Word building
-
Upload
adrianciupeelt -
Category
Documents
-
view
232 -
download
2
description
Transcript of Word building
![Page 1: Word building](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020212/579070ad1a28ab68749e9b6f/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
ENGLISH SKILLS TUTORIAL
© Adrian.Ciupe.ELT
![Page 2: Word building](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020212/579070ad1a28ab68749e9b6f/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
WORD BUILDING
© Adrian.Ciupe.ELT
![Page 3: Word building](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020212/579070ad1a28ab68749e9b6f/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Finally, they decided to go into PARTNER and start their own business.
1BUILDING NEW WORDS STARTING FROM A PROMPT WORD
© Adrian.Ciupe.ELT
![Page 4: Word building](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020212/579070ad1a28ab68749e9b6f/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Finally, they decided to go into PARTNER > PARTNERSHIP and start their own business.
1BUILDING NEW WORDS STARTING FROM A PROMPT WORD
With a suffix...
© Adrian.Ciupe.ELT
![Page 5: Word building](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020212/579070ad1a28ab68749e9b6f/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Job interviewers should ideally be PARTIAL > IMPARTIAL to all candidates.
1BUILDING NEW WORDS STARTING FROM A PROMPT WORD
With a prefix...
© Adrian.Ciupe.ELT
![Page 6: Word building](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020212/579070ad1a28ab68749e9b6f/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Job interviewers should ideally demonstrate PARTIAL > IMPARTIALITY towards all candidates.
1BUILDING NEW WORDS STARTING FROM A PROMPT WORD
With both a prefix and a suffix...
© Adrian.Ciupe.ELT
![Page 7: Word building](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020212/579070ad1a28ab68749e9b6f/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
The closure of the factory caused a public CRY > OUTCRY.
1BUILDING NEW WORDS STARTING FROM A PROMPT WORD
With an adverbial particle as a prefix...
© Adrian.Ciupe.ELT
![Page 8: Word building](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020212/579070ad1a28ab68749e9b6f/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Keep the device on STAND > STANDBY if you want to be able to use it immediately.
1BUILDING NEW WORDS STARTING FROM A PROMPT WORD
With an adverbial particle as a suffix.
© Adrian.Ciupe.ELT
![Page 9: Word building](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020212/579070ad1a28ab68749e9b6f/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
2FOUR ESSENTIAL STEPS IN WORD BUILDING
© Adrian.Ciupe.ELT
![Page 10: Word building](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020212/579070ad1a28ab68749e9b6f/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Without any other option, they decided to file for BANKRUPT > BANKRUPTCY.
2FOUR ESSENTIAL STEPS IN WORD BUILDING
STEP 1: Based on the context, find out what part of speech you need. Is it a noun, a verb, an adjective or an adverb?
In the example above, you need a noun.
© Adrian.Ciupe.ELT
![Page 11: Word building](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020212/579070ad1a28ab68749e9b6f/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
We will have to MODERN > MODERNISE our approaches to clients.
2FOUR ESSENTIAL STEPS IN WORD BUILDING
STEP 1: Based on the context, find out what part of speech you need. Is it a noun, a verb, an adjective or an adverb?
In the example above, you need a verb.
© Adrian.Ciupe.ELT
![Page 12: Word building](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020212/579070ad1a28ab68749e9b6f/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
All SATISFY > DISSATISFIED customers can call our helpline free of charge.
2FOUR ESSENTIAL STEPS IN WORD BUILDING
STEP 1: Based on the context, find out what part of speech you need. Is it a noun, a verb, an adjective or an adverb?
In the example above, you need an adjective.
© Adrian.Ciupe.ELT
![Page 13: Word building](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020212/579070ad1a28ab68749e9b6f/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
We will deal with these matters as PROFESSION > PROFESSIONALLY as we can.
2FOUR ESSENTIAL STEPS IN WORD BUILDING
STEP 1: Based on the context, find out what part of speech you need. Is it a noun, a verb, an adjective or an adverb?
In the example above, you need an adverb.
© Adrian.Ciupe.ELT
![Page 14: Word building](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020212/579070ad1a28ab68749e9b6f/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
2FOUR ESSENTIAL STEPS IN WORD BUILDING
STEP 2: The second step is to decide in which of its grammatical forms you must use the part of speech (noun, verb, adjective, adverb).
The context will help you again.
