Wood Quality… · Wood Quality…Impact on Product Yields, Grades and Value GLOBAL TRENDS 9.0...
Transcript of Wood Quality… · Wood Quality…Impact on Product Yields, Grades and Value GLOBAL TRENDS 9.0...
Wood Quality…Impact on Product Yields,Grades and Value
Wood Quality…Impact on Product Yields,Grades and Value
W O R K B O O K
Wood Quality… Impact on Product Yields, Grades and Value.
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Wood Quality… Impact on Product Yields, Grades and Value1.0INTRODUCTION, HISTORICAL TRENDS
Wood Quality… Impact on Product Yields, Grades and Value2.0INTRODUCTION, HISTORICAL TRENDS
Wood Quality… Impact on Product Yields, Grades and Value.
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Wood Quality… Impact on Product Yields, Grades and Value3.0INTRODUCTION, HISTORICAL TRENDS
Wood Quality… Impact on Product Yields, Grades and Value4.0GLOBAL TRENDS
Wood Quality… Impact on Product Yields, Grades and Value.
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Wood Quality… Impact on Product Yields, Grades and Value5.0GLOBAL TRENDS
Population (Billions)14
12
10
8
6
4
2
01850 1880 1910 1940 1970 2000 2030 2060 2090
World Population 1850 to 2100
Wood Quality… Impact on Product Yields, Grades and Value6.0GLOBAL TRENDS
Al Fe Steel Zn Sn Cu Ni
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Globalconsumption (%)
Japan, Germany, United Kingdom, France
United States
Global Consumption of Raw Materialsby 10.3% of Global Population
Wood Quality… Impact on Product Yields, Grades and Value7.0GLOBAL TRENDS
Temperate coniferous and mixed forests
Tropical rain forests
Wood Quality… Impact on Product Yields, Grades and Value.
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Wood Quality… Impact on Product Yields, Grades and Value8.0GLOBAL TRENDS
Wink Sutton holds
”The Wedge”;
a 1.8 litre piece
of wood that
represents the
average amount
of wood used
each day by each
person on earth.
(Based on FAO figures: total wood harvested)population of earth
Wood Quality… Impact on Product Yields, Grades and Value9.0GLOBAL TRENDS
Industrial Roundwood1.7 billion m3
Fuelwood1.8 billion m3
Wood Quality… Impact on Product Yields, Grades and Value10.0GLOBAL TRENDS
3.4
1.9
Billions (m3) 0.56
Saw/veneer logs
Other industrial roundwood
Pulpwood
Fuelwood/charcoal
Wood-based panels, ROW
Wood-based panels, U.S.
Wood-based panels, Canada
HW lumber, World
SW lumber, ROW
SW lumber, Canada
Global Production of Fibre
Source: FAO
Wood Quality… Impact on Product Yields, Grades and Value.
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Wood Quality… Impact on Product Yields, Grades and Value11.0GLOBAL TRENDS
SoftwoodsSweden
Canada/Pacific
Canada/Interior
Canada/East
US/South
Chile
New Zealand
Brazil
HardwoodsSweden
US/South
Portugal
Brazil
South Africa
Chile (Euca)
40 30 20 10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
(m3/ha/yr) (US $/m3)
Growth and Mill DeliveredCost of Pulpwood – 1/91
Wood Quality… Impact on Product Yields, Grades and Value12.0BRAZIL AND NEW ZEALAND
Wood Quality… Impact on Product Yields, Grades and Value.
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Wood Quality… Impact on Product Yields, Grades and Value13.0BRAZIL AND NEW ZEALAND
This thinning operation is at
age 23. About 3 years later
this stand will be clearcut
and replanted.
Wood Quality… Impact on Product Yields, Grades and Value14.0BRAZIL AND NEW ZEALAND
26-year-old Caribbean
pine hybrid.
Wood Quality… Impact on Product Yields, Grades and Value15.0BRAZIL AND NEW ZEALAND
Rapid Early
Growth
Pitch Pocket
Sticker
Wood Quality… Impact on Product Yields, Grades and Value.
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Wood Quality… Impact on Product Yields, Grades and Value16.0BRAZIL AND NEW ZEALAND
Wood Quality… Impact on Product Yields, Grades and Value17.0BRAZIL AND NEW ZEALAND
Properties and Uses of
New Zealand
Radiata Pine
VOLUME ONE – WOOD PROPERTIES
Edited by J.A. Kininmonth & L.J. Whitehouse
Wood Quality… Impact on Product Yields, Grades and Value18.0BRAZIL AND NEW ZEALAND
Wood Quality… Impact on Product Yields, Grades and Value.
