OSH also can reduce employee injuries and illnesses related expense, including medical care, sick and disability benefit costs.

History

1911 : The concept of occupational health and safety (OSH/K3) which first starts of industry in america. Failure/accident consider a fate thet must e accepted by the company and the workforce.1911 : Labor victims do not receive attention from company both moriil and materially. The company Emphasize the accident is the fault of their own labor.1931 : HW. Heinrich issued a consept known approach to the domino theory. This concept had been giving attention to the accident occure because of deficiencies found in the work environment and or fault of the workforce. The development of this concept is known as unsafe condition and unsafe act.

Three Studies Based on The Accident

1. First concept Helnrich Proposed ratio of 1:29:300 Each time a fatal accident, there were 29 minor incidents and 300 incidents without

damage Theory of Henrich

Accident consists of five interrelated factors :a. Working conditionsb. Human negligence (kelalaian manusia)c. Acts and unsafe condition d. Accidente. Injury

The five factors structured like a standing dominoes. If the cards fall, then this card will be fall other cards until the fifh will collapse together.

2. The second concept Bird Petersen Propose ratio of 1:10:30:600 Any serious accidents also occure 10 minor incident, 30 property damage and 600

incident without loss Theory of Frank E. Petersen Bird

Modify Henrich domino theory with management theory that propose that contain fivefactors in the sequence a accident such as:a. Less management control, the main cause of sourceb. the main cause of sourcec. the immediate cause of symptoms (penyebab langsung), practice below the

standardd. contact events (under standard condition)e. loses disorder (body and property)

3. The third concept Tye /pearson propose rationof 1:3:50:80:400 Each time a fatal accident, there are three minor incident that the victim would be

absent 3 Days, there are 50 events that require p3k, 80 times property damage and 400 incident without any damage

Legal basis

1. UU no. 14 tahun 1969 ttg:Ketentuan pokok mengenai tenaga kerja. “Tiap tenaga kerja berhak mendapat perlindungan atas keselamatan, kesehatan, kesusilaan dan pemeliharaan moral kerja serta perlakuan yang sesuai dengan martabat manusia dan moral agama.”

2. UU no. 14 tahun 1969 mencakup ttg:Ketentuan dan syarat-syarat keselamtan kerja dalam perencanaan, pembuatan, pengangkutan, peredaran, perdagangan, pemakaian, penggunaan, pemeliharaan, dan penyimpanan bahan, produk, teknis dan alat produksi yang mengandung dan dapat menimbulkan bahaya kecelakan.

3. UU no. 1 tahun 1970 ttg:Keselamatan kerja disegala tempat kerj, baik didarat, didalam tanah, dipermukaan air, didalam air, maupun di udara yang berada di wilayah kekuasaan hokum RI.

Whether the requirement have been met by the company?It is necessary to prove by way of measuring health and safety performance, which is part of the proses of accreditation and certification.

Some countries already require the application of quality management system, environmental management systems, social accountability (social clause), produk certification and system management OSH. Those requirement are intended to meet standart of international regional and certification body.

Risk Management Concept

Management

OSH management with pattern of total loss control. That is a policy to avoid losses for the company such as property, personnel and the environment.

By intregated human resource, material, equipment, environment, processes and facilities where the application af management principle to the PDCI (Planning, DO, Check, Improvement) pattern.

Management

Hazard as a source of accidents

Identification

Calculate and priorities of the hazard

Risk control

Problem Anlysis and Solve Problems

Use PDCI

Standard

Improvement

Environmental problem affect work safety1. Inadequate lighting (nderneath fuselage or wings)2. Impact Noise (Riveting)3. Ambient temperature (open floors association with hangar)

Command mistakes in aircraft maintenance1. Incorrect installation of components2. Fitting of wrong part3. Electrical wiring discrepancies (including close connection)4. Loose object in aircraft (tool, etc)5. Inadequate lubricate6. Cowling, access panels, fairing not secured7. Landing gear ground lock pins not remove before departure

Fishbone analysis (Ishigawa, jepang)

Workplace environmental standard ISO 14000 – Enviromental Management ISo 11041 ; 1996, Workplace air – Determination of particulate arsenic and arsenic compounds

and arsenic trioxide vapor – method by hydride generation and atomic absorption spectrometri ISO/TR 17737 ; 2012, workplace atmosphere – guidelines for selecting analyctical methods for

sampling

Workplace stressMechanical hazard include:

By the type of agent1. Impact force

Collisions (benturan) Falls from height

2. Struck by object (pukulan)3. Confined space (ruang terbatas)4. Slips and strips (tergelincir)5. Falling on the point object (jatuhnya benda tajam)6. Compressed air (pressure fluids)7. Entanglement (belitan)8. Equipment (related injury)

By type of damage 1. Crushing (hancur)2. Cutting (potongan)3. Friction and abration (gesekan and kikisan)4. Shearing (pencukuran)5. Stabbing and puncture (menusuk dan tusukan)

Other physical hazards1. Noise2. Vibration3. Lighting4. Ionizing radiation5. Electricity6. Cold stress (hypotermia)7. Heat stress8. Dehydration (due to sweating)

Workplace environmental standardCommunity Health and Safety :

1. Water quality and availability2. Structural safety of project infrastructure3. Life and fire safety (L and FS)4. Traffic safety5. Transport to hazardous material6. Disease prevention7. Emergency prepareness and safety

Hazard is something that can cause harm if not controlled.