© Adrian.Ciupe.ELT
![Page 15: Word building](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020212/579070ad1a28ab68749e9b6f/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Many business PARTNER > PARTNERSHIPS end in disaster.
2FOUR ESSENTIAL STEPS IN WORD BUILDING
STEP 2: The second step is to decide in which of its grammatical forms you must use the part of speech (noun, verb, adjective, adverb).
The context will help you again.
If it’s a noun, is it singular or plural?
© Adrian.Ciupe.ELT
![Page 16: Word building](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020212/579070ad1a28ab68749e9b6f/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Could you give me more INFORM > INFORMATION about the project?
2FOUR ESSENTIAL STEPS IN WORD BUILDING
STEP 2: The second step is to decide in which of its grammatical forms you must use the part of speech (noun, verb, adjective, adverb).
The context will help you again.
If it’s a noun, also remember that uncountable nouns are always singular in form.
© Adrian.Ciupe.ELT
![Page 17: Word building](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020212/579070ad1a28ab68749e9b6f/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
If she UNDERSTAND > MISUNDERSTANDS the information sent, she’ll have problems.
2FOUR ESSENTIAL STEPS IN WORD BUILDING
STEP 2: The second step is to decide in which of its grammatical forms you must use the part of speech (noun, verb, adjective, adverb).
The context will help you again.
If it’s a verb, do you need the –s at the end, for the simple present (3rd person singular)?
© Adrian.Ciupe.ELT
![Page 18: Word building](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020212/579070ad1a28ab68749e9b6f/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
•
They have MODERN > MODERNISED their facilities.
We are in the process of MODERN > MODERNISING our facilities. 2FOUR ESSENTIAL STEPS IN WORD BUILDING
STEP 2: The second step is to decide in which of its grammatical forms you must use the part of speech (noun, verb, adjective, adverb).
The context will help you again.
If it’s a verb, do you need the –ing or the –ed form?
© Adrian.Ciupe.ELT
![Page 19: Word building](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020212/579070ad1a28ab68749e9b6f/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Unfortunately, you have UNDERSTAND > MISUNDERSTOOD
the whole procedure.
2FOUR ESSENTIAL STEPS IN WORD BUILDING
STEP 2: The second step is to decide in which of its grammatical forms you must use the part of speech (noun, verb, adjective, adverb).
The context will help you again.
If it’s a verb, is it an irregular verb and consequently, you must remember its past or past participle form?
© Adrian.Ciupe.ELT
![Page 20: Word building](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020212/579070ad1a28ab68749e9b6f/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
She’s much HAPPY > HAPPIER now that she knows she’ll be promoted soon.
Having been recently promoted,
she’s now the HAPPY > HAPPIEST employee in our department.
2FOUR ESSENTIAL STEPS IN WORD BUILDING
STEP 2: The second step is to decide in which of its grammatical forms you must use the part of speech (noun, verb, adjective, adverb).
The context will help you again.
If it’s an adjective, do you need the comparative or superlative form?
© Adrian.Ciupe.ELT
![Page 21: Word building](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020212/579070ad1a28ab68749e9b6f/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
As a market leader, we offer the GOOD > BEST products available.
2FOUR ESSENTIAL STEPS IN WORD BUILDING
STEP 2: The second step is to decide in which of its grammatical forms you must use the part of speech (noun, verb, adjective, adverb).
The context will help you again.
If it’s an adjective, are its comparative and superlative forms irregular?
© Adrian.Ciupe.ELT
![Page 22: Word building](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020212/579070ad1a28ab68749e9b6f/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
She performed the GOOD > BEST of all candidates.
2FOUR ESSENTIAL STEPS IN WORD BUILDING
STEP 2: The second step is to decide in which of its grammatical forms you must use the part of speech (noun, verb, adjective, adverb).
The context will help you again.
If it’s an adverb, just like in the case of adjectives, are its comparative and superlative forms irregular?
© Adrian.Ciupe.ELT
![Page 23: Word building](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020212/579070ad1a28ab68749e9b6f/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
2FOUR ESSENTIAL STEPS IN WORD BUILDING
STEP 3: Find out if the meaning is positive or negative (this only concerns prefixes). Again, you will find clues in the context.
© Adrian.Ciupe.ELT
![Page 24: Word building](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020212/579070ad1a28ab68749e9b6f/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Our profits show an increase, so we’ll be quite SUCCESS > SUCCESSFUL entering a new market.
2FOUR ESSENTIAL STEPS IN WORD BUILDING
STEP 3: Find out if the meaning is positive or negative (this only concerns prefixes). Again, you will find clues in the context.
