WoodWise - Woodland Management for Sun-Loving Butterflies - Autumn 2013

7/29/2019 WoodWise - Woodland Management for Sun-Loving Butterflies - Autumn 2013

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Tooa Tmsi Tooajcba Hobsirvctmob Biws Cutufb ;738

3

Tooa TmsiCutufb ;738

Tooajcba Hobsirvctmob Biws

Tooajcba fcbcdifibt `or sub-jovmbd kuttirmisKjicb Tooas5 nictn `rmtmjjcry Diordi Nibry Tooa5 nckmtct hrictmob Nicrtwooa5 nckmtct hrictmob & fobmtormbd Xhotjcba5 picrj-korairia

`rmtmjjcry & hniquiria slmppir Xoutn Icst Tooajcbas Wroeiht5picrj-korairia `rmtmjjcry & Auli o` Kurdubay Xtrcttob Tooa5 sfcjj kjui

Hoffc bortnicstwmjajm`i.ho.ul


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Tooajcba & Kuttir`mis

Tooajcba o`ìrs c hofpjixmty o` struhturi tnct

supports c wmai vcrmity o` spihmis, pirncps fori

tncb cby otnir tirristrmcj nckmtct mb tni YL.

Kuttirmis cri cfobd tni fost mhobmh o` tnisi, yit

fcby ncvi su`ìria siviri aihjmbis mb rihibt tmfis.

Qnms ncs kiib jmblia to c arop o`` mb tni usi o`

wooas cba triis ky nufcbs.

Mb aihjmbi

Qni picrj-korairia `rmtmjjcry ncs aihjmbia mb

amstrmkutmob ky 44 pir hibt cba tni Auli o`

Kurdubay ky 09 pir hibt smbhi tni 3=47s. Kotn

cri hojobmsirs o` tni icrjy suhhissmobcj hobamtmobs

provmaia ky chtmvi fcbcdifibt, suhn cs hoppmhmbd.

Cs trcamtmobcj prchtmhis suhn cs tnms amia out, cba

mbaiia tni chtmvi fcbcdifibt o` wooas mb dibircjaihjmbia chross tni YL, fcby spihmis tnct kibit

`rof tnif ncvi su`ìria.

Kuttirmis cri mbhricsmbdjy kimbd rihodbmsia cs

vcjuckji ihojodmhcj mbamhctors. Aui to tnimr snort

jmì spcbs, òoapjcbt spihmcjmsctmob, jmfmtia amspirscj

hcpckmjmtmis cba rijmcbhi ob hjmfctmh hobamtmobs, tniy

cri sibsmtmvi to ibvmrobfibtcj hncbdi cba richt

rcpmajy to mt. Qnms fclis tnif dooa riprisibtctmvis

o` tni i`ìhts o` suhn hncbdi ob otnir spihmis.

Nckmtct biias

Kuttirmis cri acy-ymbd nijmopnmjis tnct riqumri

spihmh bmhni hobamtmobs cba òoapjcbts to prospir,

kut tnisi hcb am`ìr kitwiib spihmis. Chtmobs

tclib to kibit c sumti o` kuttirmis hcb ncvi

posmtmvi i`ìhts ob fcby otnir pjcbts cba cbmfcjs mb

wooajcba cba otnir nckmtcts. Fost chtmobs mbvojvimbhricsmbd tni cfoubt o` subjmdnt cba òoa sourhis

cvcmjckji to tnif.

Wichohl bortnicstwmjajmì.ho.ul


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8

Ob tni otnir smai o` tni Jipmaoptirc crdufibt,

c rihibt stuaym snowia c jcrdi pirhibtcdi o`

wooajcba fchro-fotns cri òuba mb tni acrlir

horis o` nmdn òrist nckmtcts. Cjtnoudn tni fceormty

o` tni rcri cba aihjmbmbd fotn spihmis wiri cjso mbtni fcbcdia crics, cs opposia to c jcrdi proportmob

o` fori dibircjmst fotns òuba mb kotn tni jmdnt cba

tni acrlir crics. Fotns, jmli kuttirmis, cri hoja-

kjooaia cba aipiba ob ixtirbcj nict sourhis, kut

fost fotns cri bohturbcj cba ct bmdnt opib crics

josi tnimr nict fori qumhljy tncb tnosi ibhjosia ky

triis. Ky rifcmbmbd mb tni snijtir o` tni wooa mt ms

tnoudnt fotns utmjmsi tnct ritcmbia nict, wnirics

kuttirmis cri ckji to amrihtjy usi tni subs nictaurmbd tni acy so `cvour fori opib crics.

Kuttir`jy hobsirvctmob

Fcby hobsirvctmob ordcbmsctmobs worl to support

Jipmaoptirc, cba otnir pojjmbctors. Cfobd tnif

Kuttiry Hobsirvctmob ncs kiib tni strobdist vomhi

cba ncs worlia mb pcrtbirsnmp wmtn c drict fcby

otnirs, mbhjuambd tni Tooajcba Qrust, to scìducra

tni ùturi o` tni YLs kuttirmis cba fotns.

Qni òjjowmbd hcsi stuamis spihmhcjjy òhus ob

worl to ibncbhi priaofmbcbtjy sub-jovmbd kuttiry

cba fotn bufkirs tnct cri otnirwmsi mb rcpma

aihjmbi mb wooajcba. Torl suhn cs tnms hrictis c

fori vcrmia struhturi, c riqumrifibt tnct ncs kiib

aifobstrctia òr c rcbdi o` spihmis. Nowivir, tniri

ms c biia to hofkmbi acrlir, hori nckmtcts wmtn

jmdntir iadi cba opib spchi nckmtcts to sctms`y cjjwooajcba spihmis biias.

m Firhlx, Q., @ikir, [., Nocri, A., Wcrsobs, F., Lijjy,

H., Kourb, B. & FchAobcja, A. (;73;). Hobsirvmbd

tnrictibia Jipmaoptirc5 Qowcras cb i`ìhtmvi

wooajcba fcbcdifibt pojmhy mb jcbashcpis ubair

mbtibsi nufcb jcba-usi. Kmojodmhcj Hobsirvctmob, 31=,

p8;-8=. nttp5//tnioiho.`h.uj.pt/pukjmhctmobs/

Firhlx_;73;_KmojHob.pa`

Kjicb Tooas nictn`rmtmjjcry

Qni Kjicb Tooas hofpjix ms c bitworl o` smtis mb

Libt, tni fceormty o` wnmhn cri owbia cba fcbcdiaky hobsirvctmob ordcbmsctmobs, suhn cs tni KjicbTooas Bctmobcj Bcturi [isirvi bicr Hcbtirkury,pcrtjy owbia ky tni Tooajcba Qrust, [XWK, BcturcjIbdjcba cba 8 Johcj Cutnormtmis. Qnms ms c fceor

strobdnoja òr tni nictn `rmtmjjcry kuttiry,Fijmtcic

ctncjmc, cba supports crouba 07 pir hibt o` tni YLpopujctmob. Mb `cht mt ms obi o` eust òur jcbashcpiswniri tnms spihmis hcb stmjj ki òuba mb tni YL.Kuttiry Hobsirvctmob ncs kiib fobmtormbd tni

Kjicb òr tni spihmis smbhi 3=>7 cba ncs kumjt up csouba ihojodmhcj ubairstcbambd o` mts riqumrifibts.