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Wood Quality… Impact on Product Yields, Grades and Value19.0TREE GROWTH AND TREE PHYSIOLOGY
Wood Quality… Impact on Product Yields, Grades and Value20.0TREE GROWTH AND TREE PHYSIOLOGY
Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec.
Relativeactivity
Rootgrowth
DiametergrowthTop/crown
growth
Phenology of Tree Growth
Wood Quality… Impact on Product Yields, Grades and Value.
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Wood Quality… Impact on Product Yields, Grades and Value21.0TREE GROWTH AND TREE PHYSIOLOGY
• Terminal shoot and vigorous lastformed portions of the crownfoliage produce growth regulatinghormones (auxins) andphotosynthate.
• Lateral and downward trans-location of auxins to reach lower stem.
• In spring radial growth begins firstat the top of the tree and proceedsgradually downward = more EWand wider rings in upper crownregion near pith.
• Less EW and smaller rings at thebase where rings are far from pith.
• Transition to LW occurs first nearthe base, farthest from the sourceof auxin supply and proceedsupward.
• The destiny (and density) of anindividual fibre is thus determinedby its relative position; its distancefrom the active live crown regionand the time of its formation(season).
Wood Quality… Impact on Product Yields, Grades and Value22.0TREE GROWTH AND TREE PHYSIOLOGY
Allometry(allocation of photosynthetes)
Wood Quality… Impact on Product Yields, Grades and Value.
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Wood Quality… Impact on Product Yields, Grades and Value23.0WOOD STRUCTURE AND WOOD ANATOMY
Wood Quality… Impact on Product Yields, Grades and Value24.0WOOD STRUCTURE AND WOOD ANATOMY
Wood Quality… Impact on Product Yields, Grades and Value.
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Wood Quality… Impact on Product Yields, Grades and Value25.0WOOD STRUCTURE AND WOOD ANATOMY
Wood Anatomy
Wood Quality… Impact on Product Yields, Grades and Value26.0WOOD STRUCTURE AND WOOD ANATOMY
Earlywood
Latewood
Wood Quality… Impact on Product Yields, Grades and Value.
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Wood Quality… Impact on Product Yields, Grades and Value27.0WOOD STRUCTURE AND WOOD ANATOMY
Wood Quality… Impact on Product Yields, Grades and Value28.0WOOD STRUCTURE AND WOOD ANATOMY
western hemlock
true fir (Abies)
white spruce & Douglas-fir
western white pine
western redcedar
lodgepolepine
Wood Quality… Impact on Product Yields, Grades and Value.
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Wood Quality… Impact on Product Yields, Grades and Value29.0WOOD STRUCTURE AND WOOD ANATOMY
Douglas-fir western redcedar
Wood Quality… Impact on Product Yields, Grades and Value30.0WOOD STRUCTURE AND WOOD ANATOMY
resin ductsolid woodsubstance
air
Wood Quality… Impact on Product Yields, Grades and Value.
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Wood Quality… Impact on Product Yields, Grades and Value31.0WOOD STRUCTURE AND WOOD ANATOMY
Wood Quality… Impact on Product Yields, Grades and Value32.0WOOD STRUCTURE AND WOOD ANATOMY
latewood paperlatewood paper
earlywood paperearlywood paper
Wood Quality… Impact on Product Yields, Grades and Value.
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Wood Quality… Impact on Product Yields, Grades and Value33.0RELATIVE DENSITY OF WOOD
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
we
ste
rn r
ed
ce
da
r
su
ba
lpin
e f
ir
Inte
rio
r sp
ruce
Am
ab
ilis
fir
lod
ge
po
le p
ine
we
ste
rn h
em
lock
ye
llo
w-c
yp
ress
Do
ug
las-f
ir
we
ste
rn l
arc
h
Wood Quality… Impact on Product Yields, Grades and Value34.0RELATIVE DENSITY OF WOOD
Rela
tive
dens
ity
Global to Microscopic Viewof Density Distribution inBC Tree Species
Douglas-fir
LWEW
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
Geographic Tree-to-tree Pith-to-bark Within-annual-ring
western redcedar
LWEW
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
Wood Quality… Impact on Product Yields, Grades and Value.