If the overall context is positive, you will need a positive word!
© Adrian.Ciupe.ELT
![Page 25: Word building](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020212/579070ad1a28ab68749e9b6f/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Due to the recession we have been SUCCESS > UNSUCCESSFUL in launching new products lately.
2FOUR ESSENTIAL STEPS IN WORD BUILDING
STEP 3: Find out if the meaning is positive or negative (this only concerns prefixes). Again, you will find clues in the context.
If the overall context is negative, you will need a negative word!
© Adrian.Ciupe.ELT
![Page 26: Word building](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020212/579070ad1a28ab68749e9b6f/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
2FOUR ESSENTIAL STEPS IN WORD BUILDING
STEP 4: Now you are almost ready...
However, before making your final decision, you must remember some more rules and exceptions!
© Adrian.Ciupe.ELT
![Page 27: Word building](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020212/579070ad1a28ab68749e9b6f/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
3HOW ADJECTIVES ARE USED
© Adrian.Ciupe.ELT
![Page 28: Word building](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020212/579070ad1a28ab68749e9b6f/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
This is quite an INFORM > INFORMATIVE report.
I found the report quite INFORM > INFORMATIVE.
The report is well researched and it is quite INFORM > INFORMATIVE as well.
3HOW ADJECTIVES ARE USED
Most adjectives can be used in front of a noun or after a noun or a pronoun.
© Adrian.Ciupe.ELT
![Page 29: Word building](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020212/579070ad1a28ab68749e9b6f/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
4IRREGULAR ADJECTIVES
© Adrian.Ciupe.ELT
![Page 30: Word building](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020212/579070ad1a28ab68749e9b6f/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
GOOD > BETTER > (the) BEST
BAD > WORSE > (the) WORST
etc. 4IRREGULAR ADJECTIVES
Some adjectives have irregular comparative and superlative forms.
A good dictionary will tell you this. There are very few such cases.
© Adrian.Ciupe.ELT
![Page 31: Word building](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020212/579070ad1a28ab68749e9b6f/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
5HOW ADVERBS ARE USED
© Adrian.Ciupe.ELT
![Page 32: Word building](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020212/579070ad1a28ab68749e9b6f/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Please do this job as PROFESSION > PROFESSIONALLY as you can.
That was a PROFESSION > PROFESSIONALLY done piece of work.
Doing such things PROFESSION > PROFESSIONALLY would require lots of skills.
5HOW ADVERBS ARE USED
An adverb must be used with all verb forms referring to actions.
© Adrian.Ciupe.ELT
![Page 33: Word building](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020212/579070ad1a28ab68749e9b6f/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
She became more PROFESSION > PROFESSIONAL based on her extensive experience in the field.
5HOW ADVERBS ARE USED
An adverb must be used with all verb forms referring to actions.
If the verb form describes a state or a quality, you must use an adjective instead!
© Adrian.Ciupe.ELT
![Page 34: Word building](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020212/579070ad1a28ab68749e9b6f/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Our boss is HIGH > HIGHLY suspicious of immodest employees.
5HOW ADVERBS ARE USED
An adverb must be used when you want to intensify the quality of an adjective.
Using another adjective in this case would be incorrect!
© Adrian.Ciupe.ELT
![Page 35: Word building](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020212/579070ad1a28ab68749e9b6f/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
She accomplished her task PERFECT > PERFECTLY well.
5HOW ADVERBS ARE USED
An adverb must be used when you want to intensify the quality of another adverb.
Using an adjective in this case would be incorrect!
© Adrian.Ciupe.ELT
![Page 36: Word building](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020212/579070ad1a28ab68749e9b6f/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
FRANK > FRANKLY, you have disappointed me.
5HOW ADVERBS ARE USED
An adverb must be used when you make a personal comment on the facts stated in a whole sentence. The adverb is separated from the rest of the
sentence by a comma (`,`).
Using an adjective in this case would be incorrect!
© Adrian.Ciupe.ELT
![Page 37: Word building](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020212/579070ad1a28ab68749e9b6f/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
ECONOMY > ECONOMICALLY, Romania is improving.
5HOW ADVERBS ARE USED
An adverb must be used when you announce or summarise the topic of a whole sentence. The adverb is separated from the rest of the sentence by a
comma (`,`).
Using an adjective in this case would be incorrect!
