Work Measure
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Work Measurement
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Work Measurement
application of techniques designed to
establish the time for a qualified worker tocarry out a specified job at a defined level
of performance
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Why use Work Measurement
Set time standards for a job
Schedule work and allocate capacity
Labor content of items producedLabor content of items produced
Staffing needsStaffing needsCost and time estimatesCost and time estimates
Crew size and work balanceCrew size and work balance
Expected productionExpected production
Basis of wage incentive plansBasis of wage incentive plans
Efficiency of employeesEfficiency of employees
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Basic Procedure
Select
Record
Examine
Measure
Compile Define
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TechniquesTechniques
DirectDirect
Time studyTime study
Work samplingWork sampling
IndirectIndirect
Predetermined motion-time data systems (PTMS)Predetermined motion-time data systems (PTMS)
Elemental dataElemental data
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Time Study
work measurement technique for recording
the times and rates of working for the
elements of a specified job carried outunder specified conditions, and for
analysing the data so as to obtain the time
necessary for carrying out the job at adefined level of performance
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Rating
assessment of the workers rate of working
relative to the observers concept of the rate
corresponding to standard pace usually expressed in decimal form
a person working 10% faster than normal
would have a Performance Rating of 1.10 or110% of NT
working 10% slower, 0.90 or 90% of NT
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Time StudyTime Study
Involves timing a sample of a workersInvolves timing a sample of a workersperformance and using it to set a standardperformance and using it to set a standard
Requires trained and experiencedRequires trained and experiencedobserversobservers
Cannot be set before the work isCannot be set before the work isperformedperformed
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Time StudyTime Study
1.1. Define the task to be studiedDefine the task to be studied
2.2. Divide the task into precise elementsDivide the task into precise elements
3.3. Decide how many times to measure theDecide how many times to measure thetasktask
4.4. Time and record element times and ratingTime and record element times and ratingof performanceof performance
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Time StudyTime Study
5.5. Compute average observed timeCompute average observed time
AverageAverageobservedobservedtimetime
Sum of the times recorded toSum of the times recorded to
perform each elementperform each elementNumber of observationsNumber of observations
==
6.6. Determine performance rating andDetermine performance rating andnormal timenormal time
Normal time =Normal time =AverageAverageobservedobserved
timetime
PerformancePerformancerating factorrating factor
xx
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7.7. Add the normal times for each element toAdd the normal times for each element todevelop the total normal time for the taskdevelop the total normal time for the task
8.8. Compute the standard timeCompute the standard time
Standard time =Standard time = Total normal timeTotal normal time1 - Allowance factor1 - Allowance factor
Standard time = NT(1 + Allowance factor)Standard time = NT(1 + Allowance factor)
Time StudyTime Study
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Allowances
Personal
Needs
Basic
Fatigue
FixedAllowances
VariableAllowances
Relaxation
Contingency
Policy
Special
Total
Allowances
Stress & Strain
environmental
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Time Study Example 1
You want to determine the standard time forYou want to determine the standard time for
a job. The employee selected has produceda job. The employee selected has produced
20 units of product in an 8 hour day. You20 units of product in an 8 hour day. You
estimate that the employee worked about 10estimate that the employee worked about 10percent faster than what is a normal pacepercent faster than what is a normal pace
for the job. Allowances for the jobfor the job. Allowances for the job
represent 25 percent of the normal time.represent 25 percent of the normal time. What are the normal and standard times forWhat are the normal and standard times for
this job?this job?