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Wood Quality… Impact on Product Yields, Grades and Value35.0RELATIVE DENSITY OF WOOD
Douglas-firwood sample
Yellow-cypresswood sample
annual ring
annual ring
EW
EW
LW
LW
Density range0.25 – 0.85
Density range0.40 – 0.60
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
Wood Density Variation within Growth Rings
Wood Quality… Impact on Product Yields, Grades and Value.
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Wood Quality… Impact on Product Yields, Grades and Value36.0JUVENILE WOOD, CROWN-FORMED WOOD
(wood that is formed in the live crown)
8 20 35 85(years)
maturewood
Wood Quality… Impact on Product Yields, Grades and Value37.0JUVENILE WOOD, CROWN-FORMED WOOD
Juvenile Wood (JW) andMature Wood (MW)
JW
MW
JW
MW
Wood Quality… Impact on Product Yields, Grades and Value.
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Wood Quality… Impact on Product Yields, Grades and Value38.0JUVENILE WOOD, CROWN-FORMED WOOD
Wood Quality… Impact on Product Yields, Grades and Value39.0JUVENILE WOOD, CROWN-FORMED WOOD
Douglas-firW. larchW. hemlock
Yellow-cypressLodgepole pineSitka spruce
Interior spruce
Subalpine fir
W. redcedar
Relative Density at BH ofRapidly Grown B.C. Woods
Age (years)
0.55
0.50
0.45
0.40
0.35
0.30
0.25
0.200 10 20 30 40 50 60
Juvenilewood
Maturewood
Transitionzone
Wood Quality… Impact on Product Yields, Grades and Value.
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Wood Quality… Impact on Product Yields, Grades and Value40.0JUVENILE WOOD, CROWN-FORMED WOOD
Mature wood
Juvenile wood
Compression wood
Wood Quality… Impact on Product Yields, Grades and Value41.0JUVENILE WOOD, CROWN-FORMED WOOD
Fibre length (mm)
Age (years)
4.0
3.5
3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
0 10 20 30 40 50
Breast height
20% height
40% height
60% height
80% height
80%
60%
40%
20%
breastheight
Second Growth Douglas-fir
Wood Quality… Impact on Product Yields, Grades and Value.
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Wood Quality… Impact on Product Yields, Grades and Value42.0JUVENILE WOOD, CROWN-FORMED WOOD
Ethanol:Benzene extractives (%)
24
18
12
6
00 10 100 1000
Number of rings from pith
Old growth
Second growth
Western Redcedar
Wood Quality… Impact on Product Yields, Grades and Value43.0JUVENILE WOOD, CROWN-FORMED WOOD
Wood fibres from U.V.(ultraviolet) exposuredamage from sunlight.
Wood Quality… Impact on Product Yields, Grades and Value.
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Wood Quality… Impact on Product Yields, Grades and Value44.0JUVENILE WOOD, CROWN-FORMED WOOD
71-year-old open-grownlodgepole pine.
Wood Quality… Impact on Product Yields, Grades and Value45.0JUVENILE WOOD, CROWN-FORMED WOOD
Microfibril Angle
SecondaryWall
Primary WallMiddle Lamella
Wood Quality… Impact on Product Yields, Grades and Value.
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Wood Quality… Impact on Product Yields, Grades and Value46.0COMPRESSION WOOD
Wood Quality… Impact on Product Yields, Grades and Value47.0SHRINKAGE OF WOOD
Typical Shrinkage Values for ”Normal“ Wood
Wood Quality… Impact on Product Yields, Grades and Value.
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Wood Quality… Impact on Product Yields, Grades and Value48.0SHRINKAGE OF WOOD
% Volumetric Shrinkage at 12% MC12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3.25 .30 .35 .40 .45 .50 .55
Relative Density
tamarack
western larchwestern hemlock
Amabilis fir
eastern white cedar
western redcedar yellow-cypress
Douglas-firsubalpine fir Jack pine
eastern white pine
Wood Quality… Impact on Product Yields, Grades and Value49.0SHRINKAGE OF WOOD
Wood Quality… Impact on Product Yields, Grades and Value50.0CONCEPT OF “FREE” AND “BOUND” WATER
Wood Quality… Impact on Product Yields, Grades and Value.
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Wood Quality… Impact on Product Yields, Grades and Value51.0SHRINKAGE OF WOOD
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Drying Stage: I II III
MoistureCondition:
Defects:
Above fibre saturationpoint (FSP) throughout:Drying begins with loss offree water from surfaces.
Stress-free Shell tries to shrink, createstension across surfaces,squeezes the core intocompression. Drying setsshell in oversized condition.
Core now trying to shrinkaway from oversized shell.Core develops tension, pulls shell into compression.