© Adrian.Ciupe.ELT
![Page 38: Word building](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020212/579070ad1a28ab68749e9b6f/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
6IRREGULAR ADVERBS
© Adrian.Ciupe.ELT
![Page 39: Word building](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020212/579070ad1a28ab68749e9b6f/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
WELL > BETTER > (the) BEST,
BADLY > WORSE > (the) WORST
etc. 6IRREGULAR ADVERBS
Some adverbs (not many), like in the case of adjectives, have irregular comparative and superlative forms.
A good dictionary will tell you this. There are very few such cases.
© Adrian.Ciupe.ELT
![Page 40: Word building](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020212/579070ad1a28ab68749e9b6f/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
7CONFUSING –LY WORDS
© Adrian.Ciupe.ELT
![Page 41: Word building](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020212/579070ad1a28ab68749e9b6f/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
He has dealt with the matter quite PROFESSIONAL > PROFESSIONALLY.
7 CONFUSING –LY WORDS
Usually, -ly words are adverbs.
Such adverbs are formed by adding –ly to an adjective.
© Adrian.Ciupe.ELT
![Page 42: Word building](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020212/579070ad1a28ab68749e9b6f/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
As a boss, he’s quite FRIEND > FRIENDLY.
Their products are good quality but a bit COST > COSTLY.
What a LOVE > LOVELY day! 7 CONFUSING –LY WORDS
Sometimes, -ly words are adjectives.
Such adjectives are formed by adding –ly to a noun.
© Adrian.Ciupe.ELT
![Page 43: Word building](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020212/579070ad1a28ab68749e9b6f/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
This procedure is performed on a DAY > DAILY (= adjective) basis.
This procedure is performed DAY > DAILY (= adverb).
7 CONFUSING –LY WORDS
Sometimes, -ly words can be either adjectives or adverbs.
Such words are formed by adding –ly to a noun and they usually refer to periods of time.
© Adrian.Ciupe.ELT
![Page 44: Word building](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020212/579070ad1a28ab68749e9b6f/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
HOUR > HOURLY, DAY > DAILY,
WEEK > WEEKLY, MONTH > MONTHLY, YEAR > YEARLY
7 CONFUSING –LY WORDS
Sometimes, -ly words can be either adjectives or adverbs.
Such words are formed by adding –ly to a noun and they usually refer to periods of time.
Here are some more such examples.
© Adrian.Ciupe.ELT
![Page 45: Word building](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020212/579070ad1a28ab68749e9b6f/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
This newspaper is a DAY > DAILY.
What DAY > DAILIES do you read?
7 CONFUSING –LY WORDS
In very few cases, -ly words can be nouns .
Such words are formed by adding –ly to a noun and
they are used as short forms of adjective + noun expressions.
This is the only such exception you need to remember!
© Adrian.Ciupe.ELT
![Page 46: Word building](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020212/579070ad1a28ab68749e9b6f/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
8CONFUSING ADJECTIVE SUFFIXES:
-IC AND –ICAL
© Adrian.Ciupe.ELT
![Page 47: Word building](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020212/579070ad1a28ab68749e9b6f/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
8CONFUSING ADJECTIVE SUFFIXES:
-IC AND –ICAL
Some adjectives can end either in –ic or in –ical.
In such cases, there is usually a difference in meaning.
© Adrian.Ciupe.ELT
![Page 48: Word building](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020212/579070ad1a28ab68749e9b6f/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Romania’s ECONOMY > ECONOMIC situation is not very good now.
She’s a very ECONOMY > ECONOMICAL person.
She likes her car because it’s very ECONOMIC > ECONOMICAL.
8CONFUSING ADJECTIVE SUFFIXES:
-IC AND –ICAL
Economic refers to the economy.
Economical means `not wasting something` (money, fuel, resources etc.).
Confusing these two adjectives is a serious usage mistake!
© Adrian.Ciupe.ELT
![Page 49: Word building](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020212/579070ad1a28ab68749e9b6f/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
The Moon landing was a HISTORY > HISTORIC achievement for
humanity.
Today we are witnessing a HISTORY > HISTORIC moment for our company: the merger with CDRTVV2 Recordings Ltd.
While on holiday she saw quite a lot of
places of HISTORY > HISTORICAL interest.
8CONFUSING ADJECTIVE SUFFIXES:
-IC AND –ICAL
Historic refers to something `very important` (so that some day it will be recorded as part of history).
Historical means `related to the past` or `connected to the study of history`.