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Time Study Example 1
Normal time = Time worked x (Perf. rating)
Number of units produced
= (480 minutes/20) x (1.10)
= 26.4 minutes
Standard time = NT (1+ Allowances)
= (26.4) * (1+0.25)
= 33 minutes
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Time Study Example 2Time Study Example 2
Average observed time = 4.0 minutesAverage observed time = 4.0 minutesWorker rating = 85%Worker rating = 85%Allowance factor = 13% of total work periodAllowance factor = 13% of total work period
Normal time = (Average observed time) x (Rating factor)Normal time = (Average observed time) x (Rating factor)
= (4.0)(.85)= (4.0)(.85)
= 3.4 minutes= 3.4 minutes
Standard time = = =Standard time = = =Normal timeNormal time
1 - Allowance factor1 - Allowance factor
3.43.4
1 - .131 - .133.43.4
.87.87
= 3.9 minutes= 3.9 minutes
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Time Study Example 3Time Study Example 3
Allowance factor = 15% of total timeAllowance factor = 15% of total time
PerformancePerformanceJob ElementJob Element 11 22 33 44 55 RatingRating
(A)(A) Compose and type letterCompose and type letter 88 1010 99 21*21* 1111 120%120%
(B)(B) Type envelope addressType envelope address 22 33 22 11 33 105%105%
(C)(C) Stuff, stamp, seal, andStuff, stamp, seal, and 22 11 5*5* 22 11 110%110%sort envelopessort envelopes
Cycle Observed (in minutes)Cycle Observed (in minutes)
1.1. Delete unusual or nonrecurring observations (marked with *)Delete unusual or nonrecurring observations (marked with *)2.2. Compute average times for each elementCompute average times for each element
Average time for A = (8 + 10 + 9 + 11)/4 = 9.5 minutesAverage time for A = (8 + 10 + 9 + 11)/4 = 9.5 minutes
Average time for B = (2 + 3 + 2 + 1 + 3)/5 = 2.2 minutesAverage time for B = (2 + 3 + 2 + 1 + 3)/5 = 2.2 minutes
Average time for C = (2 + 1 + 2 + 1)/4 = 1.5 minutesAverage time for C = (2 + 1 + 2 + 1)/4 = 1.5 minutes
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3.3. Compute the normal time for each elementCompute the normal time for each element
Normal time for A = (9.5)(1.2) = 11.4 minutesNormal time for A = (9.5)(1.2) = 11.4 minutesNormal time for B = (2.2)(1.05) = 2.31 minutesNormal time for B = (2.2)(1.05) = 2.31 minutes
Normal time for C = (1.5)(1.10) = 1.65 minutesNormal time for C = (1.5)(1.10) = 1.65 minutes
Normal time = (Average observed time) x (Rating)Normal time = (Average observed time) x (Rating)
4.4. Add the normal times to find the total normal timeAdd the normal times to find the total normal time
Total normal time = 11.40 + 2.31 + 1.65 = 15.36 minutesTotal normal time = 11.40 + 2.31 + 1.65 = 15.36 minutes
Time Study Example 3Time Study Example 3
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5.5. Compute the standard time for the jobCompute the standard time for the job
Standard time =Standard time =Total normal timeTotal normal time
1 - Allowance factor1 - Allowance factor
= = 18.07 minutes= = 18.07 minutes15.3615.36
1 - .151 - .15
Time Study Example 3Time Study Example 3
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Determine Sample SizeDetermine Sample Size
How accurate we want to beHow accurate we want to be
The desired level of confidenceThe desired level of confidence
How much variation exists within the jobHow much variation exists within the job
elementselements
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Required sample size = n =Required sample size = n =
22zszs
hxhx
wherewhere hh == accuracy level desired in percentaccuracy level desired in percentof the job element expressed as a decimalof the job element expressed as a decimal
zz == number of standard deviationsnumber of standard deviationsrequired for the desired level of confidencerequired for the desired level of confidence
ss == standard deviation of the initialstandard deviation of the initialsamplesample
xx == mean of the initial samplemean of the initial sample
nn == required sample sizerequired sample size
Determine Sample SizeDetermine Sample Size
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Required sample size = n =Required sample size = n =
22zszs
hxhxDesiredConfidence
(%)
z Value(standard deviation required for
desired level of confidence)
90.0 1.65
95.0 1.96
95.45 2.00
99.0 2.58
99.73 3.00
Common z Values
Determine Sample SizeDetermine Sample Size
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Time Study Example 4Time Study Example 4
Desired accuracy with 5%Desired accuracy with 5%Confidence level = 95%Confidence level = 95%Sample standard deviation = 1.0Sample standard deviation = 1.0Sample mean = 3.00Sample mean = 3.00
n =n =
22zszs
hxhx
n = = 170.74 171n = = 170.74 171
221.96 x 1.01.96 x 1.0
.05 x 3.05 x 3
h = .05h = .05 x = 3.00x = 3.00 s = 1.0s = 1.0
z = 1.96z = 1.96
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n =n =
22zszs
ee
If desired accuracy h is expressed as an absolute amount,If desired accuracy h is expressed as an absolute amount,substitute e for hx, where e is the absolute amount ofsubstitute e for hx, where e is the absolute amount of
acceptable erroracceptable error
VariationsVariations
When the standard deviation s is not provided, it mustWhen the standard deviation s is not provided, it mustbe computedbe computed
s = =s = =(x(xii - x)- x)
22 (Each sample observation - x)(Each sample observation - x)22
n - 1n - 1 Number in sample - 1Number in sample - 1
Determine Sample SizeDetermine Sample Size
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Work SamplingWork Sampling
Estimates percent of time a worker spendsEstimates percent of time a worker spendson various taskson various tasks
