WORK ROLE WORK ROLE TRANSITIONTRANSITION

OUT COME OF THE WORK OUT COME OF THE WORK ROLE TRANSITIONROLE TRANSITION

WORK LIFE CONFLICTWORK LIFE CONFLICT

What is What is

a conflict exists whenever incompatible activities a conflict exists whenever incompatible activities occur … one party’s action is interfering, occur … one party’s action is interfering, disrupting, obstructing, or in some other way disrupting, obstructing, or in some other way making another party’s actions less effective.making another party’s actions less effective.

Interpretations of ConflictInterpretations of Conflict

Conflict is…Conflict is… perceived differently by different peopleperceived differently by different people often perceived as badoften perceived as bad ““eliminate conflict in the workplace”eliminate conflict in the workplace” ““eliminate conflict from your daily life”eliminate conflict from your daily life”

Work-family conflict can arise fromWork-family conflict can arise from::

The time demands of one role that interfere with The time demands of one role that interfere with participation in the other role. participation in the other role.

The stress originating in one role that spills over into The stress originating in one role that spills over into the other role detracting from the quality of life in the other role detracting from the quality of life in that role. that role.

Behavior that is effective and appropriate in one role Behavior that is effective and appropriate in one role but is ineffective and inappropriate when transferred but is ineffective and inappropriate when transferred to the other role. to the other role.

There are two directions of work-family conflict: There are two directions of work-family conflict:

Work-to-family conflict occurs when experiences at Work-to-family conflict occurs when experiences at work interfere with family life. work interfere with family life.

Family-to-work conflict occurs when experiences in Family-to-work conflict occurs when experiences in the family interfere with work life.the family interfere with work life.

Work Over loadWork Over load

Few Examples at work placeFew Examples at work place

Examples of factors in the environment that Examples of factors in the environment that produce extensive work-family conflict: • produce extensive work-family conflict: • Pressures in the work environment: extensive, Pressures in the work environment: extensive, irregular, or inflexible work hours; extensive irregular, or inflexible work hours; extensive travel; work overload and other forms of job travel; work overload and other forms of job stress; interpersonal conflict at work; career stress; interpersonal conflict at work; career transitions; unsupportive supervisor or transitions; unsupportive supervisor or organization. organization.

Family Family

Pressures in the family environment: presence of Pressures in the family environment: presence of young children; primary responsibility for children; young children; primary responsibility for children; elder care responsibilities; interpersonal conflict elder care responsibilities; interpersonal conflict within the family unit; unsupportive family members.within the family unit; unsupportive family members.

Why does conflict arise? Why does conflict arise?

work and lifestyle “revolution” work and lifestyle “revolution” Dramatic demographic, social and economic Dramatic demographic, social and economic

changes changes

Out come of the work and lifestyle Out come of the work and lifestyle revolutionrevolution

(1) dual-income families, (1) dual-income families, (2) working heads of single-parent families,(2) working heads of single-parent families, (3) working women of all ages,(3) working women of all ages, (4) working mothers, particularly mothers of young children, (4) working mothers, particularly mothers of young children, (5) men with direct responsibility for family care, (5) men with direct responsibility for family care, (6) workers caring for elderly parents or relatives, and(6) workers caring for elderly parents or relatives, and (7) workers in the sandwich generation with responsibility for (7) workers in the sandwich generation with responsibility for

both child care and elder care. both child care and elder care.

The out of these changesThe out of these changes

Work life conflict = imbalance in work life Work life conflict = imbalance in work life demands demands

Why is work life conflict an issue?Why is work life conflict an issue?

A reshaping of the workforce (more women, more cultural A reshaping of the workforce (more women, more cultural diversity, aging of the baby boomers);diversity, aging of the baby boomers);

A recession (early 1990s) followed by a “jobless recovery;”A recession (early 1990s) followed by a “jobless recovery;” Government cutbacks and a diminished social safety net;Government cutbacks and a diminished social safety net; High unemployment rates;High unemployment rates; A greater need for both parents in a family to work to maintain A greater need for both parents in a family to work to maintain

a “decent” standard of living;a “decent” standard of living; A degradation in the quality of jobs and an increase in non-A degradation in the quality of jobs and an increase in non-

standard work;standard work; Increased automation of work processes; andIncreased automation of work processes; and Changing expectations around hours of work.Changing expectations around hours of work.

What are the forces that have What are the forces that have influenced work–life conflict ?influenced work–life conflict ?