Confusing these two adjectives is a serious usage mistake!
© Adrian.Ciupe.ELT
![Page 50: Word building](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020212/579070ad1a28ab68749e9b6f/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
GEOGRAPHY > GEOGRAPHIC / GEOGRAPHICAL
SCIENCE > SCIENTIFIC / SCIENTIFICAL
METHOD > METHODIC / METHODICAL
8CONFUSING ADJECTIVE SUFFIXES:
-IC AND –ICAL
Some adjectives can end only in –ic, only in –ical or in both (– ic or –ical, without any difference in meaning).
Whenever you’re not sure, check a good dictionary!
© Adrian.Ciupe.ELT
![Page 51: Word building](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020212/579070ad1a28ab68749e9b6f/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Romania still has some ECONOMY > ECONOMIC problems. ECONOMY > ECONOMICALLY, Romania still has problems.
She’s a very ECONOMY > ECONOMICAL spender.
She spends her money very ECONOMY > ECONOMICALLY. 9CONFUSING ADVERB SUFFIXES:
-ICALLY AND –ICLY
In most cases, the adverbs formed from –ic or –ical adjectives
will all end in –ically.
© Adrian.Ciupe.ELT
![Page 52: Word building](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020212/579070ad1a28ab68749e9b6f/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
The employees wanted to protest PUBLIC > PUBLICLY.
9CONFUSING ADVERB SUFFIXES:
-ICALLY AND –ICLY
In extremely few cases, the adverbs formed from –ic or –ical adjectives
will end in –icly.
The example above is the only exception you need to remember!
© Adrian.Ciupe.ELT
![Page 53: Word building](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020212/579070ad1a28ab68749e9b6f/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
10CONFUSING NOUN SUFFIXES:
-ER AND -EE
© Adrian.Ciupe.ELT
![Page 54: Word building](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020212/579070ad1a28ab68749e9b6f/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
An EMPLOY > EMPLOYER employs EMPLOY > EMPLOYEES.
A TRAIN > TRAINER trains TRAIN > TRAINEES.
10CONFUSING NOUN SUFFIXES:
-ER AND -EE
As a rule, –er nouns refer to the `doer` of an action, whereas –ee nouns describe things or people suffering an action.
© Adrian.Ciupe.ELT
![Page 55: Word building](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020212/579070ad1a28ab68749e9b6f/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
11CONFUSING NOUN SUFFIXES:
-ER AND -OR
© Adrian.Ciupe.ELT
![Page 56: Word building](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020212/579070ad1a28ab68749e9b6f/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
She works as a software DEVELOP > DEVELOPER.
We finally found a CONTRACT > CONTRACTOR who agreed to repair our roof.
11CONFUSING NOUN SUFFIXES:
-ER AND -OR
As a rule, –er nouns are more common than –or nouns.
Whenever you’re not sure, check a good dictionary!
© Adrian.Ciupe.ELT
![Page 57: Word building](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020212/579070ad1a28ab68749e9b6f/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
12CONFUSING NOUN / ADJECTIVE SUFFIXES:
-ENT / -ANT, -ENCE (-ENCY) / -ANCE (-ANCY)
© Adrian.Ciupe.ELT
![Page 58: Word building](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020212/579070ad1a28ab68749e9b6f/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
affluent, ambient, benevolent, coherent, competent, complacent, confident, consequent, consistent, convenient, dependent, different, equivalent, evident,
excellent, existent, impatient, incompetent, independent, obedient, patient, permanent, persistent, recurrent, resident etc.
12CONFUSING NOUN / ADJECTIVE SUFFIXES:
-ENT / -ANT, -ENCE (-ENCY) / -ANCE (-ANCY)
There are no rules as to which suffix should be used and why. The only logic you can rely on is that –ent words will have –ence (or –ency) corresponding
nouns; –ant words will have –ance (or –ancy) corresponding nouns.
Above, see some common –ent words.
© Adrian.Ciupe.ELT
![Page 59: Word building](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020212/579070ad1a28ab68749e9b6f/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
abundant, arrogant, assistant, brilliant, compliant, defiant, distant, dominant, hesitant, important, instant, intolerant, irrelevant, resistant, significant, tolerant,
unimportant etc.
12CONFUSING NOUN / ADJECTIVE SUFFIXES:
-ENT / -ANT, -ENCE (-ENCY)/ -ANCE (-ANCY)
There are no rules as to which suffix should be used and why. The only logic you can rely on is that –ent words will have –ence (or –ency) corresponding
nouns; –ant words will have –ance (or –ancy) corresponding nouns.