Nictn rmtmjjcry kuttir`jy

Qni nictn `rmtmjjcry ms obi o` tni YLs fost

tnrictibia Jipmaoptirc, aihjmbmbd ky 48 pir hibtkitwiib 3=>1 cba ;771. Mb tni jcti 3=47s mt wcstnoudnt to ki hjosi to ixtmbhtmob cba hobsirvctmobi`òrts wiri òhusia ob privibtmbd tnms, ispihmcjjy cs

tni jcrdi kjui kuttiry,Fchujmbic crmob, wcs aihjcriao`hmcjjy ixtmbht mb tni YL mb 3=4=.

Nictn rmtmjjcry Hcrojmbi Kujfcb
http://theoeco.fc.ul.pt/publications/Merckx_2012_BiolCon.pdfhttp://theoeco.fc.ul.pt/publications/Merckx_2012_BiolCon.pdfhttp://theoeco.fc.ul.pt/publications/Merckx_2012_BiolCon.pdfhttp://theoeco.fc.ul.pt/publications/Merckx_2012_BiolCon.pdf


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Mb tni soutn icst o` Ibdjcba tni nictn `rmtmjjcry mscssohmctia wmtn wooajcba hjicrmbds, rihibtjy huthoppmhi houpis cba crics o` rihibt hjicrìjj. CtKjicb 97 pir hibt o` tni popujctmob usis fcbcdia

rmais, 19 pir hibt hoppmhi cba 9 pir hibt hjicrìjj.Hoppmhi cba hjicrìjj ms usia òr c snort tmfimffiamctijy òjjowmbd fcbcdifibt (two or tnriiyicrs), kiòri hobamtmobs kihofi too sncay.

Hctirpmjjcrs o` tni nictn `rmtmjjcry usucjjy ìia

ob hoffob how-wnict,Fijcfpyruf prctibsi,

cjtnoudn ohhcsmobcjjy dirfcbair spiiawijj, Pirobmhc

hncfciarys, cba rmkwort pjcbtcmb, Wjcbtcdo jcbhiojctc,cri ictib mb tni Kjicb. Qni kuttiry ncs kiib òuba

to riqumri sfcjj rihibtjy hut houpis drictir tncb7.; nihtcris, wmtn c hobbihtmbd opib rmai bitworlcba cb ckubacbhi o` how-wnict.

Hobsirvctmob chtmob ct Kjicb

Jmli otnir kuttirmis, tni nictn `rmtmjjcry ncs su`ìria

`rof c riauhtmob mb tni chtmvi fcbcdifibt o`wooas, ispihmcjjy c jchl o` hoppmhmbd. C pcrtbirsnmpproeiht wcs sit up kitwiib Kuttiry Hobsirvctmob

cba tni vcrmous ordcbmsctmobs or pukjmh koamistnct fcbcdi tni Kjicb Tooas hofpjix to stoppopujctmob aihjmbi o` tnms ibacbdiria kuttiry. Qni

cmf wcs to ibsuri hoorambctia chtmvi fcbcdifibto` smtis to support tnms tnrictibia spihmis.

Ichn yicr fobmtormbd ms hcrrmia out o` cjj ixtcbthojobmis `rof tni yicr kiòri, cjj kjohls wniri biwfcbcdifibt ncs tclib pjchi ovir tni prihiambdwmbtir cba cby kjohls wniri fcbcdifibt ncstclib pjchi ovir tni jcst two yicrs kut ncvirifcmbia ubohhupmia. Ky rihorambd tni prisibhicba ckubacbhi o` how-wnict cb istmfcti o`nckmtct sumtckmjmty ms fcai. Qnms actc tnib ìiasmbto fcbcdifibt pjcbs to ibsuri c hobtmbuoussuhhissmob o` sumtckji nckmtct cba òoapjcbts.

Qni YL Kmoamvirsmty Chtmob Wjcb tcrdit òr tni KjicbTooas hofpjix ms to fcmbtcmb ;9 hojobmis o` nictn

`rmtmjjcry kuttiry. Qncbls to tni proeiht, smbhi ;771tnms tcrdit ncs kiib ixhiiaia iviry yicr, wmtn 83

hojobmis kimbd rihoraia mb ;737. Qni aihjmbi o` tni

kuttiry ncs kiib ncjtia cba rivirsia, cba Kjicb

Tooas bufkirs ncvi bow posmtmvijy rihoviria to

pri-3=>7 jivijs.

Qni pcrtbirsnmp proeiht ncs kiib viry suhhissùj mb

rivirsmbd tni aihjmbi o` tni nictn `rmtmjjcry kuttiry

cba ibsurmbd mts survmvcj, cs wijj cs kibittmbd c

wnoji sumti o` otnir spihmis. Mt ms c jcrdi output

proeiht, kut ncs riqumria jow mbput `rof fost

stclinojairs (8 pir hibt o` tni ovircjj fcbcdifibt

kuadit), cba ms c drict ixcfpji o` wnct hcb ki

aobi wmtn jmttji risourhis to kibit wmjajmì. Qni

proeiht ncs cjso nmdnjmdntia tni biia òr cbbucj

fobmtormbd òr aybcfmh spihmis tnct fovi tnroudntni jcbashcpi aui to hncbdmbd hobamtmobs.

Hoffob how-wnict TQWJ


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Diordi Nibry Tooa nckmtct hrictmobDiordi Nibry Tooa ms c 88 nihtcri (nc) òrfir

crckji kicb `mija tnct ncs kiib trcbsòrfia mbtoc tnrmvmbd foscmh o` biw bctmvi wooajcba cba

drcssjcba tncbls to tni mbhriamkjy dibirous jidchy

o` Diordi Nibry Xijjcrs to tni Tooajcba Qrust,

cba mbaiia tni fcby wmjajmì cba piopji tnct ibeoy

mt. Diordis aismri to sncri nms pcssmob cba jovi o`

bcturi ncs jia to c wooaia spchi tnct ms c firi

377 fitris icst o` nms òrfir vmjjcdi o` Xtrittob.

Qni aismdb ncs provib to ki viry `cvourckji to

kuttir`jmis.