Surface is casehardened;core may honeycomb.
Surface may check; coremay collapse.
Defect-free
Growth ring boundarySurface checks(follow rays)
Shell below FSP (in tension)
Core above FSP (under compression)
Slight cup (due to board being flat-grained)
Core in tensionHoneycomb check, may be extension of reclosed surface checks.
Ray
Above FSP
Shell now below FSP, core still above FSP. Core moisture migratesoutward to shell.
Below FSP throughout,eventually reachesuniformly low EMC.
The Process of Wood Drying
Shell under compression
Drying Stage:
MoistureCondition:
StressCondition:
Defects:
Wood Quality… Impact on Product Yields, Grades and Value52.0SHRINKAGE OF WOOD Wood Quality… Impact on Product Yields, Grades and Value
53.0DOUGLAS-FIR TASK FORCE
Second Growth Douglas-fir Resource
1 Relative Density60 Trees
2 Juvenile Wood Transition24 Trees
6 Chemical Properties60 Trees
3 Longitudinal Shrinkage60 Trees
4 Fibre Length17 Trees
7 Log and Lumber Yields
8 Kiln Drying2 × 6
5 Strength and Stiffness2 × 4
9
20%
40%60%
80%
BH
299 Trees60 Trees
752 Logs
Chapter
Heartwood Treatability2 × 6
10 Density and ChemicalProperties 9 Trees 11 Unbleached Kraft Pulp
9 Trees 12 Refiner Mechanical Pulp9 Trees
Wood Quality… Impact on Product Yields, Grades and Value.
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Wood Quality… Impact on Product Yields, Grades and Value54.0DOUGLAS-FIR TASK FORCE
Wood Quality… Impact on Product Yields, Grades and Value55.0DOUGLAS-FIR TASK FORCE
Wood Quality… Impact on Product Yields, Grades and Value.
26
Wood Quality… Impact on Product Yields, Grades and Value56.0DOUGLAS-FIR TASK FORCE
Size Premium
$300
$250
$200
$150
$100Random Lengths/Key Price IndicatorJanuary, 1992 Prices
S-P-F•RL•KD D-Fir•Green•RL
$/1000 fbm
Piece Size
Log
Value
Processing Cost
Do
llars
2 x 4
2 x 10
2 x 4
2 x 10
Wood Quality… Impact on Product Yields, Grades and Value.
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Wood Quality… Impact on Product Yields, Grades and Value57.0DOUGLAS-FIR TASK FORCE
Wood Quality… Impact on Product Yields, Grades and Value.
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Wood Quality… Impact on Product Yields, Grades and Value58.0DOUGLAS-FIR TASK FORCE
Cambial age (years)
0.55
0.50
0.45
0.40
0.35
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
Relative density
Juvenile wood Mature wood
Ring width (mm)8
7
6
5
4
3
2
6.35 mm
4.23 mm3.16 mm
Breast height20% height40% height60% height80% height
50-year-old Douglas-fir
Wood Quality… Impact on Product Yields, Grades and Value59.0DOUGLAS-FIR TASK FORCE
0.42
0.41
0.40
0.42
100%
80%
60%
40%
20%
BH0.53
51%MW
(38.7 m)
49% juvenile w ood b y volume0.41
11
25
33
40
50
Years
Ladysmith42% Jw
20 20 cm0
100%
80%
60%
40%
20%
BH
12
23
33
42
50
Years
20Cassid y
46%
0
12
25
36
44
50
Years
20Campbell R
49%
020 cm 20 cm
6
13
20
27
33
Years
Cowic han L90% Jw
20 20 cm0
100%
80%
60%
40%
20%
BH
Lizar d L59%
Jor dan R59%
20 20 cm0
9
18
26
33
43
Years
20 20 cm0
14
25
34
41
45
Years
Juvenile Wood CylinderFirst 20 Years of Growth in 50-year-old Douglas-fir
Wood Quality… Impact on Product Yields, Grades and Value.