Above, see some common –ant words.
© Adrian.Ciupe.ELT
![Page 60: Word building](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020212/579070ad1a28ab68749e9b6f/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
13CONFUSING NOUN SUFFIXES:
-ENCE (-ENCY)/ -ANCE (-ANCY)
© Adrian.Ciupe.ELT
![Page 61: Word building](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020212/579070ad1a28ab68749e9b6f/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
absence, coincidence, competence, confidence, conscience, convenience, correspondence, dependence, difference, disobedience, evidence, existence, inconvenience, independence, indifference, innocence, intelligence, lenience,
patience, permanence, persistence, presence, residence, violence etc.
13CONFUSING NOUN SUFFIXES:
-ENCE (-ENCY)/ -ANCE (-ANCY)
There are no rules as to which suffix should be used and why. The only logic you can rely on is that –ent words will have –ence (or –ency) corresponding
nouns; –ant words will have –ance (or –ancy) corresponding nouns.
Above, see some common –ence nouns.
© Adrian.Ciupe.ELT
![Page 62: Word building](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020212/579070ad1a28ab68749e9b6f/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
agency, consistency, deficiency, efficiency, frequency, inefficiency, presidency, proficiency etc.
13CONFUSING NOUN SUFFIXES:
-ENCE (-ENCY)/ -ANCE (-ANCY)
There are no rules as to which suffix should be used and why. The only logic you can rely on is that –ent words will have –ence (or –ency) corresponding
nouns; –ant words will have –ance (or –ancy) corresponding nouns.
Above, see some common –ency nouns.
© Adrian.Ciupe.ELT
![Page 63: Word building](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020212/579070ad1a28ab68749e9b6f/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
abundance, acceptance, acquaintance, arrogance, assistance, attendance, compliance, defiance, distance, dominance, entrance, extravagance,
importance, relevance etc.
13CONFUSING NOUN SUFFIXES:
-ENCE (-ENCY)/ -ANCE (-ANCY)
There are no rules as to which suffix should be used and why. The only logic you can rely on is that –ent words will have –ence (or –ency) corresponding
nouns; –ant words will have –ance (or –ancy) corresponding nouns.
Above, see some common –ance nouns.
© Adrian.Ciupe.ELT
![Page 64: Word building](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020212/579070ad1a28ab68749e9b6f/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
accountancy, expectancy, infancy, irrelevancy, redundancy, vacancy etc.
13CONFUSING NOUN SUFFIXES:
-ENCE (-ENCY)/ -ANCE (-ANCY)
There are no rules as to which suffix should be used and why. The only logic you can rely on is that –ent words will have –ence (or –ency) corresponding
nouns; –ant words will have –ance (or –ancy) corresponding nouns.
Above, see some common –ancy nouns.
© Adrian.Ciupe.ELT
![Page 65: Word building](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020212/579070ad1a28ab68749e9b6f/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
14CONFUSING NOUN SUFFIXES:
-ABLE / -IBLE, -ABILITY / -IBILITY
© Adrian.Ciupe.ELT
![Page 66: Word building](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020212/579070ad1a28ab68749e9b6f/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
acceptable, accountable, achievable, adaptable, adorable, affordable,
applicable, available, avoidable, believable, breakable, changeable, comfortable, deniable, dependable, downloadable, employable, excusable, impassable,
impracticable, impressionable, improbable, indisputable, inevitable, intolerable, knowledgeable, manageable, negotiable, noticeable, portable, predictable,
preferable, probable, profitable, questionable, reasonable, respectable, suitable, unacceptable, unavoidable, uncomfortable, unmistakable,
unpredictable, unreliable, vulnerable etc.
14CONFUSING NOUN SUFFIXES:
-ABLE / -IBLE, -ABILITY / -IBILITY
There are no rules as to which suffix should be used and why. The only logic you can rely on is that –able adjectives will have –ability corresponding nouns;
–ible adjectives will have –ibility corresponding nouns.
Above, see some common –able adjectives.
© Adrian.Ciupe.ELT
![Page 67: Word building](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020212/579070ad1a28ab68749e9b6f/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
accessible, admissible, audible, combustible, compatible, comprehensible,
corruptible, credible, deductible, divisible, illegible, imperceptible, impossible, inaccessible, inaudible, incompatible, indestructible, indivisible, ineligible,
intangible, invisible, irresistible, negligible, perceptible, permissible, possible, responsible, sensible, visible etc.