A risk is a combination of the probability that a particular outcome will accur and the severity of harm involved.

Hazard, risk , and outcome are used in other fields to describe e.g. environmental damage, or damage to equipment.

Ergonomis Is the study of designing equipment and device that fit the human body, its movement and its

cognitive ability Is used to fulfil the two goals of health and productivity. Proper ergonomic design is necessary to prevent repetitive strain injuries, which can develop

over time and can lead to long term disability. Ergonomis is concerned with

1. The harmonitation with the work of its workforce2. Planning to use work without exceeding the limit of human capabilities

Emergency managementThe process of emergency management involves four phases.

Preparedness (siap siaga) Response (tanggap) Recovery (pemulihan) Mitigation (pencegahan)

Material fatiqueFatique is a kind of material cylcling landing, load wave, amplitude and frequency determine the

life of the material before its failure.Fatique crack could be detected if the metal is exposed frequently to Non-Destructive Testing

(NDT) according to a pre-determine program.

What are the cause fatique?Answer: cause are sometimes classified under several life style problem and/or some broad disease entities.

Possible cause fatique1. Mental health (psychiatric) – grief (bereavement), eating disorders, alcohol abuse, drug abuse,

anxiety, moving home, boredome and divorced.2. Sleep problems – working till late at night, jet lag, slep apnea, narcolepsy, insomnia, and reflux

esophagities. Some jobs are more closely linked to a risk of fatique than others.3. Infectious disease, malaria, various tropical disease, TB, etc.4. Chemical and subtance – vitamin deficiencie, mineral deficiencies, poisoning.

Standard that can be used in a safety and health management system (SMK3) are:

HASAS 18000/18001 occupational health and safety management . Voluntary protective program BS 8800 Five star system International safety rating system (ISRS) Safety map DP 96311 Aposho standar 1000 AS/N2s 4808 Peraturan menteri tenaga kerja no. per. 05/Men/1996 (SMK3 yang berbentuk peraturan

perundang – undangan)

Theories of accident causationDomino theory:

Herbert henrich – Travelers insurance – 1920’s Two control points

Accident An occurance associated with the operation of an aircraft which take place between the time

any person boards the aircraft with the intention of flight until such time as all such persons have disembarkd, in which a person fatality or seriously injure as a result of CASR Part 1 rev 1.

Incident An occurance, other than an accident, associated with the operation of an aircraft which affects

or could affect the safety of operations. CASR Part 1 rev 1.

Cost/benefit considerationTypical common incident cost factors may be:

Operational 1. Flight delays2. Flight cancellations3. Runway obstructions4. Alternate passenger transportation5. Passenger accommodation6. Passenger complain7. Loss of revenue8. Ferry flight9. Crew change10. Training/Instruction11. Loss of reputation

Technical 1. Aircraft recovery2. Aircraft repair3. Test flight4. Incident investigation5. Technical documentation6. Aircraft on ground7. Lease of technical facilities8. Repair team 9. Repair team accommodation10. Training/instruction11. recertification

Safety requirements1. Prevent and reduce accident

2. Prevent, reduces and extinguish fires3. Prevent and reduce the danger of xplosion4. Gives the opportunity to save themselves at the time of fire5. Giving aid to accident6. Provide personal protective equipment to workers

Scope of OSH/K31. Every worker in the workplace2. Within the family / household3. In the community4. Compensation for care due to an accident

Occupational safety and health effect to personal and work environment1. Motivation2. Productivity3. Comfort4. Passion5. Suppress the occurance at accident6. Ergonomis7. Health8. Maintain equipment/tools9. Prevent fires

Preventive actions1. Layout2. Flow of work3. SOP (Standar Operating Procedure)4. Doctor5. OSH training6. Formation of section and special force7. Planning of the building, room, workshop, workplace standard8. Understanding of OSH9. DIcipline, obedience and submission10. Control, evaluation, and development11. Preplacement12. Periodical check13. Short and long term planning14. Education and training of potential occupational hazards

WORK SAFETY

CREATED BY : IRFANDI FIRMANSYAH ID : 83117563BATCH : BAM X