Xtrittob ncs c rmhn cdrmhujturcj nmstory tnct hcb ki

trchia kchl to tni 33tn hibtury. Qni fceormty o`

jcba surroubambd Xtrittob ormdmbcjjy kijobdia to c

rijctmvi o` Tmjjmcf tni Hobquiror cba wouja ncvi

kiib worlia ky tni vmjjcdirs. Ovir fcby hibturmis

Xtrittobs hoffubmty hobtmbuia to ki sij`-su``mhmibt

cba jmvia o`` tni jcba. Nowivir, mb tni fori rihibt

pcst hncbdis mb cdrmhujturi kroudnt cb iba to

sfcjjir jcbanojambds, wmtn niadirow koubacrmis

kimbd rifovia cba jcrdir `mijas kimbd hrictia.

Qrcbsòrfctmob

Diordi Nibry Tooas trcbsmtmob `rof cdrmhujturcj

`mija to cb istckjmsnia foscmh nckmtct rmhn mb

kmoamvirsmty wmjj ki c drcaucj prohiss. Chqumria mb

;770, tnms youbd smti ms objy mb mts icrjy stcdis cbaob-dombd pjcbbmbd cba fcbcdifibt ms biiaia to

ibsuri mt richnis mts ùjj potibtmcj. Qni ovircjj sncpi

wcs amhtctia ky tni `mija koubacry cba roca to tni

soutn. Kiòri pjcbtmbd, tni Qrust biiaia to caariss

tni mssui o` aiir, smbhi c jcrdi bufkir wiri usmbd

tni poba cba houja ncvi acfcdia biwjy pjcbtia

scpjmbds cba sowb ficaows. Qnms wcs privibtia

ky irihtmbd c ìbhi tnct protihtia tni aismdbctia

crics kut stmjj cjjowia tni aiir chhiss to tni wctirsourhi.

Drcssjcba cba wmja`jowir ficaows

Wrmor to pjcbtmbd cby triis, 39 nc cjobd tni bortn

cba icst koubacrmis wiri sowb wmtn c fmxturi o`

drcss spihmis cba wmja`jowirs, tni spihmis fmx wcs

hcriùjjy pjcbbia. Diordi Nibry Tooa smts ob c

kia o` Eurcssmh jmfistobi cba, òjjowmbd hobsujtctmob

wmtn c rcbdi o` ixpirts, tni aihmsmob wcs fcai to

pjcbt spihmis sumtckji to jmfistobi hncjl drcssjcba.

Qni drouba wcs pjoudnia cba ncrrowia mbpripcrctmob òr tni siias. Mb tni crics aui to ki

pjcbtia wmtn triis, c fmx o` drcss spihmis wcs sowb.

Mb crics wniri bcturcj ridibirctmob wcs aismria,

cjobd tni rmais cba wooajcba iadis, wmja`jowir

siias wiri usia. Mt wcs aiifia to ki mfportcbt

to istckjmsn c dooa kcsmh drouba `jorc kiòri

pjcbtmbd tni triis. Xpihmis wiri hnosib tnct wiri

bot too vmdorous cba wouja bot swcfp bcturcj

ridibirctmob.

@mija ojjowmbd pjcbtmbd

@mija kiòri pjcbtmbd

TQWJ

TQWJ


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0

Qni mbhricsia jivijs o` `jorcj kmoamvirsmty ncvi nca

c pcrtmhujcrjy posmtmvi mfpcht ob johcj kuttir`jy

popujctmobs. Qni biw `jorc wcs qumhl to istckjmsn

cba tni òrfirjy fobotobi krowb `mijas cri bow

c rmhn driib kjcblit pippiria wmtn purpji, wnmti

cba yijjow `jowirs. Xivircj spihmis o` `jorc cri

hobsmairia maicj òr pojjmbctors cba ibaorsia ky

tni [oycj Nortmhujturcj Xohmity, mbhjuambd hoffob

vithn, Pmhmc sctmvc ssp. sctmvc, cba wmja hcrrot,Acuhus hcrotc. Qni mbhricsia hofpjixmty o` tni

smti o`ìrs kuttir`jmis tni amvirsi risourhis tniy

biia, mbhjuambd kcslmbd spots cba protihtmob `rof

priactors.

Qrii pjcbtmbd

Mb ;774, rismaibts cba fifkirs o` tni ixtibaia

hoffubmty wiri mbvmtia to pjcbt tni `mrst triis to

hovir tni rifcmbmbd 3> nc. Wjcbtmbd hmrhjis wiri

sprcyia wmtn djypnoscti nirkmhmai to hricti c sfcjj

cric o` kcri drouba òr triis to ki pjcbtia mbto.

Qnms ficbt tni triis wouja bot ki hofpitmbd òr

wctir cba root spchi wmtn viditctmob hjosi ky, kut

tni rist o` tni jcba wouja stmjj ki hoviria mb `jorc

cba tniriòri wctir jost tnroudn ivcporctmob `rof

tni somj wcs riauhia.

Qni smti kibi`mtia `rof sivircj spihmis-rmhn niadiscjobd tni bortn cba icst koubacrmis, c Kmoamvirsmty

Chtmob Wjcb (KCW) nckmtct mb tni YL. Cjobdsmai

pjcbtmbd o` spihmis suhn cs `mija fcpji,Chir

hcfpistri, hoffob aodwooa, Horbus scbdumbic, cba

nczij, Horyjus cvijjcbc, bcturcj ridibirctmob o` triis

wcs ibhourcdia tnroudn tni usi o` siias `rof tni

oja ocl, Suirhus rokur, cba csn, @rcxmbus ixhijsmor,

triis tnct cjmdbia tni niadirows. Fcby triis o`ìr

kuttir`jmis cba otnir mbsihts dooa pojjib/bihtcr

sourhis.

Drmzzjia slmppirs, Wyrdus fcjvci, cba ambdy slmppirs,

Irybbms tcdis, cri kotn prmormty kuttir`jy spihmis

ubair tni YL KCW cba wooajcba kuttir`jmis

o` hobhirb. @mrst spottia ob smti mb ;733, tnisi

tnrictibia spihmis cri kibi`mtmbd `rof mbhricsia

òoa risourhis cba fori idd jcymbd opportubmtmis

cfobd tni wmja`jowir ficaows cba aivijopmbd

wooajcba. Otnir spihmis siib ob smti mbhjuai tni

driib ncmrstricl, Hcjjopnrys rukm. Qni prisibhi o` c

vcrmity o` kuttir`jmis ct tnms smti mbamhctis c nicjtny

ibvmrobfibt cba ihosystif, obi tnct wmjj hobtmbui

to mfprovi ovir tmfi.

Qnrii qucrtirs o` Krmtcmbs kuttir`jmis cri mb aihjmbi nc) o` ixmstmbd cbhmibt wooajcba ob smti. Qniri

wmjj cjso ki 37 nc o` shruk cba 4= nc o` drcssjcba

cba wmjaowir ficaows hrictia. Qnms wmjj risujt mb

c 814 nc nckmtct foscmh tnct wmjj kibit tni johcj

wmjajmì cba hoffubmty.