14CONFUSING NOUN SUFFIXES:
-ABLE / -IBLE, -ABILITY / -IBILITY
There are no rules as to which suffix should be used and why. The only logic you can rely on is that –able adjectives will have –ability corresponding nouns;
–ible adjectives will have –ibility corresponding nouns.
Above, see some common –ible adjectives.
© Adrian.Ciupe.ELT
![Page 68: Word building](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020212/579070ad1a28ab68749e9b6f/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
15CONFUSING NEGATIVE PREFIXES:
UN-, IN-, IM-, IL-, IR-, DE-, DIS-, DYS-, MIS-, NON
© Adrian.Ciupe.ELT
![Page 69: Word building](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020212/579070ad1a28ab68749e9b6f/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
unacceptable, unaccustomed, unafraid, unattractive, unaware, unbalanced, unbearable, uncertain, unconscious, unimportant etc.
15CONFUSING NEGATIVE PREFIXES:
UN-, IN-, IM-, IL-, IR-, DE-, DIS-, DYS-, MIS-, NON
There are no rules as to which negative prefix should be used and why.
Above, see some common un – negative words.
© Adrian.Ciupe.ELT
![Page 70: Word building](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020212/579070ad1a28ab68749e9b6f/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
inaccurate, inaction, inadequate, inadvisable, inappropriate, inarticulate, inattention, inattentive, incapable, incomparable, inconclusive, inconvenient,
indescribable, indestructible, indeterminate, indifference, indifferent, inessential etc.
15CONFUSING NEGATIVE PREFIXES:
UN-, IN-, IM-, IL-, IR-, DE-, DIS-, DYS-, MIS-, NON
There are no rules as to which negative prefix should be used and why.
Above, see some common in– negative words.
© Adrian.Ciupe.ELT
![Page 71: Word building](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020212/579070ad1a28ab68749e9b6f/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
immaterial, immeasurable, immoral, immortal, immovable, impatient, imperfect, imperfection, implausible, impolite, imprecise, imprecision,
improbable, impure etc.
15CONFUSING NEGATIVE PREFIXES:
UN-, IN-, IM-, IL-, IR-, DE-, DIS-, DYS-, MIS-, NON
There are no rules as to which negative prefix should be used and why.
Above, see some common im– negative words.
© Adrian.Ciupe.ELT
![Page 72: Word building](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020212/579070ad1a28ab68749e9b6f/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
illegal, illegality, illegitimacy, illegitimate, illiberal, illiteracy, illiterate, illogical etc.
15CONFUSING NEGATIVE PREFIXES:
UN-, IN-, IM-, IL-, IR-, DE-, DIS-, DYS-, MIS-, NON
There are no rules as to which negative prefix should be used and why.
Above, see some common il– negative words.
© Adrian.Ciupe.ELT
![Page 73: Word building](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020212/579070ad1a28ab68749e9b6f/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
irrational, irrefutable, irregular, irrelevant, irresistible, irresolute, irresponsible, irretrievable, irreverent, irreversible etc.
15CONFUSING NEGATIVE PREFIXES:
UN-, IN-, IM-, IL-, IR-, DE-, DIS-, DYS-, MIS-, NON
There are no rules as to which negative prefix should be used and why.
Above, see some common ir– negative words.
© Adrian.Ciupe.ELT
![Page 74: Word building](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020212/579070ad1a28ab68749e9b6f/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)
decentred, deregulation, defrost, decompress, deface etc.
15CONFUSING NEGATIVE PREFIXES:
UN-, IN-, IM-, IL-, IR-, DE-, DIS-, DYS-, MIS-, NON
There are no rules as to which negative prefix should be used and why.
Above, see some common de– negative words.
© Adrian.Ciupe.ELT
![Page 75: Word building](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020212/579070ad1a28ab68749e9b6f/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
disability, disadvantage, disadvantageous, disapproving, disbelief, discharge, discomfort, discontent, discontented, discourteous, discourtesy, disfavour,
disgrace, dishonest, disloyal, disloyalty, disrespect, disrespectful, dissatisfied, disservice etc.
15CONFUSING NEGATIVE PREFIXES:
UN-, IN-, IM-, IL-, IR-, DE-, DIS-, DYS-, MIS-, NON
There are no rules as to which negative prefix should be used and why.