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Wood Quality… Impact on Product Yields, Grades and Value60.0DOUGLAS-FIR TASK FORCE
Diameter, Taper and DensityDistribution in Douglas-fir
Ann ual ring relative density
0.44
0.36
0.430.41
20 10 0 10 20 (cm)Relative density distrib ution
d < 0.41
0.41 – 0.43
> 0.43
c 0.52
0.44
0.36
0.430.41
0.44
0.36
0.430.43
0.44
0.36
0.430.41
0.44
0.360 5 10 15 (cm)
Disk radius(cum ulative ring width)
a11 cm
11 yrs
24 cm
22 yrs
32 cm
30 yrs
38 cm
38 yrs
44 cm
45 yrs
20 10 0 10 20 (cm)
b80%
60%
40%
20%
BH
Average diskrelative density
Stem diameter and a ge0.40 0.44
0.430.41
Wood Quality… Impact on Product Yields, Grades and Value61.0DOUGLAS-FIR TASK FORCE
Ladysmith(0.42)
Campbell R(0.43)
6
13
20
27
33
Years
Cowichan L(0.43)
Lizard L(0.43)
Jordan R(0.43)
14
25
34
41
45
Years100%
80%
60%
40%
20%
BH
20 200 20 200 20 100
9
18
26
33
43
Years
< 0.41 0.41 – 0.43 > 0.43
(cm)
11
25
33
40
50
Years100%
80%
60%
40%
20%
BH
Relative density
20 200 20 100
12
23
33
42
50
Years
Cassidy(0.45)
20 200
12
25
36
44
50
Years
(cm)
Relative Density Zones in Douglas-fir
Wood Quality… Impact on Product Yields, Grades and Value.
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Wood Quality… Impact on Product Yields, Grades and Value62.0DOUGLAS-FIR TASK FORCE
Relative density
0.78
0.52
0.26
0
a
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Average ring width (mm)
x = 0.41
Juvenile w ood 1–20 yrs
EW LW
30%
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Average ring width (mm)
b
x = 0.47
Mature w ood
>20 yrs
EW LW
43%
Juvenile/Mature Wood Ring Profiles
0.78
0.52
0.26
0
Wood Quality… Impact on Product Yields, Grades and Value63.0DOUGLAS-FIR TASK FORCE
0.52
0.48
0.44
0.40
0.36
0.320 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 225 250
Age at breast height (years)
Second gr owth
Relative density
Old gr owth
McGowan Cook
Stem-wood Relative Density
Wood Quality… Impact on Product Yields, Grades and Value.
31
Wood Quality… Impact on Product Yields, Grades and Value64.0DOUGLAS-FIR TASK FORCE
Conclusions:
2 These 50-year-old Douglas-fir trees, growingat 530 stems/ha, contained 50% juvenilewood and 50% mature wood.
2At all height levels, the first 20 years ofgrowth “defaulted” to juvenile wood because of wood density, fibre length, and longitudinal shrinkage.
2 Juvenile wood is not useless wood.
2 Larger knots permitted in wider widths.
2Challenge: find optimum between tree sizeand branch size at rotation age to maximizevalue, keeping future trends in mind.
commercial forestry has to be profitable
• Other non-woody pressures on the land base – social forestry
$/ha/yr
Wood Quality… Impact on Product Yields, Grades and Value65.0LODGEPOLE PINE TASK FORCE
Average Dimensions of Small, Medium andLarge Diameter Lodgepole Pine Task Force Trees
25
20
15
10
5
0
3020100
DBH (cm) 37.0 37.6 35.7 27.5 17.8 17.5Age (yrs) 71.0 91.0 85.0 121.0 96.0 95.0Stems/ha 1 600 900 1300 1800 2300
Density BH 0.36 0.37 0.38 0.41 0.43 0.46Stem Density 0.37 0.37 0.38 0.39 0.40 ~0.43Stem Volume 0.81 1.00 0.92 0.47 0.18 -
Open-grown Alta. B.C. G H I
DB
H (c
m)
Tree
Hei
ght (
m)
2x10
2x4
100%
51%
44% 37% 35% Base of live crown (%)
Wood Quality… Impact on Product Yields, Grades and Value.
32
Average Disk Density atFive Sampling Heights
80%
60%
40%
20%
0.34 0.36 0.38 0.40 0.42 0.44 0.46
spec
ies
aver
age
0.41
MarlboroAverage of six largediameter sitesBingay CreekMedium (Fording Mtn.)Small (Fording Mtn.)Medium (Sulpher) &Small (Sulpher)Control
BH
Sam
plin
g H
eigh
t (%
)
Disk Relative Density
51%44%
35%
crown
Wood Quality… Impact on Product Yields, Grades and Value67.0LODGEPOLE PINE TASK FORCE
Pith-to-bark Wood Density and Tree-sizeTrends as a Function of Stand Density
Pith-to-bark wood density
0.45
0.40
0.35
0 2.5 5 7.5 10 12.5 15 17.5 20Disk radius (cm)
16 cm, 95 yrs at BH; 2300 live stems/ha
18 cm, 96 yrs at BH; 1800 live stems/ha
40 cm, 71 yrs at BH; open-grown tree
40 cm, 90 yrs at BH; 700 live stems/ha
28 cm, 121 yrs at BH;1300 live stems/ha
Resource-average basic relativedensity for lodgepolepine 0.41
Wood Quality… Impact on Product Yields, Grades and Value.