@rof tni viry kidmbbmbd tni proeiht dctniria c

ticf o` aiamhctia vojubtiirs. Fobmtormbd o` c rcbdi

o` spihmis, mbhjuambd pjcbts, jmhnibs, fcffcjs, kmras

cba kuttirmis, kidcb wmtn strobd mbvojvifibt `rof

tni Nirtòrasnmri Bcturcj Nmstory Xohmity (NBNX).

Qnms mbòrfctmob wmjj hobtrmkuti to tni drowmbd

koay o` actc tnct snows now biw wooajcbasupports kmoamvirsmty cba tni hncbdis tnct ohhur cs

tni wooa fcturis.

Fobmtormbd o` kuttirmis ms kimbd hcrrmia out ky

Cbariw Xtiiji cba vojubtiirs `rof tni Nirts cba

Fmaajisix krcbhn o` Kuttiry Hobsirvctmob. Mbmtmcj

kcsijmbi surviys o` tni ixmstmbd wooajcba crics

cba crckji ijas wiri hcrrmia out mb ;77=. Qni

wooas, fostjy òrfir hoppmhi tnct nca bot kiib

hut òr fcby yicrs, wiri dibircjjy acrl cba ama bot

support dooa bufkirs o` kuttirmis. Nowivir, c

ìw kuttirmis wiri rihoraia mb tni sfcjj hjicrmbd

cba icst-wist rmai mb Tijj Tooa, cba tni pmt cric ct

tni soutn iba o` [ouba Tooa. Qni crckji ijas cjso

provia to ki poor òr kuttirmis.

Xmbhi suffir ;737, c sit trcbsiht (sii purpjiaottia jmbi ob fcp ovirjic`) ncs kiib ridujcrjy

wcjlia cba tni bufkir o` kuttirmis rihoraia usmbd

tni stcbacra Kuttiry Hobsirvctmob fobmtormbd

fitnoa (www.ulkfs.ord). Mt mbvojvis wcjlmbd tni

routi obhi iviry wiil `rof tni stcrt o` Cprmj ubtmj

tni iba o` Ohtokir cba rihorambd tni bufkir cba

spihmis o` kuttirmis. Qnms fitnoa ms pcrtmhujcrjy

mfportcbt òr cssissmbd tni hncbdi mb kuttiry

popujctmobs ovir tmfi cba tni risujts hcb kihofpcria wmtn kuttiry fobmtormbd mb tni rist o`

tni houbty.

Hoffob kjui bortnicstwmjajmì.ho.ul

[ia cafmrcj bortnicstwmjajmì.ho.ul
http://www.ukbms.org/http://www.ukbms.org/


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>

Mb ;737 cba ;733, ;; spihmis o` kuttiry wiri

rihoraia. Qniri wcs cb mbhricsi mb tni bufkir

o` fcrkjia wnmti,Fijcbcrdmc dcjctnic, Issix

slmppir, Qnyfijmhus jmbiojc, sfcjj slmppir, Qnyfijmhus

syjvistrms, ria cafmrcj, Pcbissc ctcjcbtc, hoffob

kjui, Wojyoffctus Mhcrus, cba purpji ncmrstricl,

Biozipnyrus quirhus, kuttirmis. Nowivir, c joss wcs

rihoraia òr popujctmobs o` sfcjj hoppir, Jyhcibc

pnjcics, pichohl,Cdjcms mo, cba hoffc, Wojydobmc

h-cjkuf. Bufkirs o` sofi spihmis pjuffitia mb

;73; aui to tni wit cba hoja suffir tni YL

ixpirmibhia.

Mb ;738 kuttirmis ovir tni wnoji Nicrtwooasmti ncvi kiib rihoraia obhi c fobtn usmbd tni

stcbacra wmair houbtrysmai fobmtormbd fitnoa

aivijopia ky Kuttiry Hobsirvctmob cba tni Krmtmsn

Qrust òr Orbmtnojody. Qnisi cri tni kjui routis

ob tni fcp cba cri tni scfi cs trcbsihts usia òr

kmra fobmtormbd. Cjtnoudn mt ms usiùj to hojjiht jmsts

o` tni spihmis prisibt to mbhricsi lbowjiadi o` tni

smti, systifctmh spihmis fobmtormbd ms mfportcbt to

rihora hncbdi ovir tmfi cs tni nckmtct ivojvis.

Qni Nicrtwooa proeiht ms rihobbihtmbd `rcdfibtia

crics o` cbhmibt wooajcba, wnmhn wmjj cjjow

wooajcba orc to sprica. Nowivir, tnms fcy tcli

c jobd tmfi cs tni amspirscj rcti òr fcby pjcbts,

ispihmcjjy sofi cbhmibt wooajcba mbamhctors, ms viry

sjow. Cs tni biw wooajcba cba drcssjcba cricsfcturi cba aivijop tni rcbdi o` spihmis usmbd tnif

snouja mbhricsi ovir tmfi.


9/16


=

Xhotjcba picrj-korairia`rmtmjjcry & hniquiriaslmppir

Qni picrj-korairia rmtmjjcry (WK@), Kojormc

iupnrosybi, cba hniquiria slmppir, Hcrtirohipncjus

pcjcifob, kuttirmis cri two o` smx liy wooajcba

spihmis maibtmia ky @oristry Hoffmssmob Xhotjcba

(@HX) òr chtmob ubair tni Xhottmsn @oristry

Xtrctidy. Kuttiry Hobsirvctmob Xhotjcba (KHX) ncs

kiib worlmbd mb pcrtbirsnmp wmtn @HX to mfpjifibt

tni strctidy cba ibncbhi tni hobsirvctmob stctus o`

kotn spihmis.

Qni WK@ ms obi o` tni fost rcpmajy aihjmbmbd

kuttirmis mb Krmtcmb cba Mrijcba. Mb Krmtcmb, mts

rcbdi amfmbmsnia ky 03 pir hibt kitwiib tni two

rihorambd pirmoas o` 3=47-3=>; cba 3==9-;771.

Ct 88 pir hibt, tni aihjmbi mb Xhotjcba wcs fuhn

jiss tncb Ibdjcba cba Tcjis, cjtnoudn stmjj hcusi òr

hobhirb. Qnms jowir rcti o` aihjmbi mbhricsis tni

smdbmhcbhi o` tni Xhottmsn popujctmobs. Nowivir,

tni hurribt stctus o` WK@ mb Xhotjcba ms ubhjicr,

prmfcrmjy aui to ubair-rihorambd.