Above, see some common dis– negative words.
© Adrian.Ciupe.ELT
![Page 76: Word building](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020212/579070ad1a28ab68749e9b6f/html5/thumbnails/76.jpg)
dysfunction, dysfunctional, dystopia etc.
15CONFUSING NEGATIVE PREFIXES:
UN-, IN-, IM-, IL-, IR-, DE-, DIS-, DYS-, MIS-, NON
There are no rules as to which negative prefix should be used and why.
Above, see some common dys– negative words.
© Adrian.Ciupe.ELT
![Page 77: Word building](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020212/579070ad1a28ab68749e9b6f/html5/thumbnails/77.jpg)
misadventure, misapply, misbehave, misconceive, misdeed, misdirect,
mishandle, misinform, misinterpret, mismanage, misplace, mispronounce, misspell, mistrust, misunderstand etc.
15CONFUSING NEGATIVE PREFIXES:
UN-, IN-, IM-, IL-, IR-, DE-, DIS-, DYS-, MIS-, NON
There are no rules as to which negative prefix should be used and why.
Above, see some common mis– negative words.
© Adrian.Ciupe.ELT
![Page 78: Word building](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020212/579070ad1a28ab68749e9b6f/html5/thumbnails/78.jpg)
nonconformist, nonentity, nonexistent , nonsense, nonsensical, nonverbal etc.
15CONFUSING NEGATIVE PREFIXES:
UN-, IN-, IM-, IL-, IR-, DE-, DIS-, DYS-, MIS-, NON
There are no rules as to which negative prefix should be used and why.
Above, see some common non– negative words.
© Adrian.Ciupe.ELT
![Page 79: Word building](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020212/579070ad1a28ab68749e9b6f/html5/thumbnails/79.jpg)
15CONFUSING NEGATIVE PREFIXES:
UN-, IN-, IM-, IL-, IR-, DE-, DIS-, DYS-, MIS-, NON
There are no rules as to which negative prefix should be used and why. Because many dictionaries do not list opposites (= negative derivatives) together with the headword (= the base word that you look up), you may have to
check for correctness under the corresponding dictionary letter:
`D` (de-, dis-, dys-), `I` (il-, im-, in-, ir-), `M` (mis-), `N` (non-), `U` (un-).
© Adrian.Ciupe.ELT
![Page 80: Word building](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020212/579070ad1a28ab68749e9b6f/html5/thumbnails/80.jpg)
16SPELLING IRREGULAR DERIVATIVES
© Adrian.Ciupe.ELT
![Page 81: Word building](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020212/579070ad1a28ab68749e9b6f/html5/thumbnails/81.jpg)
STRONG (a) > STRENGTH (n) > (to) STRENGTHEN (v)
LONG (a) > LENGTH (n) > (to) LENGTHEN (v)
BROAD (a) > BREADTH (n) > (to) BROADEN (v)
WIDE (a) > WIDTH (n) > (to) WIDEN (v)
HIGH (a) > HEIGHT (n) > (to) HEIGHTEN (v)
(to) WEIGH (v) > WEIGHT (n)
16SPELLING IRREGULAR DERIVATIVES
The nouns and verb forms of a few very common adjectives have an irregular spelling.
Confusing these spellings is a very serious mistake! Remember the ones above!
© Adrian.Ciupe.ELT
![Page 82: Word building](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020212/579070ad1a28ab68749e9b6f/html5/thumbnails/82.jpg)
17WORDS NOT USED IN ENGLISH
© Adrian.Ciupe.ELT
![Page 83: Word building](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020212/579070ad1a28ab68749e9b6f/html5/thumbnails/83.jpg)
muscular (NOT musculous)
nervousness (NOT nervosity) professional (NOT professionist) – both noun and adjective
seriousness (NOT seriosity) spectacular (NOT spectaculous)
representative (NOT representant) – both noun and adjective
17WORDS NOT USED IN ENGLISH
You have already learnt that word building in English is not entirely logical. We use CURIOUS > CURIOSITY, but not NERVOUS > NERVOSITY! Or SERIOUS >
SERIOSITY! Above, see the most common learner mistakes.
When in doubt, check a dictionary!
© Adrian.Ciupe.ELT
![Page 84: Word building](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020212/579070ad1a28ab68749e9b6f/html5/thumbnails/84.jpg)
NOW YOU KNOW MORE ABOUT WORD BUILDING
© Adrian.Ciupe.ELT