1. 1. Demographic/Societal ForcesDemographic/Societal Forces The Percentage of the Population at Risk of The Percentage of the Population at Risk of

High Work–Life Conflict Has IncreasedHigh Work–Life Conflict Has Increased More Women in the Indian Labour ForceMore Women in the Indian Labour Force More Mothers in the Indian Labour ForceMore Mothers in the Indian Labour Force Women’s Employment Patterns Have Women’s Employment Patterns Have

Become Like Men’sBecome Like Men’s Changing Family Patterns: More Dual-Changing Family Patterns: More Dual-

Income FamiliesIncome Families

Changing Family Patterns: Fewer “Stay-at-Home” Changing Family Patterns: Fewer “Stay-at-Home” MomsMoms

Changing Family Patterns: More Single-Parent Changing Family Patterns: More Single-Parent FamiliesFamilies

More Indian Employees Have Elderly DependentsMore Indian Employees Have Elderly Dependents The Percentage of Indians Who Are Part of the The Percentage of Indians Who Are Part of the

Sandwich Generation Has IncreasedSandwich Generation Has Increased Smaller Families Mean Each Family Member Has Smaller Families Mean Each Family Member Has

Heavier DemandsHeavier Demands Caring from a Distance Increases Work–Life Caring from a Distance Increases Work–Life

ConflictConflict

Economic ForcesEconomic Forces Unemployment Due to Downsizing and Restructuring Unemployment Due to Downsizing and Restructuring

IncreasedIncreased Growth in Non-Standard Forms of WorkGrowth in Non-Standard Forms of Work Declines in Perceived Job SecurityDeclines in Perceived Job Security Technological Changes in the Nature of WorkTechnological Changes in the Nature of Work There Has Been a Polarization in Hours of Paid There Has Been a Polarization in Hours of Paid

EmploymentEmployment

The need to be seen as a “best practice” The need to be seen as a “best practice” organization.organization.

The Push to Become “Best Practice”The Push to Become “Best Practice” Employers Who Facilitate Work–Life Employers Who Facilitate Work–Life

Balance Are More Able to Recruit EmployeesBalance Are More Able to Recruit Employees Employers Who Facilitate Work–Life Employers Who Facilitate Work–Life

Balance Are More Able to Retain EmployeesBalance Are More Able to Retain Employees

Why does work life conflict arise and Why does work life conflict arise and what would be its outcome ?what would be its outcome ?

Work DemandsWork Demands Job TypeJob Type Time in WorkTime in Work Travel DemandsTravel Demands Time in EducationTime in Education Job StressJob Stress

IMBALANCE IN WORK LIFEIMBALANCE IN WORK LIFE Role OverloadRole Overload Role InterferenceRole Interference Role SpilloverRole Spillover

OUT COME OF THE CONFLICT OUT COME OF THE CONFLICT

Organizational OutcomesOrganizational Outcomes CommitmentCommitment Job SatisfactionJob Satisfaction Rating of OrganizationRating of Organization AbsenteeismAbsenteeism Intent to TurnoverIntent to Turnover

Family OutcomesFamily Outcomes Family SatisfactionFamily Satisfaction Family AdaptationFamily Adaptation Family IntegrationFamily Integration ParentingParenting

Individual OutcomesIndividual Outcomes Caregiver StrainCaregiver Strain Perceived StressPerceived Stress Depressed MoodDepressed Mood Life SatisfactionLife Satisfaction Perceived Physical HealthPerceived Physical Health BurnoutBurnout

Impact of conflictImpact of conflict

Negative Affectivity

Job Stress Work-to-Family Conflict

Family Stress Family-to-Work Conflict

Imbalance = StressImbalance = Stress

We all experience stress which can affect us in We all experience stress which can affect us in many different ways. A certain level of stree is many different ways. A certain level of stree is beneficial and stimulates to perform well but beneficial and stimulates to perform well but too much stress can inmair performancetoo much stress can inmair performance

High Stress = Health RisksHigh Stress = Health Risks 1.Emotional health suffers1.Emotional health suffers Depression, guilt, anxiety,Depression, guilt, anxiety, TensionTension SleeplessnessSleeplessness 2.Physical health risks2.Physical health risks increaseincrease High blood pressure andHigh blood pressure and High cholesterolHigh cholesterol Headaches and other illnessHeadaches and other illness Alcohol or drug useAlcohol or drug use SuicideSuicide

Techniques to Manage StressTechniques to Manage Stress

ExerciseExercise Relaxation and MeditationRelaxation and Meditation Time management Time management Organizational skills Organizational skills Support systems Support systems

How can I get help with stress management?How can I get help with stress management?

Check in with your doctorCheck in with your doctor Consider counselingConsider counseling Spend time with those you loveSpend time with those you love Take a courseTake a course

Thank QThank Q