Mb tni YL, tni hniquiria slmppir ms objy òuba

mb Xhotjcba, kihofmbd ixtmbht mb Ibdjcba mb 3=40,

cba objy ohhurs wmtnmb c ;9 fmji rcamus o` @ort

Tmjjmcf. Cs wmtn WK@, mts stctus ms cjso ubhjicr. Qnms

ms aui to c jchl o` rihorairs mb tni fori rifoti

pcrts o` Xhotjcba wniri tni kuttiry ohhurs, tnisnort surviy pirmoa cba tni vcdcrmis o` tni Xhottmsn

wictnir. Mt ms cjso icsmjy ovir-joolia, cs snowb ky mt

objy kimbd amshoviria mb Xhotjcba mb 3=8=.

Bctmobcj surviy istckjmsnia

Mb ;73; KHX hoorambctia c bctmobcj surviy o` tni

hniquiria slmppir. Qni cmf wcs to tcrdit rihorambd

mb 377 3lf squcris tnct wiri priamhtia, tnroudn

hofputir foaijjmbd, to ki tni fost sumtckji òr tni

kuttiry mb Xhotjcba, kut wniri mt nca bot privmousjy

kiib rihoraia. Qni surviy spcrlia jots o` mbtiristcba ovir 97 vojubtiirs tool pcrt. Qnms risujtia

mb 1= surviy vmsmts to squcris, wmtn tni kuttiry

kimbd rihoraia mb ovir 17 pir hibt o` vmsmts. Out

o` tni 377 tcrditia, 80 squcris wiri surviyia cba

hniquiria slmppirs òuba mb 39 o` tnif.

Mt wcs cjso rihoraia mb cb caamtmobcj 39 biw 3lf

squcris, wniri mt wcs bot privmousjy rihoraia

tnisi squcris wiri bot pcrt o` tni tcrditia 377squcris. Qni risujts hjicrjy aifobstrcti now

ovirjoolia cba ubair-rihoraia tni kuttiry

rifcmbs. Qni surviy wcs ripictia tnms yicr (;738)

cba ùrtnir biw squcris amshoviria, kut tni ùjj

risujts cri bot yit cvcmjckji.

Kotn kuttirmis cri sprmbd spihmis o` wooajcba

iadis or hjicrmbds. Qni WK@ riqumris subby,

snijtiria smtis, borfcjjy soutn-`chmbd nmjjsmais, cs

Wicrj-korairia rmtmjjcry Fmhncij Lrcbiwmttir


10/16


37

kotn tni caujt cba hctirpmjjcr riqumri viry wcrf

fmhro-hjmfctis. @cvouria smtis tiba to ncvi snort

viditctmob cba jmdnt krchlib, Wtirmamuf cqumjmbuf,

hovir, kotn vmtcj òr provmambd caamtmobcj wcrftn.

Qni hctirpmjjcrs prmfcry òoapjcbt ms hoffob aod-

vmojit, Pmojc rmvmbmcbc, cjtnoudn ohhcsmobcjjy fcrsn

vmojit, Pmojc pcjustrms, ms usia.

Qni hniquiria slmppir tibas to ki òuba mb acfpir

wooajcba kut cjso riqumris subby, snijtiria smtis,

usucjjy soutn-`chmbd, cs tni caujts cba jcrvci riqumri

wcrf, cjfost nufma fmhro-hjmfctis. Xmtis cri usucjjy

kijow ;77f. Qnms spihmis riqumris purpji foor-

drcss,Fojmbmc hcirujic, cs tnms ms tni hctirpmjjcrs fcmb,

m` bot soji, òoapjcbt mb Xhotjcba.

Mfportcbt ibvmrobfibtcj mbamhctors

Kuttirmis cri wmaijy ridcraia cs sibsmtmvi

ibvmrobfibtcj mbamhctors, kimbd usia to cssiss

`chtors suhn cs hjmfcti hncbdi cba jcba usi pojmhmis.

Qniy fcli maicj mbamhctor spihmis cs tniy ncvi

cbbucj jmì-hyhjis cba richt qumhljy to hncbdi,

pcrtmhujcrjy hofpcria to kmras cba otnir jcrdir

òrfs o` wmjajmì. Kuttirmis cjso usi tni jcbashcpict c bi shcji, so hncbdis mb jcba usi cba `crfmbd

prchtmhis ncvi rcpma mfpchts ob tnif. Qniriòri

bufkirs ob mbamvmaucj smtis hcb ki usia to cssiss

tni i`ìhts o` jcba fcbcdifibt.

Fori mfportcbtjy tniri cri tistia, icsy to usi

fitnoas to houbt cba fobmtor kuttirmis. Qnisi cri

hoorambctia tnroudn tni YL Kuttiry Fobmtormbd

Xhnifi rub ky Kuttiry Hobsirvctmob cba tni

Hibtri òr Ihojody cba Nyarojody (www.ulkfs.

ord). C kuttiry trcbsiht ms tni fost rokust

fitnoa. Kuttirmis cri rihoraia cjobd c xia

routi o` 3-8lf, usucjjy spjmt mbto sihtmobs chhorambd

to jcbashcpi or nckmtct ìcturis. Kuttirmis cri

houbtia mb cb mfcdmbcry kox (9x9x9f) iviry wiilubair prishrmkia wictnir hobamtmobs (ckovi 34H,

or 3834 H mb subby wictnir, wmba jiss tncb 0 ob

tni Kicuòrt shcji, cba bo rcmb). Qni risujts hricti

cb mbaix o` ckubacbhi òr ichn spihmis rihoraia,

dmvmbd cb ovircjj triba, or mbamhctor.

Cbotnir usiùj fitnoa ms c tmfia houbt. Mt riqumris

jiss hoffmtfibt cs objy obi ms riqumria mb sumtckji

wictnir hobamtmobs aurmbd tni spihmis mdnt pirmoa.

Qnms worls kist wniri tni hojoby ohhupmis cb

icsmjy aibckji cric. Qni rihorair wcjls mb c zmdzcd

`csnmob, ivibjy hovirmbd tni cric cba houbtmbd

mbamvmaucjs ovir c xia tmfi pirmoa, usucjjy kitwiib

9 cba 07 fmbutis. Qnms dmvis c rijctmvi aibsmty pir

nour, i.d. smx WK@ pir nihtcri pir nour.

Mb tni ;73; surviy, aispmti poor wictnir,fobmtormbd (fostjy vmc tmfia houbts cba smbdji

spihmis trcbsihts) wcs ubairtclib ct 14 smtis òr

WK@ cba 81 òr hniquiria slmppir. Qni risujts o`

tnms mbhricsia fobmtormbd wmjj provmai cb ixhijjibt

kcsijmbi òr rihorambd mb ùturi yicrs. Qnms wmjj

cjso nijp to aitirfmbi m` tni smti cavmhi, dmvib ky

KHX, cba risujtmbd fcbcdifibt ob tni B@I cba ky

prmvcti jcbaowbirs ms ibncbhmbd tni nckmtct òr kotn

kuttirmis.