Requires random observations to recordRequires random observations to recordworker activityworker activity
Determines how employees allocate theirDetermines how employees allocate theirtimetime
Can be used to set staffing levels, reassignCan be used to set staffing levels, reassignduties, estimate costs, and set delayduties, estimate costs, and set delayallowancesallowances
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Advantages of work samplingAdvantages of work sampling
Less expensive than time studyLess expensive than time study
Observers need little trainingObservers need little training
Studies can be delayed or interrupted withStudies can be delayed or interrupted withlittle impact on resultslittle impact on results
Worker has littleWorker has littlechance to affectchance to affectresultsresults
Less intrusiveLess intrusive
Work SamplingWork Sampling
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Disadvantages of work samplingDisadvantages of work sampling
Does not divide work elements as completelyDoes not divide work elements as completely
as time studyas time studyCan yield biased results if observer does notCan yield biased results if observer does not
follow random patternfollow random pattern
Less accurate, especially whenLess accurate, especially whenjob element times are shortjob element times are short
Work SamplingWork Sampling
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1.1. Take a preliminary sample to obtainTake a preliminary sample to obtainestimates of parameter valuesestimates of parameter values
2.2. Compute the sample size requiredCompute the sample size required3.3. Prepare a schedule for random observationsPrepare a schedule for random observations
at appropriate timesat appropriate times
4.4. Observe and record worker activitiesObserve and record worker activities
5.5. Determine how workers spend their timeDetermine how workers spend their time
Work SamplingWork Sampling
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Determining the sample sizeDetermining the sample size
n =n =
zz22 p(1 - p)p(1 - p)
hh22
wherewhere nn == required sample sizerequired sample size
zz == standard normal deviate forstandard normal deviate for
desired confidence leveldesired confidence levelpp == estimated value of sampleestimated value of sampleproportionproportion
hh == acceptable error level inacceptable error level in
percentpercent
Work SamplingWork Sampling
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Work Sampling ExampleWork Sampling Example
Wants employees idle 25% of the timeWants employees idle 25% of the time
Sample should be accurate within 3%Sample should be accurate within 3%
Wants to have 95.45% confidence in the resultsWants to have 95.45% confidence in the results
n =n = zz22 p(1 - p)p(1 - p)
hh22
wherewhere nn == required sample sizerequired sample size
zz == 2 for a 95.45% confidence level2 for a 95.45% confidence level
pp == estimate of idle proportion =estimate of idle proportion =25% = .2525% = .25
hh == acceptable error of 3% = .03acceptable error of 3% = .03
n = = 833 observationsn = = 833 observations(2)(2)22 (.25)(.75)(.25)(.75)
(.03)(.03)22
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No. ofNo. ofObservationsObservations
ActivityActivity
485485 On the phone or meeting with a welfare clientOn the phone or meeting with a welfare client
126126 IdleIdle
6262 Personal timePersonal time
2323 Discussions with supervisorDiscussions with supervisor
137137 Filing, meeting, and computer data entryFiling, meeting, and computer data entry
833833
All but idle and personal time are work related.All but idle and personal time are work related.
Percentage idle time = (126 + 62)/833 = 22.6%.Percentage idle time = (126 + 62)/833 = 22.6%.
Since this is less than the target value of 25%, theSince this is less than the target value of 25%, theworkload needs to be adjusted.workload needs to be adjusted.
Work Sampling ExampleWork Sampling Example
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Work Sampling Time StudiesWork Sampling Time Studies
SalespeopleSalespeople
TelephoneTelephonesalessales12%12%
TelephoneTelephonewithin firmwithin firm
13%13%
Lunch andLunch andpersonalpersonal
10%10%
MeetingsMeetingsand otherand other
8%8%
Paperwork17%
Travel20%
Sales inperson
20%
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Predetermined Time StandardsPredetermined Time Standards
Divide manual work into small basic elementsDivide manual work into small basic elementsthat have established timesthat have established times
Can be done in a laboratory away from theCan be done in a laboratory away from theactual production operationactual production operation
Can be set beforeCan be set beforethe work is actuallythe work is actually
performedperformed
No performanceNo performanceratings are necessaryratings are necessary
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MTM ExampleMTM Example
Weight - less than 2 poundsWeight - less than 2 pounds
Conditions of GET - easyConditions of GET - easy
Place accuracy - approximatePlace accuracy - approximate
Distance range - 8 to 20 inchesDistance range - 8 to 20 inches
Element DescriptionElement Description ElementElement TimeTime
Get tube from rackGet tube from rack AA2AA2 3535
Get stopper, place on counterGet stopper, place on counter AA2AA2 3535
Get centrifuge tube, place at sample tableGet centrifuge tube, place at sample table AD2AD2 4545
Pour (3 seconds)Pour (3 seconds) PTPT 8383Place tubes in rack (simo)Place tubes in rack (simo) PC2PC2 4040
Total TMUTotal TMU 238238
.0006 x 238 =.0006 x 238 = Total standard minutesTotal standard minutes = .14= .14
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MTM TableMTM Table