33
Wood Quality… Impact on Product Yields, Grades and Value68.0LODGEPOLE PINE TASK FORCE
Second GrowthLodgepole PineDensity Distribution
Site G
<.38
.38 - .41
>.41
25 20 15 10 5 0 5 10 15 20 25Stem radius (cm)
28
26
24
22
20
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
Tree
hei
ght (
m)
25 20 15 10 5 0 5 10 15 20 25Stem radius (cm)
28
26
24
22
20
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
Sites A-F
Tree
hei
ght (
m)
25 20 15 10 5 0 5 10 15 20 25Stem radius (cm)
28
26
24
22
20
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
Site H
Tree
hei
ght (
m)
Wood Quality… Impact on Product Yields, Grades and Value.
34
Wood Quality… Impact on Product Yields, Grades and Value69.0LODGEPOLE PINE TASK FORCE
400
300
200
100
0
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
LumberVolume (%)
10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50Top Diameter Class (cm)
10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50Top Diameter Class (cm)
LRF (fbm/m3)
2x42x62x82x10
Wood Quality… Impact on Product Yields, Grades and Value70.0LODGEPOLE PINE TASK FORCE
Wood Quality… Impact on Product Yields, Grades and Value.
35
Wood Quality… Impact on Product Yields, Grades and Value71.0LODGEPOLE PINE TASK FORCE
Structural Lumber Yields by Visual Grading
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0700 1100 1900
% FBM
Stand Density (stems/ha)
RejectEcon.No. 3No. 2No. 1SS
Wood Quality… Impact on Product Yields, Grades and Value72.0LODGEPOLE PINE TASK FORCE
Door, Window and Furniture-GradeLumber Yields by Visual Grading
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0700 1100 1900
% FBM
Stand Density (stems/ha)
Reject6th5th4th
Wood Quality… Impact on Product Yields, Grades and Value.
36
MSR SummaryUses of MSR Lumber
2 Primarily for roof trusses, I-joists, laminatingstock for glulam
2 Parallel chord floor trusses – new market(ease of handling, longer spans, ready openings for wiring, plumbing and ductwork)
Advantages of MSR Lumber• better consistency because of E rating
(more uniform “links”)• quality control in the plant – none with
visually graded• lumber can be cut from small logs (no need
for very wide widths)• reduced variability = reliability and exactness• reduced waste (2% vs 10%)• uniformity across “species boundaries”
(fewer grades)• Profit (marketability)
Wood Quality… Impact on Product Yields, Grades and Value74.0MACHINE STRESS RATED (MSR) LUMBER
MSR Grading System
Wood Quality… Impact on Product Yields, Grades and Value75.0MACHINE STRESS RATED (MSR) LUMBER
Strength of wood is the resistance to forces deforming it.
2 There are still other things besides relativedensity that affect the strength of wood.
2 These include knots, slope of grain,compression wood, the relative amounts ofearlywood and latewood, moisture content,temperature (above 65˚C), and fibril angle (thepart of the tree, near the pith, or farther outfrom which the piece was cut).
2A few basic terms in wood mechanics:
force: push, pull and shearstress: force per unit area (psi)strain: unit deformationstiffness (elasticity): stress/straincreep: continuously stressed in
bending,“flow”,“sag”fatigue: loss in wood property due to
repeated force application (bending backand forth, 1/3 max. stress, 30,000,000 times)
Wood Quality… Impact on Product Yields, Grades and Value.
37
Wood Quality… Impact on Product Yields, Grades and Value76.0MACHINE STRESS RATED (MSR) LUMBER
Machine-stress rated lumber yields
Freq
uenc
y (%
of p
iece
s)
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0Reject 1650f 2100f 2400f
MSR Grade
Distribution of MSR Grades for 2x4‘s by Stand Density
700 s/ha1100 s/ha1900 s/ha
Distribution of MSR Grades for 2x6‘s by Stand Density
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0Reject 1650f 2100f 2400f
700 s/ha1100 s/ha1900 s/ha
Wood Quality… Impact on Product Yields, Grades and Value.