Hniquiria slmppir Ncrcja Xpi
http://www.ukbms.org/http://www.ukbms.org/http://www.ukbms.org/http://www.ukbms.org/


11/16


33

Xoutn Icst TooajcbasWroeiht picrj-korairia`rmtmjjcry & Auli o` Kurdubay

Qni Xoutn Icst Tooajcbas (XIT) proeiht (;774-

;733) wcs c suhhissùj mbmtmctmvi spicrnicaia ky

Kuttiry Hobsirvctmob, wmtn c rcbdi o` pcrtbirs

mbhjuambd tni Tooajcba Qrust, cba hovirmbd c fcssmvi

>8,903 nihtcris (nc). Torlmbd ct c jcbashcpi shcji

mb Libt (Aibdi Tooas 83,;98 nc), Icst Xussix

([otnir Tooas 81,=19 nc) cba tni Ncfpsnmri/

Tmjtsnmri korair (Qytnirjiy Tooas 34,808 nc),

tni proeiht soudnt to rivirsi tni aihjmbi o` c sumti

o` prmormty kuttiry cba fotn spihmis, mbhjuambd tni

picrj-korairia `rmtmjjcry, Kojormc iupnrosybi, Auli

o` Kurdubay, Ncficrms juhmbc, ambdy slmppir, Irybbms

tcdis, cba drmzzjia slmppir,Wyrdus fcjvci.

Kuttirmis cri dooa ibvmrobfibtcj mbamhctors cba

hcb riprisibt tni nicjtn o` wooajcba nckmtcts cba

tni wmair wmjajmì tnct popujcti tnif. C liy mssuiòr spihmis cvourmbd icrjy suhhissmobcj cba fori

opib wooajcba nckmtcts ncs kiib tni aihjmbi mb

chtmvi fcbcdifibt o` wooas chross tni YL aurmbd

tni jcst hibtury. Qnms ncs risujtia mb tni hjosmbd ovir

o` tnisi crics.

Kuttir`jmis mb hrmsms

Xmbhi tni 3=47s tni picrj-korairia `rmtmjjcry (WK@)kuttiry ncs aihjmbia ky 44 pir hibt chross tni YL,

cba tni Auli o` Kurdubay (AoK) ky 09 pir hibt.

Aurmbd tni hoursi o` tni proeiht kotn kuttirmis

wiri fobmtoria ob tnimr lbowb smtis cba sicrhnia

òr mb cjj sumtckji nckmtcts. Kotn spihmis biia subby,

snijtiria nckmtcts wniri tnimr jcrvcj òoapjcbts

drow mb hobamtmobs sumtckji òr tnimr hctirpmjjcrs< WK@

riqumris hoffob aod-vmojit, Pmojc rmvmbmcbc, wnirics

AoK biias prmfrosi, Wrmfujc vujdcrms, or howsjmp,

Wrmfujc virms.

Auli o` Kurdubay Bimj Nujfi


12/16


3;

Nmstormhcjjy tnisi kuttirmis wiri cssohmctia wmtn

hoppmhia smtis, kut ìw o` tnisi cri bow chtmvijy

fcbcdia cs suhn. Fori rihibtjy WK@ ncs kiib

strobdjy cssohmctia wmtn krchlib, Wtirmamuf cqumjmbuf,

mb wooajcba hjicrmbds cba rmais, cba mb tni icrjy

ridibirctmob stcdis o` hobmìr hjicrìjj. Tnirics

AoK ms òuba mb pirfcbibt, shruk-rmhn wooajcba

hjicrmbds cba rmai iadis, cba kotn spihmis stmjj

survmvi mb c ìw chtmvijy fcbcdia hoppmhi smtis.

Jcbashcpi shcji chtmob

Qni ovircjj cmfs o` tni jcbashcpi shcji XIT proeiht

wiri to5

3. Wrofoti kist prchtmhi wooajcba fcbcdifibtòr c kroca sumti o` spihmis, mb orair to mbhricsi

fcbcdifibt chross tni jcbashcpi cba mfprovi

kmoamvirsmty.

;. Qcrdit spihmcjmsia nckmtct fcbcdifibt òr liy

spihmis, i.d. WK@ cba AoK, kumja nckmtct bitworls

cba mbhricsi johcj popujctmobs.

8. Ibdcdi hoffubmtmis mb johcj hobsirvctmob chtmob

cba chtmvi vojubtiirmbd to kibit wooajcba

kmoamvirsmty.

Xupportia ky ùbairs mbhjuambd tni Nirmtcdi Jottiry

@uba cba tni Qukbiy Hncrmtckji Qrust, Kuttiry

Hobsirvctmob dcvi rii cavmhi cba fcbcdifibt

cssmstcbhi tnroudnout tni proeiht. Qni proeiht

o`hirs worlia hjosijy wmtn pcrtbir ordcbmsctmobs,

jcba owbirs/fcbcdirs cba tni pukjmh to pjcb cba

mfpjifibt sustcmbckji wooajcba fcbcdifibt.

Qniy òuba tnct tniri wcs drict wmjjmbdbiss, cfobd

c rcbdi o` cuamibhis, to worl towcras mfprovmbd

wooajcba kmoamvirsmty wnib caiqucti mbòrfctmob

cba support wcs provmaia. Qni proeiht cjso joolia

kiyoba tni wooajcba iadi to hovir bob-wooajcba

nckmtcts suhn cs drcssjcba cba `crfjcba.

Bufirous fcbcdifibt tihnbmquis wiri usia to

mbhricsi wooajcba struhturcj amvirsmty chross tni

proeiht cric. Nckmtcts wiri ristoria or hrictiatnroudn c rcbdi o` chtmvmtmis5 airijmht hoppmhi wcs

hjicria, bob-bctmvi hobmìr pjcbtctmobs ìjjia, rmais

wmaibia, hjicrmbds hut cba drczia, shruk fcbcdiacba aiir wiri hobtrojjia. Qnms provmaia c bitworl

o` opib, subby hjicrmbds, wmai rmais, fcturi

wooajcba, shruk o` vcrymbd cdis, ridibirctmbd

wooajcba cba hoppmhi.

Qni Tooajcba Qrusts Aibdi cba Wibbypot Tooa

(1=.4 nc), Libt, wcs mbhjuaia mb tni proeiht. Qnms

smti nca kibittia `rof tni hrictmob o` c jcrdi

hmrhujcr tnrii zobi wmai rmai nckmtct mb tni fma-3==7s, tncbls to c @oristry Hoffmssmob Kuttiry

Hncjjibdi Drcbt. Qni XIT proeiht ibckjia tni Qrust

to ribi cba mfprovi tnms cric, cs wijj cs provmambd

c ùbambd stricf to hoppmhi crics o` shruk cba

ubihobofmh hoppmhi crouba cb mfportcbt AoK

hojoby, kuttiry bufkirs ncvi rispobaia viry

posmtmvijy. Mt cjso hrictia wmai rmai nckmtct jmbls

tnct hobbihtia bimdnkourmbd wooas wmtnmb tni

Aibdi hofpjix cba mts rmai bitworl. C pcrtbirsnmphobtmbuis kitwiib tni Tooajcba Qrust cba

Kuttiry Hobsirvctmob wniri vojubtiirs fobmtor

tni smti ichn yicr cba provmai ìiakchl to nijp

dumai ùturi worl.

Cbotnir Qrust wooa, Kriai Nmdn Tooas,

hobtrmkutia to tni [otnir Tooas ijifibt o` tni

proeiht mb Icst Xussix. Cavmhi cba vojubtiir support

wcs provmaia to ibncbhi tni prodrcffi o` rmaiwmaibmbd cba hoppmhmbd o` norbkicf. Qnms proauhia

cb opib subby horrmaor tnroudn tni wooa,

AoK jcrvc mb ridibirctmbd hoppmhi Acb Nocri


13/16


38

hobbihtmbd tni rmai bitworl to c rifbcbt o` drcssy

ficaow. Xmjvir-wcsnia rmtmjjcry,Crdybbms pcpnmc,

wnmti cafmrcj, Jmfibmtms Hcfmjjc, cba drmzzjia slmppir

wiri cfobd tni kuttirmis to kibit `rof tnms. Qni

wooa wcs cjso usia cs c aifobstrctmob smti, nostmbd

worlsnops òr jcba fcbcdirs cba c jcrdi `cfmjy

ùb acy cttibaia ky 387 piopji, cs wijj cs fotntrcppmbd ivibts cba dumaia wcjls.

Wosmtmvi outhofis

Ct tni iba o` tni proeiht nckmtct hobamtmob nca

mfprovia ct 307 smtis, wmtn 48 pir hibt o` cjj

wooajcba smtis fobmtoria snowmbd ivmaibhi o`

chtmvi fcbcdifibt. Qni fost `riquibt òrf o`

fcbcdifibt òhusia ob rmai wmaibmbd cba huttmbd,

kut hoppmhmbd cba tnmbbmbd wiri cjso hoffob.

Qni proeihts ùbambd fihncbmsfs wiri5

Ihobofmh òristry tnroudn scjis o` tmfkir,

riwooa, wooahnmp, hncrhocj cba hoppmhi

proauhts.

Drcbt cma `rof tni @oristry Hoffmssmob

Ibdjcbas Ibdjmsn Tooajcba Drcbt Xhnifi

997l wcs cjjohctia to smti fcbcdifibttnroudnout tni proeiht.

Drcbt cma `rof Bcturcj Ibdjcba vmc tni Ibtry

Jivij Xtiwcrasnmp cba Nmdnir Jivij Xtiwcrasnmp

shnifis òr bob-wooajcba nckmtcts.

@ubambd `rof tni Jcbajj Hoffubmtmis @uba

(XMQC Qrust, ith.) cba tni Nmdn Ticja COBKXustcmbckji Aivijopfibt @uba 380l hcfi

`rof tnisi sourhis.

Amriht ùbambd `rof sofi jcbaowbirs.

@orty vojubtiir hobsirvctmob worl pcrtmis cba c

totcj o` 37>7 acys proeiht mbvojvifibt wcs dmvib

`riijy ky vojubtiirs, mbhjuambd wmjajmì surviys

cba rubbmbd ivibts òr tni pukjmh, totcjjmbd cb

iqumvcjibt o` >4l mb jckour.

Mb tni Aibdi Tooas jcbashcpi objy 33 AoK

mbamvmaucjs wiri rihoraia ob two smtis mb ;774.

Wosmtmvijy, ky ;737 348 mbamvmaucjs wiri rihoraia

chross tib am`ìribt smtis, mbhricsmbd `rof two

ohhupmia 3 lf squcris to bmbi. Cjtnoudn tnms

mbhricsi wcs mb pcrt aui to two privmousjy

ubrihoraia hojobmis kimbd amshoviria, mt wcs

cjso tncbls to mfprovifibts mb fcbcdifibt

cba hojobmsctmob o` ristoria crics cba wooajcbahrictmob smtis kroudnt ckout ky tni XIT proeiht.

Kitwiib ;774 cba ;77>, 30 biw pcthnis o` nckmtct

wiri hrictia òr WK@ mb tni Qytnirjiy Tooas

jcbashcpi. Tmtnmb òur yicrs tnisi nca cjricay

provmaia sumtckji kriiambd nckmtct cba 49 pir hibt

o` tnif nca kiib hojobmsia ky WK@. Qnisi crics

cjso qumhljy supportia bufkirs o` otnir mfportcbt

wooajcba kuttiry spihmis, suhn cs AoK, sfcjjpicrj-korairia `rmtmjjcry, Kojormc sijibi, ambdy slmppir,

crdibt &sckji, [niufcptirc ncstcti, cba arck joopir,

Fmboc furmbctc.

Liy jissobs

Kuttiry Hobsirvctmob òuba tni liy jissobs `rof

tni XIT proeiht wiri5

M` dmvib mbòrfctmob cba support, c smdbmhcbtcba rihiptmvi cuamibhi o` jcba cba wooajcba

Tooajcba hjicrmbd ct Aibdi supportmbd AoK Acb Nocri


14/16


31

fcbcdirs cba proìssmobcjs, cba tni dibircj

pukjmh cri wmjjmbd to dit mbvojvia mb mfprovmbd

wooajcba kmoamvirsmty.

Hofkmbmbd mbòrfctmob aijmviry, tcrditia drcbt

cma cba support òr ihobofmh òristry hcbmbhricsi wooajcba fcbcdifibt ob c arcfctmh

shcji. Nowivir, ihobofmh òristry cjobi hcbbot

aijmvir tni nmdnist qucjmty nckmtct.

Qnrictibia spihmis hcb rispoba qumhljy to

mfprovifibts mb wooajcba fcbcdifibt,

provmambd mt aijmvirs sumtckji nckmtct bitworls.

Qni roji o` c proeiht o`hir hcb ki viry

kibihmcj mb chtmbd cs c nuk to ubmti ixmstmbd jcba

fcbcdifibt fihncbmsfs.

Wcrtbirsnmp worlmbd cba ixpirtmsi sncrmbd cri

nmdnjy kibihmcj.

Pojubtiirs cri mbvcjuckji mb aijmvirmbd c

suhhissùj proeiht wmtn jmfmtia risourhis.

Qnms ms c strobd foaij òr otnir jcbashcpi shcji

proeihts, hofkmbmbd ixtibsmvi nckmtct hrictmob wmtn

tcrditia fcbcdifibt òr tni fost tnrictibiaspihmis, wmtn fobmtormbd ky vojubtiirs to ficsuri

wmjajmì rispobsis.