38
Western SPF KD Std&BtrRandom Lengths – 2x4
Weeks of the Year
400
350
300
250
200
150
US Funds –FOB Mill
4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40 44 48 52
As reported by Madison’s Canadian Lumber Reporter – May 24, 1996
1996 1995 1991
1991
1995
1996
Wood Quality… Impact on Product Yields, Grades and Value77.0MACHINE STRESS RATED (MSR) LUMBER
MSR Lumber—Kiln Dried—8'/20'2x4 SPF 2x6 SPF
1650f $490 {450} $440 {400}1800f 495 {455} n/a n/a2100f 495 {460} 465 {425}2400f 520 {480} 480 {440}
*Prices are in U.S. funds, F.O.B. ChicagoPrices in () are f.o.b. Vancouver
As reported by Madison‘s Canadian Lumber Reporter
Wood Quality… Impact on Product Yields, Grades and Value.
39
Wood Quality… Impact on Product Yields, Grades and Value78.0LODGEPOLE PINE CONFIRMATION STUDY
0.50
0.48
0.46
0.44
0.42
0.40
0.38
0.36
0.34
0.32
0.30
0.50
0.48
0.46
0.44
0.42
0.40
0.38
0.36
0.34
0.32
0.30
20 25 30 35 40 25 30 35 40 45 25 30 35 40 25 30 35 40 45 25 30 35 40 45 25 30 35 40 45D.b.h. Class (cm)
SS SS JC WE LI EL ML SS JCWE LI FL ML SS JCWE LI EL ML SS JCWE LI EL ML JC LI EL ML
Location
D.b.h. Class (cm)20 25 30 35 40 45
Breast HeightRelative Density
Sulphur Springs (MS) = SS Wells (ESSF) = WE Elbow Lake (ICH) = ELJamieson Creek (MS) = JC Likely (IDF) = LI Modeste Lake (SBS) = ML
Wood Quality… Impact on Product Yields, Grades and Value.
40
Wood Quality… Impact on Product Yields, Grades and Value79.0WESTERN HEMLOCK BASIC WOOD PROPERTIES
Rela
tive
dens
ity
Hea
rtw
ood/
Sapw
ood/
M.C
.
Com
pres
sion
woo
d
Spir
al g
rain
Bro
wn
stai
n
Long
itudi
nal s
hrin
kage
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%10%
Breast ht.70 cm
Stump ht.
Sampling plan for basic wood properties characterizationof second-growth western hemlock.
Wood Quality… Impact on Product Yields, Grades and Value.
41
Wood Quality… Impact on Product Yields, Grades and Value80.0WESTERN HEMLOCK BASIC WOOD PROPERTIES
Oldgrowth
speciesaverage
Second-growth Western HemlockDisk Densities at 12 Heights for Five Sites
0.50
0.48
0.46
0.44
0.42
0.40
0.38
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Average RelativeDensity
% of Tree Height
Port Mellon 840 stems/haPort Hardy 650 stems/haLake Cowichan 440 stems/haPort Hardy M22 1000 stems/haPort Renfrew 986 stems/ha
Wood Quality… Impact on Product Yields, Grades and Value81.0WESTERN HEMLOCK BASIC WOOD PROPERTIES
Second Growth Hemlock –Total Stemwood Density Distribution
0.50
0.45
0.40
0.35Port Mellon Port Hardy Lake Cowichan Port Hardy M22 Port Renfrew
Total StemDensity
Site
Wood Quality… Impact on Product Yields, Grades and Value.
42
Wood Quality… Impact on Product Yields, Grades and Value82.0WESTERN HEMLOCK BASIC WOOD PROPERTIES
Pith-to-Bark Ring Width Profiles
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.00 20 40 60 80 100
Ring Width (cm)
Cambial Age
Port MellonPort HardyLake CowichanPort Hardy M22Port Renfrew
Pith-to-Bark Density Profiles
0.54
0.52
0.50
0.48
0.46
0.44
0.42
0.40
0.38
0.360 20 40 60 80 100
AverageRelative Density
Cambial Age
Port MellonPort HardyLake CowichanPort Hardy M22Port Renfrew
0.423 – medium grain
0.316 – fine grain
Wood Quality… Impact on Product Yields, Grades and Value83.0WESTERN HEMLOCK BASIC WOOD PROPERTIES
Western Hemlock Port HardySummary of 13 Trees
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.30 20 40 60 80 100
RelativeDensity
Cambial Age
Stump HtBreast Ht20% Ht40% Ht60% Ht80% Ht
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.30 20 40 60 80 100
RelativeDensity
Cambial Age
Stump HtBreast Ht20% Ht40% Ht60% Ht80% Ht
Wood Quality… Impact on Product Yields, Grades and Value.