Xtrcttob Tooa sfcjj kjui

Xtrcttob Tooa ms c 98.4 nihtcri (nc) Tooajcba Qrust

wooa, johctia ct tni bortn-icstirb iadi o` Xwmbaob,

rmdnt kismai tni C13=. Qni smtis jcyout hrictis c

foscmh o` bctmvi krocajicvia wooajcba, ficaows

cba drcssjcba. Aispmti mts hjosi proxmfmty to c fceor

hoffutmbd routi, Xtrcttob pjcys nost to bufirous

spihmis o` kuttiry, mbhjuambd our tmbmist rismaibt tni

sfcjj kjui, Hupmao fmbmfus.

Xmti diojody

Xfcjj kjuis cri c Kmoamvirsmty Chtmob Wjcb spihmis

tnct typmhcjjy riquibt hncjl cba jmfistobi drcssjcbas77 fitris rof tni ibtrcbhi.Ormdmbcjjy ji`t ubpjcbtia aui to smdbs o` crhnciojodmhcj

mbtirist, Xtrcttobs istckjmsnia ficaows hovir cb cric

o` cpproxmfctijy 9 nc cba o`ìr ooa cba snijtir to

fcby am`ìribt tcxc. Qni smtis cri ormstmhcjjy amvirsi

cba hobtcmb fcby dibirous bihtcr provmairs mbhjuambd

fusl fcjjow,Fcjvc foshnctc, ficaow hrcbiskmjj,

Dircbmuf pritibsi, cba ficaow kuttirhup, [cbubhujus

chrms.

Qni fiajiy o` bi drcssis cba wmjaowirs hrictis

opportubi nckmtct òr drouba bistmbd kmras, cs wijj

cs ckubacbt ooa sourhis or kiis cba kuttirmis. Mb

Xfcjj kjui jcrvc TQWJ


15/16


39

picl sicsob fcby spihmis o` kuttiry mbhjuambd tni

driib-vimbia wnmti,Wmirms bcpm, dctiliipir,Wyrobmc

tmtnobus, hoffc,Wojydobmc h-cjkuf, cba jcrdi wnmti,

Wmirms krcssmhci, hcb cjj ki oksirvia riùijjmbd ob tni

wmjaowirs cs tniy trcvij crouba tni smti.

Qni kuttirmis cri bot eust hobbia to tni ficaows

ct Xtrcttob< tni foscmh-jmli bcturi o` tni smti cba

mbhricsia cfoubt o` iadi nckmtct ibsuris vmsmtors ncvi

c dooa hncbhi o` siimbd kuttirmis cjobd tni bitworl

o` pctns cba kroca rmais. Qo ùrtnir ibncbhi nckmtct

nitirodibimty cba profoti kmoamvirsmty biw shrcpis

wiri fchnmbi aud mb Eubi ;738. Qnisi sicsobcj pobas

cba tnimr cssohmctia pjcbt jmì, kcrijy tnrii fobtns oja,

ncvi cjricay stcrtia cttrchtmbd c pjitnorc o` mbsihts.

@uturi pjcbs

Qnms cutufb tni Qrust ms worlmbd mb pcrtbirsnmp wmtn

Tmjtsnmri Tmjajmì Qrusts Tmjtsnmri cba Xwmbaob

@ooa Hncfpmobs Johcj @ooa Wroeiht cs wijj cs wmtn

Xwmbaob Koroudn Houbhmj to pjcbt c sfcjj orhncra. Qni

orhncra wmjj caa to tni amvirsmty o` nckmtcts obsmti, cs

wijj cs ibdcdmbd johcj piopji wmtn tni smti tnroudn tniistckjmsnfibt cba fcmbtibcbhi o` tni triisi cs wijj

cs kibitmbd `rof tni `rumt mb ùturi yicrs. C bufkir

o` johcj Tmjtsnmri cppji vcrmitmis mbhjuambd hijt, horsjiy

pmppmb cba hnormstor koy cs wijj cs hnirry,Wrubus spp.

pjuf,Wrubus spp. cba qumbhi,Hyaobmc okjobdc cri kimbd

pjcbtia. Qni prisibhi o` pojjmbctors suhn cs kuttirmis

cba kiis wmjj ki c hrmtmhcj hofpobibt òr c nicjtny

ncrvist cba mb ixhncbdi òr pojjmbctmob tni owirmbd

`rumt triis wmjj provmai cb caamtmobcj ooa sourhi to

tnisi mbsihts.

Aui to Xtrcttobs sticay mbhricsi mb kuttiry bufkirs

ovir tni yicrs trcbsiht surviys cri bow mb prohiss

tncbls to aiamhctia vojubtiir, Dio`` Tnmttji, wmtn

tni rst riport aui mffmbibtjy. [ihoras jmli tnms

cma ubairstcbambd o` kuttiry amstrmkutmob cba hcb

nmdnjmdnt tni nicjtn o` spihmis popujctmobs, pcrtmhujcrjy

tnosi o` hobsirvctmob hobhirb cs wijj cs nijp mbòrf

aihmsmobs tclib ridcrambd tni fcbcdifibt o` tni smti

cs c wnoji.Dctiliipir Ncbbcn Hoji


16/16


Iamtor5 Lcy Ncw (Tooajcba Qrust)

Hobtrmkutors5 Acvma Kobscjj (Tooajcba Qrust), Bmdij Kourb (Kuttiry Hobsirvctmob), Ncbbcn Hoji

(Tooajcba Qrust), Acb Nocri (Kuttiry Hobsirvctmob), Irmh Wortir (Tooajcba Qrust), Qof Wrishott

(Kuttiry Hobsirvctmob Xhotjcba), Jmbac Xfmtn (Nirt`orasnmri Bcturcj Nmstory Xohmity), Xcrcn Xtikkmbd

(Tooajcba Qrust), Cbariw Xtiiji (Tooajcba Qrust), Hjmvi Xtiwcra (Tooajcba Qrust)

Aismdbir5 Xmfob Nmthnhohl (Tooajcba Qrust)

Fcrkjia wnmti bortnicstwmjajm`i.ho.ul

Qni Tooajcba Qrust, Lifptob Tcy, Drcbtncf, Jmbhojbsnmri BD83 0JJ.

Qni Tooajcba Qrust ms c hncrmty ridmstiria mb Ibdjcba cba Tcjis bo. ;=1811 cba mb Xhotjcba bo. XH78>>>9.

C bob-prot fclmbd hofpcby jmfmtia ky ducrcbtii. [idmstiria mb Ibdjcba bo. 3=>;>48. Qni Tooajcba Qrust jodo

ms c ridmstiria trcaifcrl. 9389 7;/3;

WoodWise - Woodland Management for Sun-Loving Butterflies - Autumn 2013

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Transcript of WoodWise - Woodland Management for Sun-Loving Butterflies - Autumn 2013