43
Wood Quality… Impact on Product Yields, Grades and Value84.0WESTERN HEMLOCK BASIC WOOD PROPERTIES
Lake CowichanSummary of 13 trees (450 stems/ha)
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%BH70 cmstump
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%BH70 cmstump
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
030 20 10 0 10 20 30
Stem Radius (cm) Area (cm2)
600 400 200 0 200 400 600
Relative Density Zone: <0.40 0.40 – 0.43 >0.43 minimum density
42.3 m 42.3 m
Tree
Hei
ght (
m)
Wood Quality… Impact on Product Yields, Grades and Value85.0WESTERN HEMLOCK BASIC WOOD PROPERTIES
Port Hardy M22Summary of 13 trees (1000 stems/ha)
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%BH70 cmstump
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%BH70 cmstump
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
030 20 10 0 10 20 30
Stem Radius (cm) Area (cm2)
600 400 200 0 200 400 600
Relative Density Zone: <0.40 0.40 – 0.43 >0.43 minimum density
39.7 m 39.7 m
Tree
Hei
ght (
m)
Wood Quality… Impact on Product Yields, Grades and Value.
44
Average Tree Stem Profiles and Density Distributions(summary of 13 trees per site at age 60 superimposed onto 90 year old trees)
Port Mellon840 stems/ha
Port Hardy650 stems/ha
Lake Cowichan440 stems/ha
Port Hardy M221000 stems/ha
Port Renfrew986 stems/ha
Stem Radius (cm)
Area (cm2)
Relative Density Zones: < 0.40 0.40 – 0.43 > 0.43
50454035302520151050
50454035302520151050
Tree
Hei
ght (
m)
Wood Quality… Impact on Product Yields, Grades and Value.
45
Wood Quality… Impact on Product Yields, Grades and Value87.0WESTERN HEMLOCK BASIC WOOD PROPERTIES
Western Hemlock Port Hardy
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.30 20 40 60 80 100
Total StemDensity
Cambial Age
Wood Quality… Impact on Product Yields, Grades and Value.
46
Wood Quality… Impact on Product Yields, Grades and Value88.0WESTERN HEMLOCK BASIC WOOD PROPERTIES
Geographic Tree-to-tree Pith-to-bark Within-annual-ring Microscope
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
Global to Microscopic Viewof Density Distribution inWestern Hemlock
a b c d e
LWEW
lll
Solid CellWall Relative
Density 1.1
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
Wood Quality… Impact on Product Yields, Grades and Value89.0WESTERN HEMLOCK BASIC WOOD PROPERTIES
Western Hemlock Log Grade Old-growth Second-growth
small Ø D log length $ 10,000 $ 4,000
12 – 36 in. H 16 – 24' 12,000 8,000
15 – 36 in. I 12 – 14' 12,000 15,000
4 – 11 in. J 16 – 24' 5,000 20,0004 – 14 in. X 8 – 14' 6,000 4,000
4 – 36 in. Y < 8' 5,000 4,000
Total $ 50,000 $ 55,000
• Stand volume in second-growth 150 – 200m3
higher than in old-growth
15 – 36 in. 8 – 10'
WFPL – North Vancouver Island
Wood Quality… Impact on Product Yields, Grades and Value.
47
Wood Quality… Impact on Product Yields, Grades and Value90.0COMPOSITES, SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
Wood Quality… Impact on Product Yields, Grades and Value91.0COMPOSITES, SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
Wood Quality… Impact on Product Yields, Grades and Value.
48
Geographic Tree-to-tree Pith-to-bark Within-annual-ring Microscope
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
Solid CellWall Relative
Density 1.1
Global to Microscopic Viewof Density Distribution inBC Tree Species
a b c d e
lllLWEW
Western HemlockLodgepole PineDouglas-firWestern RedcedarYellow Cypress
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
Wood Quality… Impact on Product Yields, Grades and Value.
49
Wood Quality… Impact on Product Yields, Grades and Value94.0COMPOSITES, SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
…Tree, Log, Lumber and Fibre Characteristics
Wood Quality… Impact on Product Yields, Grades and Value93.0COMPOSITES, SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
Wood Quality is Related to Measurable Stand…
Wood Quality… Impact on Product Yields, Grades and Value.
50
Wo
od
Qu
ality
…Im
pac
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